变形速率对摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

研究了变形速率对低合金结构钢３５ＣｒＭｏ摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,增加变形速率可改善焊缝韧性。焊缝韧性改善的机理为近缝区晶粒细化和硬度降低。采用金相法、ＴＥＭ法对近缝区粒状组织精细结构进行了观察,粒状组织小鸟是由Ｍ－Ａ组成。指出增加变形速率使近缝区金属强化机制为位错强化、一定数量的岛状第二相强化和细晶粒强化。本文通过测试异种金属焊缝界面近区碳浓度的分布,探讨了变形速率对摩擦焊最高加     

异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织

为了探明TC11与TC17异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头微观组织形成机制,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究接头不同区域的微观组织.结果表明,线性摩擦焊接头由TC11一侧的热力影响区(TMAZ)、TC11一侧的焊缝区、TC17一侧的焊缝区和TC17一侧的TMAZ所组成.在TMAZ未发现有动态再结晶发生,而材料的相变与变形是同时进行的.在焊缝区内发生了动态再结晶过程,摩擦停止后在摩擦界面上形成初生β共生晶粒.在振幅为3 mm、频率为40 Hz、摩擦压力为66.7 MPa条件下,随着摩擦时间的延长,初生β相动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和α相片层宽度增加.     

超声功率对2219-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊和不同功率的超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊对2219-T351铝合金进行焊接试验,测量焊接温度和焊接压力,对焊接接头的微观组织、显微硬度和力学性能进行分析,研究了加入不同超声功率后焊缝的组织性能和材料流动性. 结果表明,超声能降低焊接温度,随着超声功率增加减小的幅度越大. 加入了超声后,焊缝微观组织更加均匀,底部材料的流动情况得到改善,焊缝区有更多的强化相残留,焊接接头的显微硬度、抗拉强度及断后伸长率在加入超声后均有提高,在加入2.25 kW的超声功率时达到最高,最高拉伸强度为331 MPa,可达到母材的80%左右.     

Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构(英文)

采用W-Re合金搅拌头对α+β双相Ti-6Al-4V钛合金进行搅拌摩擦焊并在合适的工艺参数下获得无缺陷焊缝,利用取向成像显微镜对Ti-6Al-4V钛合金搅拌摩擦焊缝的织构进行研究。Ti-6Al-4V钛合金母材为轧制退火态,组织由变形的初生α相和转变β组织构成,具有典型的轧制织构。焊核区组织与母材明显不同,由大量的等轴动态再结晶晶粒组成,并在搅拌摩擦焊过程中形成{φ1=30°,φ=62°,φ2=30°}取向的织构。     

Process–microstructure–property correlations in Al–Li AA2199 friction stir welds

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of three friction stir welding process parameters on the residual stresses, hardness and distortion for butt welded aluminium–lithium AA2199 alloy, a novel, low density high strength alloy with potential in the aerospace sector. A systematic set of nine trial welds is examined at different tool rotation and traverse speeds as well as tool downforces. The tensile residual stresses (～50% of parent material yield strength) and the hardness drop in the weld line varied little with any of the friction stir welding process parameters. However, their breadth increased with rotation speed and downforce and decreased with increasing translation speed, which is consistent with increasing heat input. Weld distortion took the form of a saddle with the longitudinal bending distortion correlating strongly with the width of the tensile zone consistent with it being driven by the magnitude of the tensile buckling forces in the weld region.     

Distortion control in welding by mechanical tensioning

Abstract

This paper investigates the potential of mechanical tensioning (MT) to reduce the magnitude of residual stresses in welds and to eliminate buckling distortion. Both friction stir (FSW) and arc welds have been produced from the aluminium alloy AA2024, with different levels of tensile stress applied along the weld line either during or after welding. The resulting welds have been characterised in terms of out of plane distortion, residual stresses and microstructure. Buckling distortion was eliminated by stretching plates to between 35 and 70% of the yield stress of the material during welding. For each set of welding parameters investigated, an optimum tensioning stress has been identified, which eliminates the tensile residual stress peak across the weld zone, along with distortion. This optimum tensioning stress increases in line with the heat input of the welding process. When MT stresses are increased beyond this optimum value, then distortion arises once more and a band of compressive stress is formed across the weld zone.     

TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金的摩擦焊接

对TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金异种材料进行了摩擦焊接工艺试验. 基于接头的拉伸性能,初步优化了焊接工艺参数. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对焊接接头组织、焊合区成分变化及接头连接机理进行了分析. 结果表明,TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金两种异种材料摩擦焊接具有可行性,在摩擦焊接过程中热力耦合的作用下,GH3039侧热力影响区塑性变形较大,TiAl合金侧热力影响区变形较小;TiAl合金与GH3039高温合金摩擦焊接连接界面两侧的合金元素发生了扩散,形成了复杂的层状金属间化合物组织结构;断于TiAl合金母材的焊接接头断口属于典型的脆性断口.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-6061-T6 alloy welded by a new hybrid FSW/SSW joining process

In this study for the first time, the effects of decrease in heat inflow to the weld metal in friction stir process by utilising semisolid processing and decreasing the pin rotational speed as well as increasing the pin transverse speed were examined. As a result, the characteristic loss of hardness and strength in the weld zone were eliminated. The results showed that by approaching the ultrafine microstructure in the weld zone through the hybrid FSW/SSW process, the hardness and elongation values reached to 90?Hv and 8.88%, respectively. These are only slightly different from those of the base metal of the welded samples. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the samples welded by the hybrid technique was found to be about 167?MPa that was higher than those of the samples welded by friction stir welding (151?MPa) and semisolid welding (114?MPa) techniques.     

