钛合金TC4不同介质放电加工蚀除机理研究

为研究钛合金TCA在蒸馏水和火花油中放电加工时材料蚀除机理的差异,在相同条件下进行钛合金TC4放电加工试验,分别对放电波形、极性效应、表面微观形貌及加工表面主要成分等进行了对比分析。结果表明：蒸馏水的冷却性和流动性较好,可很好地进行极间冷却并进行消电离,放电能量较大时加工依然很稳定,大大提高了加工效率;相对而言,火花油的冷却性和流动性较差,且易析碳,频繁发生拉弧、二次放电和短路等现象,脉冲利用率低,加工效率较低。蒸馏水中工件表面产生的氧化钛熔点较火花油中形成的碳化钛低,更易于蚀除,因此蒸馏水中可获得更高的材料去除率。     

Improvement of Dry EDM Characteristics Using Piezoelectric Actuator

This paper describes improvement of the machining characteristics of dry electrical discharge machining (dry EDM) by controlling the discharge gap distance using a piezoelectric actuator. Dry EDM is a new process characterized by small tool electrode wear, negligible damage generated on the machined surface, and significantly high material removal rate especially when oxygen gas is used. However, the narrow discharge gap length compared with conventional EDM using oil as the dielectric working fluid results in frequent occurrence of short circuiting which lowers material removal rate. A piezoelectric actuator with high frequency response was thus introduced to help control gap length of the EDM machine. To elucidate the effects of the piezoelectric actuator, an EDM performance simulator was newly developed to evaluate the machining stability and material removal rate of dry EDM.     

Experimental characterization of material removal in dry electrical discharge drilling

Dry electrical discharge machining is one of the novel EDM variants, which uses gas as dielectric fluid. Experimental characterization of material removal in dry electrical discharge drilling technique is presented in this paper. It is based on six-factor, three-level experiment using L₂₇ orthogonal array. All the experiments were performed in a ‘quasi-explosion’ mode by controlling pulse ‘off-time’ so as to maximize the material removal rate (MRR). Furthermore, an enclosure was provided around the electrodes with the aim to create a back pressure thereby restricting expansion of the plasma in the dry EDM process. The main response variables analyzed in this work were MRR, tool wear rate (TWR), oversize and compositional variation across the machined cross-sections. Statistical analysis of the results show that discharge current (I), gap voltage (V) and rotational speed (N) significantly influence MRR. TWR was found close to zero in most of the experiments. A predominant deposition of melted and eroded work material on the electrode surface instead of tool wear was evident. Compositional variation in the machined surface has been analyzed using EDAX; it showed migration of tool and shielding material into the work material. The study also analyzed erosion characteristics of a single-discharge in the dry EDM process vis-á-vis the conventional liquid dielectric EDM. It was observed that at low discharge energies, single-discharge in dry EDM could give larger MRR and crater radius as compared to that of the conventional liquid dielectric EDM.     

Study on the characteristics of electrical discharge machining using dielectric with surfactant

This research mainly explores the influence of surfactant on the characteristics of electrical discharge machining (EDM) process on mold steel (SKD61). In this study, particle agglomeration is reduced after surfactant molecules cover the surface of debris and carbon dregs in kerosene solution. Debris is evenly dispersed in dielectric to improve the effects of carbon accumulation and dreg discharge, and reduce the unstable concentrated discharge. The EDM parameters, such as peak current, pulse duration, open voltage and gap voltage are studied in this paper. The experimental results show that after the addition of Span 20 (30 g/L) to dielectric, the conductivity of dielectric is increased. The machining efficiency is thus increased due to a shorter relay time of electrical discharge. When proper working parameters are chosen, the material removal rate is improved by as high as 40–80%. Although the improvement of surface roughness is not obvious, the surface roughness is not deteriorated since the material removal rate is great.     

