Identification and Field Evaluation of Fermentation Volatiles from Wine and Vinegar that Mediate Attraction of Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Previous studies suggest that olfactory cues from damaged and fermented fruits play important roles in resource recognition of polyphagous spotted wing Drosophila flies (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). They are attracted to fermented sweet materials, such as decomposing fruits but also wines and vinegars, and to ubiquitous fermentation volatiles, such as acetic acid and ethanol. Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-choice laboratory bioassays, and field trapping experiments were used to identify volatile compounds from wine and vinegar that are involved in SWD attraction. In addition to acetic acid and ethanol, consistent EAD responses were obtained for 13 volatile wine compounds and seven volatile vinegar compounds, with all of the vinegar EAD-active compounds also present in wine. In a field trapping experiment, the 9-component vinegar blend and 15-component wine blend were similarly attractive when compared to an acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, but were not as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture. In two-choice laboratory bioassays, 7 EAD-active compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl lactate, 1-hexanol, isoamyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, and ethyl sorbate), when added singly to the mixture at the same concentrations tested in the field, decreased the attraction of SWD to the mixture of acetic acid and ethanol. The blends composed of the remaining EAD-active chemicals, an 8-component wine blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + methionol + isoamyl lactate + 2-phenylethanol + diethyl succinate] and a 5-component vinegar blend [acetic acid + ethanol + acetoin + grape butyrate + 2-phenylethanol] were more attractive than the acetic acid plus ethanol mixture, and as attractive as the wine plus vinegar mixture in both laboratory assays and the field trapping experiment. These results indicate that these volatiles in wine and vinegar are crucial for SWD attraction to fermented materials on which they feed as adults.     

Influence of the final ethanol concentration on the acetification and production rate in the wine vinegar process

BACKGROUND: The acetification process needs an overall study of the variables influencing it in order to establish their optimum values. Based on industrial experience and available literature, including a recently proposed model by the authors, among the variables most strongly influencing the acetification process are the ethanol concentration at the time the reactor is unloaded, the unloaded volume and the loading rate. To ensure economically efficient industrial production of vinegar, and to check the predictions of the aforementioned model, the influence of the final ethanol concentration at unloading time on the mean acetification rate and on productivity has been studied in this work. RESULTS: An increase in the final ethanol concentration from 0.5 to 3.5% (v/v) increased the mean overall acetification rate and acetic acid production by 38 and 26%, respectively. The increase was established mainly during the loading phase. CONCLUSIONS: The final ethanol concentration is a key variable for process optimization. If a high rate is desired then a product containing much unused substrate will be obtained, which may be industrially unacceptable. These results suggest the necessity to investigate other possibilities when high values for yield and productivity must to be achieved. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

几种秸秆醋液组分中活性物质的分析

以农作物秸秆(棉秆、稻秆、麦秆和玉米秆)为主要原料制备秸秆醋液,研究了在种炭化温度450、600和750℃下,棉秆醋液、稻秆醋液、麦秆醋液、玉米秆醋液的得率.研究表明秸秆醋液的得率随着炭化温度的升高而增加,当炭化温度为750℃时,醋液得率分别为棉秆醋液51.70%、玉米秆醋液45.2%、稻秆醋液4.91%、麦秆醋液42.44%.采用气-质联用仪进行秸秆醋液成分的分析,表明秸秆醋液是一种组分复杂的混合物,4种秸秆醋液平均含有24.41%酚类、22.09%的酮类、20.79%的有机酸、4.52%的醛类、4.20%的醇类及2.44%的酯类等.秸秆醋液中所含的乙酸、丙酸、苯酚、甲酚、甲氧基酚、乙醇等成分均为有效的活性物质,具有抑菌、杀菌的作用.     

茚三酮比色法测定CMA馏出物中氨基酸含量的研究

采用茚三酮比色法对木醋液制备环保型融雪剂过程中的馏出物中氨基酸进行分析,结果表明,馏出物中氨基酸的含量约为1.4 g/L,且不受活性炭用量的影响,馏出物应调整到弱酸性条件(pH=4左右),才能保证稳定的氨基酸含量.研究结果可为植物生长促进剂的开发提供理论依据,并将促进木醋液的综合利用和生物质能的开发.     

