高温钢板连续喷水冷却换热系数的研究

采用有限差分法建立了高温钢板连续喷水冷却过程中一维非稳态传热条件下冷却水换热系数的计算模型,将试验测量到的数据应用该模型计算出了试验过程中冷却水与高温钢板间的换热系数[h。]分析结果表明：在流量一定的情况下,压力对换热系数的影响较明显,而在压力一定的情况下,流量对换热系数的影响较小,冷却水的换热系数随喷水密度的增加而增大,随钢板表面的温降呈先增加后减小的趋势。总结出了钢板表面温度为400～1 000 ℃,喷水密度为90～180 L/(m2·min)的条件下,喷水冷却换热系数[h]的经验计算公式。     

Determination of heat transfer coefficients by extrapolation and numerical inverse methods in squeeze casting of magnesium alloy AM60

In this work, a different wall-thickness 5-step (with thicknesses as 3, 5, 8, 12, 20 mm) casting mold was designed, and squeeze casting of magnesium alloy AM60 was performed under an applied pressure 30, 60 and 90 MPa in a hydraulic press. The casting-die interfacial heat transfer coefficients (IHTC) in the 5-step casting were determined based on thermal histories throughout the die and inside the casting which were recorded by fine type-K thermocouples. With measured temperatures, heat flux and IHTCs were evaluated using the polynomial curve fitting method and numerical inverse method. For numerical inverse method, a solution algorithm was developed based on the function specification method to solve the inverse heat conduction equations. The IHTCs curves for five steps versus time were displayed. As the applied pressures increased, the IHTC peak value of each step was increased accordingly. It can be observed that the peak IHTC value decreased as the step became thinner. Furthermore, the accuracy of these curves was analyzed by the direct modeling calculation. The results indicated that heat flux and IHTCs determined by the inverse method were more accurately than those from the extrapolated fitting method.     

铝合金连续铸造喷水冷却的换热系数

基于边界条件替换法建立了铝合金连续铸造喷水冷却过程的换热系数计算模型.采用实验测量铸锭冷却过程的表面温度和温度场数值计算相结合的方法,确定了铸锭表面温度为100～500 ℃和喷水密度为11.3～27.8     

管坯电磁连铸内结晶器侧换热系数的模拟与研究

将实验得到的初始凝固坯壳的形状与数值模拟结果相结合的反推法确定了内结晶器冷却水量与内结晶器侧壁换热系数之间的关系,模拟了冷却水流量为80、100、120 L/s时凝固坯壳的形状和位置;在模拟得到的固-液界面位置附近,即距液面5～20 mm处施加了频率为2 500Hz的电磁场.结果表明:与传统连铸方法相比,施加电磁场后空心管坯的质量得到了明显的改善.     

薄板坯连铸结晶器内钢水凝固传热数值模拟

为研究薄板坯连铸高拉速下结晶器内坯壳生长过程,利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件,建立了CSP薄板坯连铸结晶器内钢水凝固传热数学模型,并通过实际测量得到的凝固坯壳厚度验证了模型的合理性。对结构用钢Q235B钢种,1 500 mm×60 mm规格在结晶器内凝固过程进行了模拟,研究了不同拉速、不同结晶器冷却水量对凝固的影响。研究结果表明,随着拉速降低,坯壳厚度增加;随着结晶器水量增大,坯壳厚度增加,模拟结果与实测结果相符合,为实际生产优化工艺参数提供了理论参考。     

Design and application of dynamic secondary cooling control based on real time heat transfer model for continuous casting

The control of secondary cooling is extremely important for the quality of billet in the continuous casting. In order to minimise the variation in surface temperature and excessive reheating of billet, which have a considerable influence on the formation of cracks and other defects, a real time heat transfer model that can be used for simulation of varying casting operations was developed. In order to verify the dynamic performance of this model, a charge coupled device temperature measurement system that can eliminate the impact of the scales was presented. The actual shell thickness profile and billet temperature were calculated in real time by this model online and were taken into account to feedback control the casting process based on the desired target cooling pattern to improve the existing cooling system. The dynamic control system based on this model was developed and implemented on some caster, and the billet quality was obviously improved.     

A coupled model on fluid flow,heat transfer and solidification in continuous casting mold

Fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of steel in the mold are so complex but crucial, determining the surface quality of the continuous casting slab. In the current study, a 2D numerical model was established by Fluent software to simulate the fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification of the steel in the mold. The VOF model and k-ε model were applied to simulate the flow field of the three phases(steel, slag and air), and solidification model was used to simulate the solidification process. The phenomena at the meniscus were also explored through interfacial tension between the liquid steel and slag as well as the mold oscillation. The model included a 20 mm thick mold to clarify the heat transfer and the temperature distribution of the mold. The simulation results show that the liquid steel flows as upper backflow and lower backflow in the mold, and that a small circulation forms at the meniscus. The liquid slag flows away from the corner at the meniscus or infiltrates into the gap between the mold and the shell with the mold oscillating at the negative strip stage or at the positive strip stage. The simulated pitch and the depth of oscillation marks approximate to the theoretical pitch and measured depth on the slab.     