The use of the orthogonal array with grey relational analysis to optimize the electrical discharge machining process with multiple performance characteristics

In this paper a new approach for the optimization of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process with multiple performance characteristics based on the orthogonal array with the grey relational analysis has been studied. A grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis is used to solve the EDM process with the multiple performance characteristics. Optimal machining parameters can then be determined by the grey relational grade as the performance index. In this study, the machining parameters, namely workpiece polarity, pulse on time, duty factor, open discharge voltage, discharge current, and dielectric fluid are optimized with considerations of multiple performance characteristics including material removal rate, surface roughness, and electrode wear ratio. Experimental results have shown that machining performance in the EDM process can be improved effectively through this approach.     

PZT激励同步压缩放电通道微细电火花加工工艺参数对加工结果的影响

提出了压电陶瓷(piezoelectric ceramic transducer,PZT)激励同步压缩放电通道微细电火花加工,目的在于改善微细电火花加工的放电环境。介绍了PZT激励同步压缩放电通道微细电火花加工原理,研究了开路电压、脉冲宽度、脉冲频率和峰值电流对其电极损耗和材料去除率的影响,并与不采用压缩通道方法的微细电火花加工进行了对比。结果表明:同等条件下,采用PZT激励同步压缩放电通道技术,提高了加工过程的稳定性和材料去除率,降低了电极损耗率,有效改善了放电环境。     

超声振动辅助气体介质电火花加工机理研究

简述了超声振动辅助气体介质电火花加工原理，分析了超声振动辅助气体介质电火花加工电极材料抛出的物理过程，探讨了工件材料抛出机理以及气体介质、超声振动对材料蚀除的影响机理。     

The effect in EDM of a dielectric of a urea solution in water on modifying the surface of titanium

This study investigates the influence of the machining characteristics on pure titanium metals using an electrical discharge machining (EDM) with the addition of urea into distilled water. Additionally, the effects of urea addition on surface modification are also discussed. In the experiments, machining parameters such as the dielectric type, peak current and pulse duration were changed to explore their effects on machining performance, including the material removal rate, electrode wear rate and surface roughness. Moreover, the elemental distribution of nitrogen on the machined surface was qualitatively determined by EPMA to assess the effects on surface modification. Micro hardness and wear resistance tests were performed to evaluate the effects of the reinforced surface.Experimental results indicate that the nitrogen element decomposed from the dielectric that contained urea, migrated to the work piece, forming a TiN hard layer, resulting in good wear resistance of the machined surface after EDM.     

超声振动辅助气中放电加工的研究

介绍了超声振动辅助气中放电加工技术，试验研究了电压、脉冲宽度、峰值电流、超声振幅及气体介质压力等参数对加工效率、工件表面粗糙度及电极损耗的影响，并对试验结果进行了分析。     

A numerical model of the EDM process considering the effect of multiple discharges

The electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is, by far, the most popular amongst the non-conventional machining processes. The technology is optimum for accurate machining of complex geometries in hard materials, as those required in the tooling industry. However, although a large number of EDM machines are sold every year, scientific knowledge of the process is still limited. The complex nature of the process involves simultaneous interaction of thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrical phenomena, which makes process modelling very difficult. In this paper a new contribution to the simulation and modelling of the EDM process is presented. Temperature fields within the workpiece generated by the superposition of multiple discharges, as it happens during an actual EDM operation, are numerically calculated using a finite difference schema. The characteristics of the discharge for a given operation, namely energy transferred onto the workpiece, diameter of the discharge channel and material removal efficiency can be estimated using inverse identification from the results of the numerical model. The model has been validated through industrial EDM tests, showing that it can efficiently predict material removal rate and surface roughness with errors below 6%.     