复混肥原料中有毒物质的分析与控制

针对复混肥原料中有毒物质的存在，分析了尿素中的缩二脲，氯化铵、氯化钾中的氯离子，普钙、重钙中的游离酸，硝酸铵、硝酸钾中的硝酸根离子，硫酸铵、硫酸钾中的硫酸根离子，以及尿素、碳铵中挥发的氨气等有毒物质对土壤和作物的危害；提出了在复混肥生产、原料制备以及作物施肥过程中减少有毒物质生成的措施和各项控制指标。     

蛋白酶生产菌的产酶条件研究

由南京紫光精细化工厂污水中筛得一株耐有机溶剂蛋白酶生产菌,经菌种鉴定,确认其为盐芽孢杆菌。对其进行了蛋白酶生产条件优化的研究,结果表明,该菌的最适产酶条件为:蛋白胨为最佳有机氮源,甘油为最佳有机碳源,硫酸铵为最佳无机氮源,氨基酸对蛋白酶的分泌有抑制作用,FeCl_2为最佳无机盐,最优pH=8.0,最优发酵温度37℃,最优发酵产酶时间72 h,最佳摇床转速180 r/min,在最优发酵条件下所产粗酶为3 424个酶活单位。     

水溶性聚磷酸铵的制备及应用研究进展

水溶性聚磷酸铵（APP）是一种含氮、磷的新型肥料,具有溶解性好、兼容性强、结晶温度低、螯合性能好等优点,施用于土壤中能有效提高土壤中有效磷的含量,减少土壤对磷的固定,提高磷的利用率。本文介绍了国内外生产水溶性APP的主流工艺,即磷酸氨化法与磷铵尿素法,指出了这两种方法的优缺点：磷酸氨化法工艺简单、产品品质好但对磷酸品质要求高,生产成本高;而磷铵尿素法则工艺简单、生产能力大、成本低,但间歇反应易导致产品的批次差异,品质不稳定。还提出了磷酸铵-尿素连续法,此法具有连续生产、产品品质可控等优点。同时,综述了水溶性APP在盆栽实验及田间实验上的研究进展,水溶性APP在农业上具有广阔的应用前景。最后对水溶性APP的制备及应用做出了展望。     

用电渗析法从谷氨酰胺模拟发酵液中脱除谷氨酸

为改进微生物发酵法生产谷氨酰胺的流程,提出用电渗析方法来分离谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸。在对混合氨基酸溶液中离子成分进行分析的基础上,预测了此方法的可行性,并通过电渗析方法对模拟发酵液进行实验来验证此预测结果。还考察了在混合物中含有硫酸铵时的情况。通过理论预测和实验验证,可以用电渗析法直接分离谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸,且原料中少量的硫酸铵有利于分离过程的进行。     

Hydrothermal processing of microalgae using alkali and organic acids

Aquatic organisms such as microalgae have been identified as a potential source of third generation biofuels due to their fast growth rate, ability to sequester CO₂ and their potential for producing lipids. Conversion by hydrothermal liquefaction is ideally suited to high moisture content feedstocks such as microalgae and involves the processing of biomass in hot compressed water with or without the presence of a catalyst. This study aims to investigate the conditions for producing high quality, low molecular weight bio-crude from microalgae and cyanobacteria containing low lipid contents including Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina. Liquefaction experiments have been performed in a high pressure batch reactor at 300 °C and 350 °C. The influence of process variables such as temperature and catalyst type has been studied. Catalysts employed include the alkali, potassium hydroxide and sodium carbonate and the organic acids, acetic acid and formic acid. Liquefaction yields have been determined and the bio-crude has been analysed for CHNOS content and calorific value. The bio-crude has been analysed by GC/MS to examine composition and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate its boiling point range. The aqueous fraction has been analysed for typical cations and anions by ion exchange chromatography and for total organic carbon (TOC). The yields of bio-crude are higher using an organic acid catalyst, have a lower boiling point and improved flow properties. The bio-crude contains a carbon content of typically 70-75% and an oxygen content of 10-16%. The nitrogen content in the bio-crude typically ranges from 4% to 6%. The higher heating values (HHV) range from 33.4 to 39.9 MJ kg⁻¹. Analysis by GC/MS indicates that the bio-crude contains aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen heterocycles and long chain fatty acids and alcohols. A nitrogen balance indicates that a large proportion of the fuel nitrogen (up to 50%) is transferred to the aqueous phase in the form of ammonium. The remainder is distributed between the bio-crude and the gaseous phase the latter containing HCN, NH₃ and N₂O depending upon catalyst conditions. The addition of organic acids results in a reduction of nitrogen in the aqueous phase and a corresponding increase of NH₃ and HCN in the gas phase. The addition of organic acids has a beneficial effect on the yield and boiling point distribution of the bio-crude produced.     