6061铝合金FSW接头与MIG焊接头对比试验

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和MIG焊分别对6061铝合金板进行了焊接试验,测试了焊接接头的强度,观察了焊接接头的金相组织,并进行了接头的硬度分布测试.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度高达212.05 MPa,是母材抗拉强度的86％,比MIG焊的接头强度略高.焊接接头软化区宽度比MIG焊接头软化宽度窄.6061铝合金母材为典型的轧制组织,焊核区为细小的等轴晶组织,MIG焊接头焊缝为柱状晶组织.     

Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Weld Sequence and Fixture on Residual Stresses in Arc Welding Process

This study concentrates on the effects of weld sequence and welding fixtures on distribution and magnitude of induced arc welding residual stresses built up in butt-joint of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) AA5251 plates. Aluminum plates have been welded under different welding conditions and then, longitudinal and transverse residual stresses were measured in different points of the welded plates employing hole-drilling technique. The results indicate that welding sequence significantly alters the distributions of both longitudinal and transverse residual stresses while the changing in the weld sequence leads to 44% decrease in longitudinal residual stress. Besides, both the geometry of weld pool and distribution of residual stresses are affected by the welding fixtures while implementation of fixture causes about 21 and 76% reductions in the depth of weld pool and transverse residual stress, respectively, for the material and welding conditions used in this research.     

Ti-22Al-27Nb合金线性摩擦焊接头组织与显微硬度分析

对Ti-22Al-27Nb合金进行了线性摩擦焊及热处理试验,并对热处理前后焊接接头的微观组织和显微硬度进行测量分析. 结果表明,利用线性摩擦焊方法焊接Ti-22Al-27Nb合金得到的接头无焊接缺陷. 焊态下,焊缝区形成了B2单相区组织. 热力影响区为B2 + O + α₂相三相区,出现等轴α₂相,针状O相几乎消失. 热处理后在焊缝区析出板条状O相和针状O相,热力影响区为O相均匀分布的两相区. 母材处的显微硬度值最低约为300 HV,随着向焊缝靠近,显微硬度值逐渐增加,焊缝中心达到最大值354 HV. 热处理后,由于板条O相和针状O相的沉淀析出,使焊缝中心显微硬度急剧增加.     

大截面铸铝-铸钢摩擦焊接接头显微分析

采用连续驱动摩擦焊技术对大截面铸铝与铸钢异种金属进行了焊接试验,通过电子探针、透射电镜、X射线衍射分析及微区硬度测试,进行了铸铝与铸钢异种金属焊接接头的显微分析.结果表明,大截面铸铝与铸钢间具有良好的摩擦焊接性;主要元素以界面为起点向对偶面扩散,Fe原子扩散距离稍小于Al原子的扩散距离;次生摩擦面对碳诱导形成碳化物;在焊缝区,既存在晶体,又存在非晶;接头焊合区两侧硬度均略高于基材.     

厚板AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的组织与性能

对10mm厚板A231镁合金成功进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,获得成形良好、表面光滑、无裂纹、无气孔的焊接接头.研究该搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域的显微组织特征,并通过拉伸、冲击和硬度试验分析了焊接接头的力学性能.结果表明,焊缝中心区是均匀细小的等轴晶粒,热力影响区晶粒大小不均匀,存在较明显的塑性流变带结构;焊接接头的抗拉强度达到母材的80%以上,焊接接头的冲击韧性比母材高,焊接接头的显微硬度比母材稍有降低,焊接接头具有较好的力学性能,说明搅拌摩擦焊是焊接厚板镁合金的一种有效方法.     

Residual stress variation in a thick welded joint after ultrasonic impact treatment

The effects of ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) on the residual stress within a 45?mm-thick high-strength steel welded joint were investigated. The internal residual stresses after UIT was measured with contour method and compared with the as-welded stresses simulated by finite element method. The surface stresses were also measured by X-ray diffraction method and hole-drilling method to validate the simulation model. Results show that UIT introduces compressive stress layer in the weld zone and has the same effect on the longitudinal and transverse welding stresses; the interior stresses increase and demonstrate more uniform distribution after UIT; UIT would not affect the initial compressive stress presented far away from the weld zone.     