田口-灰关联法应用于Inconel 718微放电铣削参数最佳化(英文)

应用田口-灰关联法对Inconel 718微放电铣削多重质量特性如电极消耗率、材料去除率和扩口量进行最佳化,分析放电电流、脉冲时间、休止时间和极间间隙对加工Inconel 718之电极消耗率、材料去除率和扩口量的影响。实验结果表明,以最佳微放电铣削参数进行加工,其电极消耗率由5.6×10-9mm3/min降低到5.2×10-9mm3/min,材料去除率由0.47×10-8mm3/min增加到1.68×10-8mm3/min,扩口量由1.27μm降低到1.19μm。研究结果显示,应用田口-灰关联法,可以改善微放电铣削多重质量特性。     

工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工装置设计与试验

电火花加工小孔存在电蚀产物排出效率低导致加工效率低、电蚀产物排除导致二次放电现象影响加工精度等问题,而超声振动在工作液中产生空化效应和泵吸作用,能大幅提高电火花的排屑和消电离能力,进而在很大程度上减少上述问题的发生。设计一套工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工装置,主要包括主轴系统、微三维运动平台、超声振动工作液槽和数据采集系统,其中主轴系统包括NSK电主轴、引电结构、工具电极装夹结构,可以实现工具电极的高速旋转;基于LabVIEW开发了电火花小孔加工控制系统,主要包括初始化模块、粗定位模块、恒电压对刀模块、实时电压分段控制加工模块和实时显示模块。开展了工作液超声振动辅助电火花小孔加工试验研究,试验结果表明：随电火花加工电压的增加,工件材料去除率和电极损耗率都趋于增大。     

High-speed dry electrical discharge machining

A novel high-speed dry electrical discharge machining (EDM) method was proposed in this study. Using this method, the material can be rapidly melted by extremely high discharge energy and flushed out of the discharge gap by high-pressure and high-speed air flow. The material removal rate (MRR) of dry EDM was significantly improved by the proposed method. The MRR of dry EDM is usually in tens mm³/min, whereas the MRR of the proposed method can be as high as 5162 mm³/min, which improves the MRR by 2nd to 3rd order of magnitude. Investigation was conducted systemically. The influences of work piece polarity, discharge current, pulse duration time, gas pressure, and electrode rotation speed on machining performance were studied. The machining mechanism of this method was thoroughly analyzed. Moreover, the re-solidified layer, surface morphology, elementary composition, and phase of AISI 304 stainless steel for high-speed dry EDM were also investigated. Theoretical and technical foundations were laid for the industry application of dry EDM.     

Performance and Surface Integrity of Ti6Al4V After Sinking EDM with Special Graphite Electrodes

Titanium and its alloys have high chemical reactivity with most of the cutting tools. This makes it difficult to work with these alloys using conventional machining processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) emerges as an alternative technique to machining these materials. In this work, it is investigated the performance of three special grades of graphite as electrodes when ED-Machining Ti6Al4V samples under three different regimes. The main influences of electrical parameters are discussed for the samples material removal rate, volumetric relative wear and surface roughness. The samples surfaces were evaluated using SEM images, microhardness measurements, and x-ray diffraction. It was found that the best results for samples material removal rate, surface roughness, and volumetric relative wear were obtained for the graphite electrode with 10-μm particle size and negative polarity. For all samples machined by EDM and characterized by x-ray (XRD), it was identified the presence of titanium carbides. For the finish EDM regimes, the recast layer presents an increased amount of titanium carbides compared to semi-finish and rough regimes.     

Surface integrity and material removal mechanisms associated with the EDM of Al2O3 ceramic composite

Electric discharge machining (EDM) has been proven as an alternate process for machining complex and intricate shapes from the conductive ceramic composites. The performance and reliability of electrical discharge machined ceramic composite components are influenced by strength degradation due to EDM-induced damage. The success of electric discharge machined components in real applications relies on the understanding of material removal mechanisms and the relationship between the EDM parameters and formation of surface and subsurface damages. This paper presents a detailed investigation of machining characteristics, surface integrity and material removal mechanisms of advanced ceramic composite Al₂O₃–SiC_w–TiC with EDM. The surface and subsurface damages have also been assessed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results provide valuable insight into the dependence of damage and the mechanisms of material removal on EDM conditions.     