Dependence of heat transfer coefficient at quenching on diameter of cylindrical workpieces

Abstract

For computer simulation of a quenching process, the fundamental prerequisite is to have the relevant heat transfer coefficient (HTC) calculated as a function of the workpiece’s surface temperature and time respectively. In order to calculate the HTC experimental measurement of the temperature–time history (cooling curve) near the workpiece surface is necessary. In this investigation, cylindrical probes with diameters of 20, 50 and 80 mm are used. The cooling curve was always measured 1 mm below the surface of the probe. Special care has been taken to keep all other factors (e.g. design of the probes, temperature measurement, quenching conditions and calculation procedure), which can influence the calculated HTC, constant, in order to ensure that the only variable is the diameter of the probe. Assuming a radially symmetrical heat flow at the half length of the probe, the HTC was calculated using one-dimensional inverse heat conduction method. The unexpected striking result of this investigation is the fact that for the probe diameter (80 mm) the calculated HTC as a function of surface temperature does not show the film boiling phase. A plausible explanation for this effect is given, based on the critical heat flux density. The possibility of establishing a simple fixed relation (a correction factor) between the HTC and the diameter of cylinders is discussed.     

An experimental study of heat transfer in aluminum castings during water quenching

The influence of quenching orientation and agitation conditions on heat transfer of aluminum alloys during water quenching was experimentally investigated with a test casting. The results indicate that heat transfer in water quenching of casting aluminum alloy consists of film boiling, nucleate boiling and convection stages. The highest heat transfer coefficients (HTC) are observed in the nucleate boiling, while the lowest is in the convective cooling stage. The heat transfer coefficients on the horizontal surfaces facing down during quenching are lower than those of other surfaces regardless whether the water is agitated or not. Agitation enhances heat transfer process especially when castings are at high temperatures and heat transfer process is in the film boiling stage.     

连铸工艺对含铌中厚板边裂的影响

针对中厚板含铌钢容易出现的边部缺陷问题,对含铌钢边部横裂缺陷进行研究,以解决长期困扰中厚板含铌钢边部质量提升的技术瓶颈。通过铸坯热酸洗检测、钢板金相检测、保护渣岩相分析等手段确定铸坯边裂缺陷来源,对铸坯边裂机理进行归纳分析,通过连铸工艺控制与二冷优化等技术优化,控制钢中酸溶铝质量分数从0.045%下降到0.025%、采用低渣熔点低黏度适宜析晶温度的保护渣、提高铸坯矫直区温度大于900 ℃等措施,有效改善了铸坯角部传热,较好控制了铸坯角部裂纹的发生,使含铌钢边部横裂得到了有效控制。     

Determination of heat transfer coefficient and ceramic mold material parameters for alloy IN738LC investment castings

Investment casting molds with different numbers of shells and pre-heating temperatures were investigated in this study. The primary layer consists of colloidal silica bound ZrSiO₄ with additions of CoAl₂O₄ to achieve fine grains and to reach a good surface quality, whereas the following layers consist of mullite bound by colloidal silica. Interface temperatures (alloy/mold) that are necessary to determine heat transfer coefficients were obtained by linear extrapolation. Heat transfer coefficients in the range of 300-660 W/(m² K) were obtained. The castings were examined with regard to grain size and secondary dendrite arm spacing. Physical properties of the investment casting mold were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Laserflash methods for temperatures up to 1300 °C. The specific heat capacity was determined to 1.13 J/(g K), thermal diffusivity was found to be in the range of (4-5) × 10⁻⁷ m²/s and the thermal conductivity to be 1 ± 0.1 W/(m K).     

Analysis of the non-uniform thermal behavior in slab continuous casting mold based on the inverse finite-element model

A full finite-element model of a mold, including four copper plates, nickel layer and water slots of different depths, was developed to reveal the complex thermal behavior of molds in slab continuous casting. An inverse algorithm was applied to calculate the heat flux and combined with the temperatures measured using thermocouples that were buried in different positions of the mold. The temperature distributions of the four copper plates are not symmetric, reflecting the non-uniform nature of heat transfer and the necessity of building a full model. The maximum hot surface temperature of the mold occurs in the region 70–100 mm below the meniscus. At heights 100 mm below the meniscus, the average temperature of the deep water slot root is higher than that of the shallow water slot by approximately 10 °C. In the off-corner regions, the hot surface temperature differences between the narrow face and wide face near the corners are approximately 20–30 °C 100 mm below the meniscus. It will provide a helpful tool for further improving the casting parameters and operations.     

