烧嘴对蓄热式铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的影晌

结合蓄热式铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的特点,运用FLUENTUDF和FLUENTScheme混合编程,耦合用户自定义熔化模型和燃烧器换向及燃烧量变化模型,实现了蓄热式铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的数值模拟。依据优化原则,获得了熔炼时间随影响因子的变化规律：熔炼时间随着旋流数、燃烧器倾角、空气预热温度或天然气流量的增加而缩短;熔炼时间随着燃烧器间水平夹角或空燃比的延长,先减小而后增加：熔炼时间随着燃烧器高度的增加而延长。     

铝熔炼炉燃烧器水平夹角的优化模拟

为提升铝熔炼炉热效率、降低污染物排放和提高熔体质量,在对某厂蓄热式铝熔炼炉热平衡测试的基础上,建立合理的铝熔炼炉模型,提出了优化准则。运用计算流体力学软件Fluent对铝熔炼炉燃烧器不同水平夹角下铝液和炉膛的耦合物理场进行了仿真优化。经过对不同燃烧器水平夹角下的优化分析,结果表明,燃烧器水平夹角为90°时,铝熔炼炉能获得最佳的熔炼性能。     

Wetting behavior and reaction mechanism of non-corrosive flux on aluminum

The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to analyze the melting, spreading process, and reaction mechanism of non-corrosive flux on the surface of aluminum. The result indicates that the whole process can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, flux is heated from room temperature to its melting point, which is called the endothermic stage, mainly absorbs heat and generates a small amount of liquid flux. When the temperature exceeds the melting point of flux, a large amount of liquid flux is generated and reacts with oxide films on the surface of aluminum. This stage is called the reaction stage. The third stage is a spreading and cleaning process, in which residues and reaction products quickly flow out from the center with liquid flux. The different compositions of flux perform different functions in brazing. K₃AlF₆ can remove oxide film as a cleaner. Only in liquid or molten state can flux remove oxide film on the substrate.     

Evaluation of the heat flow from plasma to the end of an aluminium wire–anode

Investigations were carried out to develop a method of determining the density of the heat flow from plasma to the surface of a wire–anode depending on the wire feed rate, the thickness of the molten metal film at the end surface and the angle between the axis of the wire and the molten metal surface. It is taken into account that the heat flow, arriving from plasma to the end of the wire, is used to change the enthalpy of the metal not only in the solid but also liquid state. It is shown that the mean mass temperature of heating the metal film is 2/3 of the change of temperature in the height of the film. In the conditions investigated in these experiments, the superheating of the metal film above the melting point was 283 K. The surface temperature of molten aluminium was considerably lower than the boiling point so that the evaporation of metal was ignored when calculating heating of the wire.     

旋流数对铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的影响

针对现有的圆形铝熔炼炉,结合铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的特点,在铝熔炼炉热平衡测试的基础上,建立了合理的铝熔炼炉数学模型,并运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT实现燃烧空间和熔池的耦合物理场的数值模拟。同时分析了不同旋流数对铝熔炼炉熔炼过程的影响,依据提出的优化准则,确实旋流数大于0.6时能够获得最佳的熔炼性能。     

Modeling and Simulation of Heat Transfer in Loaded Continuous Heat Treatment Furnace

HEAT UP processing is the basic step for the workloadin heat treatment for further processing.It is also anenergy-intensive process.Thus,correct prediction ofthe temperature variation and distribution in theworkload is of significance to ensure the final qualityof the parts and to reduce energy consumption and timeas well.There are some studies about the optimizationof heat treating process in continuous furnace.FurnXpert'11is developed to optimize furnace designand operation for many types…     

Analysis of Intermetallic Phases Formed on Surface Vapor Oxidized H13 Hot Work Steels in Molten Aluminum