Layer Generation Process on Work-piece in Electrical Discharge Machining

In recant years, surface modification of metals and machining of insulating ceramics by electrical discharge machining (EDM) have been successfully carried out. In surface modification by EDM with semi-sintered electrodes, worn substances in the gap region form the material source of the layer generated on the work-piece surface. In the machining of insulating ceramics by EDM, a crystallized carbon layer or carbide layer from the working oil covers the surface of the insulator. Increase in the thickness of the generated layer, however, tends to stop at a certain maximum value in both surface modification by EDM with semi-sintered electrodes and machining of insulating ceramics by EDM processes. In these machining operations, accretion and removal phenomena occur alternately. In this paper, the mechanisms of machining insulators and the accretion process are discussed considering the characteristics of the generated layers on the work-piece surface.     

Micro-electrical discharge machining of polycrystalline diamond using rotary cupronickel electrode

Cupronickel was used as the electrode material to fabricate microstructures on polycrystalline diamond by electrical discharge machining (EDM). The electrodes were shaped into tiny rotary wheels driven by the flow of EDM fluid. Results showed that material removal rate was improved by a factor of five compared to conventional electrode materials. Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that graphitization of diamond and diffusion-based chemical reactions between nickel and diamond dominated the EDM process. Effects of electrode rotation rate and discharge energy on the EDM characteristics were clarified. High form accuracy (∼0.5 μm/1 mm) and low surface roughness (∼0.1 μm Ra) were obtained.     

High-speed EDM milling with moving electric arcs

A novel high-speed electrical discharge machining (EDM) milling method using moving electric arcs has been proposed in this study. We connected a copper electrode rotating rapidly around its axis and a work piece to a DC power supply to generate a moving electric arc. To ensure high relative speed of any point on the electrode with respect to the work piece, the electrode was shaped like a pipe. It was observed that the electric arcs move rapidly within the discharge gap due to the revolution of the tool electrode, removing the materials on the electrode along the track of the arc roots. To explore the characteristics of machining with moving electric arcs, an EDM milling apparatus was devised. Two planes with approximately the same roughness were machined separately by this equipment and a traditional EDM machine for comparison. It was found that a much higher material removal rate can be easily achieved by EDM milling with moving electric arcs. In the meanwhile, wear of the tool electrode in this new method is negligible, which is greatly favorable for machining accuracy. The microstructures of these surfaces were also investigated for further information.     

混粉电火花放电蚀坑及温度场仿真研究

混粉电火花加工是一种新型加工工艺,通过在工作液中添加微细粉末,显著改善加工表面粗糙度。电火花加工表面粗糙度的形成与放电蚀坑大小有直接关系,而放电蚀坑大小与单次脉冲放电温度场有密切联系。为了进一步提高混粉加工表面质量,利用ANSYS软件对放电点温度场进行了模拟与分析,得到了工件表层温度场的分布规律,揭示了材料去除机制,阐明了加工表面粗糙度与温度场的关系,对预测和改善混粉加工表面质量及日后生产实际应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Electrical discharge machining using simple and powder-mixed dielectric: The effect of the electrode area in the surface roughness and topography

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely disseminated manufacturing technologies, in particular as regards the generation of accurate and complex geometrical shapes on hard metallic components. Nevertheless current EDM technologies have major limitations when dealing with fine surface finish over large process area. Indeed this is one reason that explains the need of final manual polishing of mould cavities performed by EDM. Recently EDM with powder-mixed dielectric (PMD-EDM) has been a focus of an intense research work in order to overcome these technological performance barriers. This paper presents a research work within the objective to acquire deep knowledge on EDM technology with powder mixed dielectric and to compare its performance to the conventional EDM when dealing with the generation of high-quality surfaces. In particular the analysis of the effect of the electrode area in the surface quality measured by the surface roughness and craters morphology was carried out for both technologies. The results achieved evidenced a linear relationship between the electrode area and the surface quality measures as well as a significant performance improvement when the powder mixed dielectric is used.