大方坯连铸在线凝固传热模型的开发与应用

作为大方坯动态轻压下技术的核心模型,在线凝固传热模型为动态二冷控制模型和动态轻压下模型提供可靠而准确过程跟踪数据,为动态轻压下技术的有效实施提供保障。结合攀钢2号国产化大方坯铸机上建立的在线凝固传热模型,在此基础上进行了现场实际测温检验和应用,结果表明实测与计算的偏差小于1%,说明计算结果真实可靠,可满足在线计算要求。     

Determination of interfacial heat transfer coefficient and its application in high pressure die casting process

In this paper,the research progress of the interfacial heat transfer in high pressure die casting（HPDC）is reviewed.Results including determination of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient（IHTC）,influence of casting thickness,process parameters and casting alloys on the IHTC are summarized and discussed.A thermal boundary condition model was developed based on the two correlations：（a）IHTC and casting solid fraction and（b）IHTC peak value and initial die surface temperature.The boundary model was then applied during the determination of the temperature field in HPDC and excellent agreement was found.     

Equivalent heat transfer coefficient at casting/Cu mould interface and temperature field simulation

1　INTRODUCTIONThesolidifiedmicrostructuresofalloysdependontheirsolidifyingprocesswhoseprimarycharacteristicsarethetemperaturedropofthesuperheatedmeltandthere leaseofthelatentheat.Sothestudyontheheattransferduringthesolidificationprocessistheessentialprobleminthesolidificationtheorystudy .Theresearchersworkingonthenumericalsimulationofthesolidificationprocessallknowthattheinterfacialheattransfercoefficientatthecasting/mouldisavariablechangingwithtime .Thusthedeterminationoftheinterfacialh…     

Measurement of temperature inside die and estimation of interfacial heat transfer coefficient in squeeze casting

As an advanced near-net shape technology, squeeze casting is an excellent method for producing high integrity castings. Numerical simulation is a very effective method to optimize squeeze casting process, and the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) is an important boundary condition in numerical simulation. Therefore, the study of the IHTC is of great significance. In the present study, experiments were conducted and a"plate shape" aluminum alloy casting was cast in H13 steel die. In order to obtain accurate temperature readings inside the die, a special temperature sensor units (TSU) was designed. Six 1 mm wide and 1 mm deep grooves were machined in the sensor unit for the placement of the thermocouples whose tips were welded to the end wall. Each groove was machined to terminate at a particular distance (1, 3, and 6 mm) from the front end of the sensor unit. Based on the temperature measurements inside the die, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) at the metal-die interface was determined by applying an inverse approach. The acquired data were processed by a low pass filtering method based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The feature of the IHTC at the metal-die interface was discussed.     

板坯连铸结晶器传热反算方法研究

基于连铸生产中实时监测结晶器受热状态的需要，建立了结晶器铜板水平截面的二维热传导模型，提出了基于最小二乘法原理的传热反问题数值计算方法，并在VC＋＋6．0平台下编制了计算程序。程序中利用控制容积法建立离散方程组，采用一维变带宽存储、holesky分解技术，提高了计算速度。通过与商业软件计算结果的对比，证明了二维假设的合理性。对一组实测数据进行分析，验证了算法和程序的可靠性，从而为实现连铸过程监控提供了可借鉴的实用方法。     

高强钢连铸板坯中心偏析的分析及改善措施

分析了评价连铸坯中心偏析的几种方法及其各自优缺点,并综合比较了各类中心偏析的形成机制和控制技术的特点。在实际生产过程中对于钢水成分、钢水纯净度、钢水过热度、连铸冷却工艺、板坯缓冷、连铸机辊缝控制、轻压下的参数选择等关键控制技术进行了讨论。     

非稳态连铸过程拉速-冷却水协同优化方法

针对非稳态连铸冷却强度异常易导致铸坯质量缺陷的问题,从系统冷却角度提出一种改进的遗传算法对连铸拉速、冷却水等工艺进行协同优化。基于国内某钢厂3个月的工业连铸数据分析发现,开浇、终浇、换中间包、换水口等非稳态连铸由于拉速与冷却水协同不好导致冷却强度不足,影响铸坯质量与连铸效率。建立过程冷却强度优化模型,从优化目标、选择算子等方面对遗传算法进行改进,在生成可行解的同时提高模型收敛速度与优化能力。结果表明,模型优化方案符合现场工艺规则,通过适当提高二冷水量,非稳态连铸系统热量释放平均由45.87%提升至49.05%,处于合理区间内。该优化方法可为连铸系统生产管控提供指导。     

A comparative study on determination method of heat transfer coefficient using inverse heat transfer and iterative modification

The distortion control of heat-treated steel parts is a main consideration when dealing with hardening by quenching process. Before implementing this heat treating process, prediction of distortion is necessary to be done by experiment and computer simulation for determining a quenching technique which gives the smaller distortion. Temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficient (HTC) estimated from SUS304 cylinder can be determined by both iterative modification of lumped heat capacity method (LumpHC) and inverse heat transfer method (InvHT). Predicted HTC from silver probe is needed for the LumpHC, whereas initial set of assumption is needed for the InvHT. The zone-based HTC estimated from SUS304 cylinder then is employed on S45C cylinder. The prediction accuracy results from both methods are evaluated. As expected, stir quenching gives less distortion than that of still quenching. More accurate prediction of cooling curves, cooling rate curves, and distortion is achieved by employing the LumpHC than that by the InvHT. All analyses were performed by DEFORM-HT 2D.