醋酸生产的仿真研究(Ⅰ)——原料系统的仿真

在MATLAB下的SIMULINK环境中对醋酸生产进行了动态仿真。首先分析了乙醛氧化制醋酸的实际生产过程，建立了乙醛贮罐及阀门的数学模型，并把建立的数学模型转变为相应的SIMULINK方框图，同时还完成了氮气、氧气缓冲罐的模拟框图，并用模糊逻辑实现了乙醛贮罐的切换控制。     

添加尿素提高磷酸二铵产品中总氮含量的性行性研究

介绍磷酸二铵和尿素2种化学肥料的特性,从农作物吸收铵态氮和酰胺态氮的原理、添加尿素对磷酸二铵生产工艺的影响、选择尿素添加方式等3方面分析提高磷酸二铵产品中总氮含量的可行性,并质疑GB/T10209.1—2008总氮含量测定方法不能测出尿素所增加的氮,故建议修订相关国标。     

Application of an electronic tongue to study the effect of the use of pieces of wood and micro-oxygenation in the aging of red wine

The ageing of red wines matured in oak barrels and wines treated soaking pieces of wood of different sizes (chips or staves) in micro-oxygenated stainless steel tanks has been monitored periodically using an electronic tongue, chemical analysis and a panel of experts. The use of micro-oxygenation in stainless steel tanks, lets get wines with characteristics similar to wines aged in oak barrels. However, differences in the phenolic content and in particular in the anthocyanin levels are observed during the first steps of ageing and in the final product.In the early stages of ageing, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) calculated from the electronic tongue outputs have permitted the discrimination between wines aged with traditional and alternative methods due to the faster rate of ageing caused by chips or staves. After 5 months of ageing, the use of alternative ageing methods cannot be longer detected. However, when the ageing continues in a reducing atmosphere (bottled wines), the electronic tongue has demonstrated a good capability to discriminate and classify bottled wines previously aged in oak barrels from those previously treated with oak chips and oak staves. The effect of the size of the pieces and of the type of wood can also be detected by the e-tongue. Using Partial Least Squares (PLS-1) good correlations have been found between the electrochemical signals provided by the array of sensors and the polyphenolic content parameters. Good correlations have also been established with the scores given by the panel of experts, in particular with the astringency.     

低水溶性聚磷酸铵的研制及晶体构型

对以聚磷酸和尿素为原料制备聚磷酸铵（APP）的工艺参数进行讨论。实验过程分预聚合和高温熟化2个反应阶段,分别考察了原料配比、反应气氛、预聚合温度、高温熟化温度、高温熟化时间等因素对产品制备过程的影响。通过实验对比得到制备低水溶性APP的最优化工艺条件：尿素与聚磷酸的投料物质的量比为2.5∶1,在湿氨气氛下反应,预聚合温度为130 ℃,在220 ℃下高温聚合150 min,即得到100 mL水中水溶性仅为0.523 6 g的APP产品,其产品质量指标符合HG/T 2770-2008《工业聚磷酸铵》标准,并通过XRD检测,确定该产品为Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的混合晶型。     

风化煤与玉米秸秆发酵过程中腐植酸及氮磷的变化

风化煤富含腐植酸,目前还没有有效地开发利用,本研究将风化煤腐植酸活化技术与生物发酵技术相结合,研究了解发酵过程中腐植酸及氮磷养分的转化特点,试图开发适合有机农业生产的腐植酸肥料。研究结果表明,风化煤经过碳酸氢铵和磷酸铵处理后,大部分腐植酸转化为水溶性状态,水溶性腐植酸含量51％～60％;活化材料中的氮磷养分大部分为水溶性。发酵过程中微生物利用了大量的氮磷养分,微生物量氮磷占水溶性氮磷的比例在培养结束时最高,分别达到52．42％和73．74％,说明一半左右的水溶性氮和大部分水溶性磷素为微生物量氮磷。30d培养期间,接近3％的氮素和15％的磷素经过了微生物量循环。由此可见,风化煤活化时所加入的无机氮磷养分很大一部分转化为微生物量氮磷,并有可观的一部分经过了微生物量的转化,发酵产物符合有机农业的生产要求。     