Coupled thermomechanical analysis of friction stir welding process using simplified models

Abstract

It is widely recognised that the fundamental mechanisms associated with the weld formation process and their relationships with welding parameters are complex and remain to be fully understood. The present paper reports a series of general findings based on a set of simplified numerical models that were designed to elucidate various aspects of the complex thermomechanical phenomena associated with friction stir welding. The following phenomena were investigated in separate numerical models: (i) coupled friction heat generation; (ii) plastic flow slip zone development; and (iii) three-dimensional heat and material flow. The friction induced heat generation model was used to quantify the contributions of coupled thermomechanical friction heating, including non-linear interfacial phenomena between the tooling (e.g. stir pin) and material being welded. The plastic work induced heating effects were also examined. The plastic slip formation mechanisms were then investigated by considering contributions from various heating mechanisms. Finally, a simplified three-dimensional heat and material flow model, based on the observations from the coupled friction heat generation model, was used to establish some initial insight regarding the heat and material flow. The results from the three subproblem areas were then generalised in the form of a simple parametric relationship between welding variables (i.e. travel and rotating speeds) and weld formation conditions. A series of assumptions were made in constructing these individual models since there exists little information on actual material behaviour under friction stir welding conditions. However, the findings from the present study not only illuminate some of the important weld formation mechanisms in friction stir welding, but also provide an effective framework for more focused investigations into some of the fundamental phenomena identified in the three subproblem areas: such investigations will be reported separately in a future publication.     

工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊洋葱圆环形成的影响

搅拌摩擦焊中焊缝材料的流动对焊件性能有很大影响，洋葱圆环是搅拌摩擦焊焊焊核区中材料流动的集中体现，文中对5mm厚的1060、3003铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊连接，通过对其焊核区腐蚀后的形貌观察分析研究了不同工艺参数下材料的流动形态，结果表明，工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊焊核区洋葱圆环的形成有很大影响，采用较高的搅拌头转速和合适的焊接速度可获得稳定，质量良好的搅拌摩擦焊接头。     

ODS钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织及其高温力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)技术对氧化物弥散强化(oxide dispersion strengthen,ODS)铁素体钢进行了焊接,并对焊接工艺进行了优化. 当转速为150 r/min,焊接速度为30 mm/min时可以获得无焊接缺陷的ODS钢焊接接头. 结果表明,采用FSW焊接的ODS钢接头的微观组织出现明显的洋葱环结构,搅拌区为等轴再结晶晶粒,前进侧热机影响区表现出明显的塑性流动的特征,热影响区的晶粒较母材也发生了明显改变. 接头的高温拉伸性能偏低,但经过温度1 150 ℃,时间1 h的热处理后,其高温拉伸性能得到大幅提高,与母材拉伸性能接近.     

2A14-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊特征及接头组织性能分析

成功实现了2A14-T6高强铝合金的双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,获得了表面成形良好,无内部缺陷的优质接头. 试验发现,在焊缝的焊核内存在一个由上、下轴肩和搅拌针所驱动的材料塑性流动交汇区,该交汇区靠近焊缝下表面. 微观分析表明,焊核上部的晶粒尺寸要小于其中部和下部的晶粒尺寸. 焊缝各区的块状第二相在焊接中发生了溶解和粗化,导致接头内出现了宽度近乎轴肩直径二倍的软化区;焊缝各层硬度分布接近,没有出现常规搅拌摩擦焊中常见的接头各层异性现象. 经拉伸测试证实,双轴肩焊接接头的强度系数达到了71%,拉伸时断在了焊核内的材料流动交汇区处.     

20mm厚2219铝合金可回抽搅拌摩擦焊接及接头组织和性能分析

为了解决封闭环缝的焊接匙孔问题,研究了采用可回抽搅拌摩擦焊接进行匙孔消除的焊接工艺. 在厚板可回抽焊接过程中,搅拌针末端的瞬时空腔问题受体积效应影响将更为显著且更难控制. 研究了不同回抽焊接长度下20 mm中厚板2219铝合金可回抽焊接接头的内部质量、组织形貌和力学性能. 结果表明,在焊接速度100 mm/min、搅拌头转速400 r/min的参数组合下,回抽焊接区长度为200 ~ 500 mm时,可获得无内部缺陷的可回抽搅拌摩擦焊焊缝;回抽焊接区接头横截面上存在2个焊核,靠近焊缝上表面的焊核大小随着回抽过程不断减小;一次焊接、重复焊接和可回抽焊接接头的拉伸性能依次降低,且可回抽焊接接头的力学性能随着回抽距离的增长而有所提升;在实际工程应用中回抽距离500 mm为较优的参数选择.     

H62黄铜搅拌摩擦焊接头微观结构及性能

对6 mm厚度的H62黄铜搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)焊缝的微观组织、力学性能进行了研究,测试并比较了焊缝和母材金属的动电位和电阻率在热-力作用下的变化.结果表明,焊缝金属经热和机械力的作用后,焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区的平均晶粒尺寸较母材的35.6μm均有细化,依次为3.8,22.2,30.6μm,反应在力学性能上焊核区硬度最高,拉伸断裂发生在硬度较低的前进侧,在微观断口中存在大量尺寸不均的网状韧窝;焊缝的腐蚀电位较母材有所提高,腐蚀电流密度降低,电阻率高于母材.