In this paper, the author dipped surface vapor oxidized H13 steel specimens into 700℃ molten aluminum liquid for a certain period of time. Analyze the intermetallic phases formed on the H13 samples surface with optical microscope and X-ray diffraction method. The observation of immersion test sample's cross-section shows that Fe3O4 film will protect die substrate from molten aluminum erosion. The identification of the intermetallic phases reveals that they consist of 2parts, which is named as the composite layer and the compact layer. Further investigations are made in order to know the phase constituents of the 2 layers, they are Al8Fe2Si (outer composite layer), (AlCuMg) and Al5Fe2 (compact layer),respectively. The experimental results show that on the same specimen, a convex surface with bigger radius of curvature is more likely to be molten and the melting loss speed is also faster than a flat and smooth surface. The thickness of compact layer on a smooth surface is much bigger than that of the convex surface. Therefore, the author supposes the compact layer is favorable in stabilizing the die surface material from further melting loss, as their formation on the die surface, the melting loss speed will decrease.     

环保型再生蓄热式烧嘴系统在熔铝炉上的应用

介绍环保型再生蓄热式烧嘴系统在熔铝炉上的应用情况,其原理是采用两个烧嘴轮流燃烧,燃烧废气经过再生床轮流蓄热助燃冷空气,从而取得满意的节能效果。     

浇注过程中铝液泄漏的数值模拟

建立模拟铸造过程中铝液泄漏的模型以预防爆炸,包括瞬态溜槽流动,孔口出流和扩散。将仿真数据和理论计算结果进行比较,验证该模型的适应性和准确性。即使改变混合炉中铝液高度和出口半径,铝液在浇注过程也不会发生泄漏。溜槽中的铝液以波浪状的形式向前移动并引起泄漏,泄漏铝液在地面上的扩散呈长条状,铝液泄漏量和扩散面积随着混合炉中铝液高度的增大而增大。     

熔盐电解法渗铝的研究

在钢铁和高温合金上渗铝,可以大大提高这些材料抗高温氧化和热腐蚀的能力。目前工业上常用的渗铝方法有固体包装法和热浸法。固体包装法是将工件埋在含有铝铁合金粉和氧化铝粉的混合物中,加热到850°至1000℃,保温5至24小时而获得渗铝层。此法不需特殊技术,但要先制备铝铁合金,而装箱、进炉出炉,卸出工件劳动较多,因为连箱加热,渗铝速度慢,因之所需时间很长,为其缺点。热浸法是将工件浸于熔融铝浴中而获得渗铝层,速度较快且操作简便,但铁在铝液中有一定程度的腐蚀溶解,工件渗铝后表面常不均匀,有铝堆集,而且由于金属铝的蒸发和氧化,铝的损耗也较大,此外渗铝层脆性较大.需要进行渗后热处理,这些都是热浸法不足之处。 熔盐电解法渗铝是在坩埚(石墨或金属)中盛金属铝(可用铝屑),上面放1:1(分子比)的NaCl+KCl混合盐,另加少量冰晶石。坩埚和铝接为阳极,工件接为阴极。在惰性气氛保护下加热使盐熔化,然后通电流,铝作为阳极被熔盐腐蚀而生成铝离子,在阴极(工件)上沉积。由于工件不在铝浴中,故不被铝溶解,且受到阴极电流的保护作用,故不被熔盐腐蚀。铝上有熔盐复盖,蒸发和氧化均较小,故铝的损耗亦小。渗铝层较均匀,渗后不必另行热处理.沉积的铝量主要决定于电流密度与时间,服从法拉第定律,与温度无关.电流效率约在82约91％间,平均约85％。沉积的铝在高温下与底金属相互扩散而形成渗铝层,其厚度决定于温度、时间及电流密度。用电子探针分析、X-射线衔射分析及金相检查,得知纯铁上电解渗铝层最外表面有一薄层金属铝,往内为Al_3Fe、Al_5Fe_2、AlFe及AlFe_3。 钢铁经熔盐电解渗铝后,抗高温氧化性能大为提高。高温合金用此法渗铝后,抗热腐蚀性能亦显著改进。     