离子交换法生产K_2CO_3工艺中铵的回收

介绍了离子交换法生产碳酸钾和氯化铵的原理及流程 ,重点介绍了氯化铵和碳酸铵的回收工艺 ,对采用离子交换法生产K2 CO3 的厂家降低生产成本、提高效益具有参考意义     

Electrodeposition and characterization of amorphous Cr-P alloys

The influence of plating variables and bath composition on electrodeposition of chromium-phosphorous alloy composition was investigated. The plating bath, prepared at a pH of approximately 1.25, consisted of a trivalent chromium source, sodium hypophosphite, ammonium sulphate, boric and formic acids, and sodium lauryl sulphate. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy were utilized to evaluate alloy composition. These alloys were determined to be amorphous by X-ray diffraction. The influence of temperature, and bath ageing, and deposition time on deposit composition and structure and the deposition rate were also investigated.     

高聚合率的水溶性聚磷酸铵制备工艺研究

以湿法磷酸和尿素为原料制备高聚合率的水溶性聚磷酸铵,考察了尿素与磷酸的物质的量比、聚合温度和聚合时间对聚磷酸铵聚合率的影响。通过实验得到最优工艺条件：尿素与磷酸的物质的量比为1.4、聚合温度为180 ℃、聚合时间为1.0 h,所得产品的聚合率为98.20%,五氧化二磷质量分数为63.33%,氮质量分数为13.85%。该产品水溶性良好,通过XRD分析确定聚磷酸铵的晶型为Ⅰ型聚磷酸铵。     

有机物作用的厌氧氨氧化菌代谢特性研究进展

厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）工艺是近年来废水生物脱氮领域的新技术,非常适合于处理含有机物的废水。本文介绍了厌氧氨氧化工艺的特点,详细介绍了有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制和促进机制。有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制主要来自两个方面：一是有机物促进异养菌反硝化菌的大量繁殖形成基质竞争抑制;二是废水中的醇类、抗生素等有毒有害有机物会对厌氧氨氧化菌产生毒性抑制。有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌代谢的促进作用也有两种：一是特定的有机物可作为能源被厌氧氨氧化菌利用,促进厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢;二是通过控制废水处理系统中的碳氮比,使厌氧氨氧化菌和反硝化菌在废水处理系统中协同互生。最后指出开发有毒有机废水预处理、驯化厌氧氨氧化污泥、菌种流加等是解决问题的途径。     

Ammonia volatilization losses from fertilizers applied to acid soil in the field

Losses of ammonia by volatilization from ammonium sulphate and urea applied to soil were studied in field conditions.Losses from ammonium sulphate generally were not large; ammonia volatilization is thus unlikely to be an important pathway of nitrogen loss from cropped soils, and does not explain the low responses to nitrogen fertilizer of wheat grown in the higher rainfall cropping areas of South-Eastern Australia.Losses of nitrogen from ammonium sulphate were not greatly affected by meteorological variables, rate of application, water applicaton or incorporation into soil.The above variables all affected losses of nitrogen from urea, by influencing the rates of solution and hydrolysis of urea, and volatilization of ammonia. Losses ranged from 4 to 50% of the applied urea-nitrogen. Losses of urea-nitrogen were large when evaporation rates were high, and large variations occurred in the rates at which urea could be hydrolyzed.Extrapolation of the results to grazing conditions suggests that ammonia volatilization may result in large losses of nitrogen from short pastures in dry conditions.     

我国氮肥工业现状及发展建议

目前我国氮肥行业有大型企业 2 5家、中型企业 52家、小型企业 50 0多家 ,主要品种有尿素、碳酸氢铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵和氯化铵等。我国氮肥产量保持稳步增长 ,出口逐年增加 ,而进口近年有所下降。指出我国氮肥工业仍然存在企业生产规模小、债务较重、服务意识不强、原料结构不合理且价格高等严重问题。建议我国氮肥企业应该将着眼点放在节能降耗、降低成本上 ,进一步调整氮肥品种的结构 ,增加尿素产量 ,提高大颗粒肥料比例。同时 ,形成集团化生产规模 ,在趋于统一的国际化市场中提高自己的竞争力。