热处理数值模拟进展之一——扩展求解域热处理数值模拟

金属热处理是复杂的多场耦合非线性物理过程,本文简要归纳前人有关"耦合换热"的研究成果,在此基础上首次提出了扩展求解域的热处理模型。它将温度场的求解域扩展到加热或冷却的热处理工件及其周围环境。用壁面函数法处理流场与固体之间换热,多物体多表面之间的辐射热交换用离散坐标法处理。各物体(子域)界面上的热流密度和温度是耦合换热的计算结果而不是预设定的边界条件。避免了现有的热处理模型中预先设定工件表面的边界条件所遇到的困难和不确定性,有助于更接近于实际生产的情况。本文以新型罩式渗氮炉的设计为例,运用扩展求解域的热处理数值模拟方法成功地进行了设备虚拟设计,证明了该模型具有巨大的优越性。     

1J50锻棒车加工后出现的暗斑分析

1J50合金锻棒车加工成零件,1 180℃处理后表面中心处出现对称性"暗斑"。通过试验分析,确定为在冶炼浇注时不慎有微量的铝颗粒掉入钢液中,在钢液凝固结晶的作用下熔化及还没完全溶化的铝被逐渐推向钢锭最后凝固的中心部位,直至完全凝固。在后续的锻打过程中沿锻打方向变形延伸。车削加工时,这些由细小铝颗粒组成的夹杂被暴露在表面,在随后的热处理过程中发生了热腐蚀现象,从而形成了肉眼可见的"暗斑"。     

ZG30MnSi中频炉熔炼工艺

介绍了中频感应电炉熔炼ZG30MnSi的工艺,通过对原材料质量的控制和化学成分的选择,在终脱氧阶段,对脱氧铝及钢液残余铝量的控制,获得了高质量的钢液,有效地减少了铸件出现气孔、夹渣等缺陷,细化了铸件的内部组织,使铸件具有优良的综合力学性能,各项指标均超过国家标准。     

ZG30MnSi中频炉熔炼工艺

介绍了中频感应电炉熔炼ZG30MnSi的工艺.通过对原材料质量的控制和化学成分的选择,及在终脱氧阶段,对脱氧铝及钢液残余铝量的控制,获得了高质量的钢液,有效地减少了铸件出现气孔、夹渣等缺陷,细化了铸件的内部组织,使铸件具有优良的综合力学性能,各项指标均超过国家标准.     

真气垫炉内漂浮换热过程数值模拟及结构优化

气垫炉是一种薄板材热处理用先进设备,基于某铝厂设计的气垫炉结构,建立气垫炉整体的三维计算模型,运用流固耦合FSI分析法对炉内板材漂浮换热过程进行模拟。模拟结果表明,板材换热基本均匀,但板材向下畸变过大,无法实现正常漂浮。为减少板材畸变,在优选空间内采用正交试验法优化气垫炉喷嘴布置参数,并采用响应面法与遗传算法优化气垫炉导流装置结构参数。结果表明,装置优化后板材上下表面的风量、压力分布更为合理,炉内板材畸变量从110.3 mm降低至41.4 mm,板材漂浮得以实现。     

激光熔注制备Al-Cr/7075Al梯度复合涂层的性能

采用激光熔注技术在7075铝合金表面制备了Al-Cr/7075Al梯度复合涂层。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X-射线衍射(XRD)和显微硬度计等研究了复合涂层的微观结构、物相及显微硬度。结果表明:Al-Cr/7075Al梯度复合涂层与基板结合良好,无裂纹、孔隙等明显缺陷;复合涂层的表面硬度为324.2 HV0.2,是7075铝合金基体的2.28倍,涂层的硬度分布沿熔池深度方向逐渐递减,呈梯度分布;复合涂层中的增强体是由Al0.983Cr0.017、Al86Cr14、AlCr2、和Cr等混合组成,受熔池温度、熔液黏度等影响,增强体含量沿熔池深度方向逐渐减少,也呈梯度分布;Al、Cr之间的反应机理为液-固反应、固-固反应2种;复合涂层的强化机制主要是增强体承载、界面传载和位错强化。     

基于UML的蓄热式铝熔炼炉热平衡计算软件的开发与实例分析

为了快速方便地获得蓄热式铝熔炼炉的热效率及其他技术指标,评价其热工特性,以期找出进一步加强热能利用管理和提高热能利用率途径,利用面向对象的思想,以统一建模语言UML为建模工具,建立了蓄热式铝熔炼炉热平衡计算软件的用户需求模型、静态模型、动态模型和物理模型,最终开发了蓄热式铝熔炼炉热平衡计算软件。并以某厂的蓄热式铝熔炼炉热平衡测试为实例进行热平衡计算,分析其计算结果,提出了提高铝熔炼炉热效率的有效措施。结果表明,该系统可为铝熔炼炉生产提供一种有效的辅助决策手段。采用这种方式开发软件,优化了开发过程,提高了软件的稳定性。     

A thermal system model for a radiant-tube continuous reheating furnace

A thermal system mathematical model developed for a gas-fired radiant-tube continuous reheating furnace is discussed. The mathematical model of the furnace integrates submodels for combustion and heat transfer within the radiant tube with models for the furnace enclosure. The transport processes occurring in the radiant tube are treated using a one-dimensional scheme, and the radiation exchange between the load, the radiant-tube surfaces, and the furnace refractories are analyzed using the radiosity method. The continuous furnace operation is simulated under steady-state conditions. Model simulations of load surface temperature variation compare well with measurements in an industrial galvannealing furnace. The scope and flexibility of the model are assessed by performing extensive parametric studies using furnace geometry, material properties, and operating conditions as input parameters in the model and predicting the thermal performance of the furnace. The various parameters studied include the effects of load and refractory emissivities, load velocities, properties of the stock material, and variations in the radiant-tube designs.     

铝合金电弧增材制造研究现状

电弧增材制造技术（Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing,WAAM）具有沉积速率高,成形速度快以及适合各种成形环境的优点,吸引了越来越多的高校及科研机构投入其中,如何进一步发挥电弧增材制造的优势是当下的研究热点。阐述了铝合金电弧增材过程中热输入、电流方式和外加能场对成形件表面形貌、微观组织以及力学性能的影响。当焊接电流较小或焊接速度较快时,热输入较低,熔融金属冷却速度快,形核率高,成形件为晶粒细小的等轴晶粒,提供给气孔的形成、聚集和长大的时间短,即热输入越低,成形件等轴晶区越宽,晶粒越细小,气孔缺陷越少,成形件机械性能越优异。对比分析了不同电流方式的电弧增材制造成形件性能差异,发现脉冲和变极性电流方式的热输入比无脉冲电流方式低,成形件晶粒更精细、缺陷更少、机械性能更优异;脉冲和变极性电流方式都可以清理成形件表面氧化膜,获得平整的表面。分析了电弧增材制造系统的优化方案,发现施加磁场、激光可以使得电弧更加集中,调控熔池流动,避免熔敷金属铺展不均匀;施加原位轧制、层间锤击以及超声喷丸可使得沉积层发生变形,在晶粒内产生大量位错;利用水箱或者添加保护气喷嘴可以降低电弧增材...     

Interactions between TiAl alloys and yttria refractory material in casting process

In this work, U-shaped yttria ceramic crucibles have been prepared to melt Ti–47Al (at.%) alloy in a vacuum induction furnace, in order to simulate the worst practical situation with respect to the interactions between TiAl alloy and yttria refractory material. The effects of superheating temperature and cooling media on the metal–crucible interface, microstructure, chemical composition and microhardness have been evaluated. The investigation demonstrates that interactions between the yttria crucible and the molten TiAl consist of slight chemical dissolution and some physical erosion and the extent of the dissolution and erosion depend on the superheating temperature. The thermodynamics of TiAl–Y₂O₃ reactions have been investigated according to the calculation of the Gibbs free energy change of the yttria dissolution reaction. The possibilities of melting and casting TiAl alloys by the use of yttria refractory material are also discussed.