Microstructure characteristics of Ti3Al/TiC ceramic layer deposited by laser cladding

Al + TiC laser cladding coatings were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by CO₂ laser cladding technique. The microstructure, micro-hardness and phase constitutes of the laser cladding layer were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microsclermeter. The results indicated that the laser cladding layer solidified into the fine microstructure rapidly, and TiC hard phase was dispersived in the cladding layer. When the mass percent of TiC was 40%, the micro-hardness (1100HV_0.2-1250HV_0.2) of Al + TiC cladding layer was 3 times more than that of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate (350-370HV_0.2). The cladding layer mainly consisted of α-Ti (Al), β-Al (Ti), Ti₃Al, TiAl, Al₃Ti and TiC phase. There phases were beneficial to improve the hardness and wear resistance of the cladding layer.     

WC-Ni增强Fe基梯度涂层的制备及组织性能*

利用等离子熔覆同轴双筒送粉工艺,在Q235基板上制备了多层WC-Ni成分渐变的梯度涂层,结果表明:涂层中WC颗粒大部分被溶解,在随后的快速冷却中,有两类碳化物组织析出,组织特征与WC-Ni的含量有关。当WC-Ni含量小于20%时,析出粗大树枝晶基体混合片层状共晶碳化物组织;当WC-Ni含量大于30%时,析出块状初生碳化物组织。未完全溶解的WC颗粒呈圆角形,并与基体之间形成合金过渡层。梯度涂层中各层间形成了冶金过渡,其主要物相有γ-Fe、WC、Fe3C、Fe3W3C、Cr7C3。涂层的硬度明显高于基体,但受WC的溶解及析出碳化物的大小及分布不均影响,梯度涂层的硬度分布波动起伏较大。     

低合金钢表面Fe基B4C耐磨涂层组织与性能

目的在低合金结构钢表面制备一层高硬度、高耐磨的铁基陶瓷颗粒增强层,并研究熔覆层的微观结构及性能。方法利用等离子熔敷技术,在16Mn钢基体上熔敷Fe58合金粉与B_4C陶瓷粉的混合粉末。结果在16Mn钢表面成功制备了高硬度、高耐磨的铁基陶瓷颗粒增强层,陶瓷颗粒增强层致密、均匀、无气孔、无裂纹,且与基体结合良好。XRD及SEM结果表明,熔覆层生成了细小、均匀的碳、硼化物增强相,熔覆层与基体的相容性好,界面呈冶金结合,熔覆层的增强相主要有Fe2B、FeB、Cr7BC4、Cr7C3及B_4C相,Fe与B的化合物Fe2B、FeB呈链状沿晶界分布在(Fe,Ni)固溶体上,并与(Fe,Ni)固溶体在晶界形成网状结构。铬的碳、硼化物Cr7BC4和Cr7C3及未完全反应的B_4C陶瓷相,则呈不规则块状和点状在晶内弥散分布。熔覆层断面的显微硬度及表面磨粒磨损测试结果表明,熔覆层断面的显微硬度分布均匀,平均硬度可达11.9GPa,是16Mn钢基体的7.95倍,耐磨粒磨损性能是基体的7倍以上。结论晶内弥散分布的B_4C、Cr7BC4和Cr7C3硬质相与晶界成链状分布的Fe2B、FeB共同作用,使熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性明显提高。     

等离子熔覆Fe基/WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的组织与性能研究

目的 制备高强度和高硬度的耐磨性涂层,用于已磨损的机械零件表面,以延长其使用寿命,避免机器因磨损而带来的各种故障。方法 采用等离子熔覆技术在40CrMnMo表面制备WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe300合金复合熔覆层,研究不同质量分数WC-10Co-4Cr对熔覆层组织和性能的影响。利用金相显微镜、超景深光学显微镜、SEM、EDS、XRD对熔覆层的组织形貌进行表征和物相分析,借助数显显微硬度计和销盘式摩擦磨损试验机测试熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性。结果 WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe300合金作为一种复合材料,与基材形成了冶金结合,结合区域无孔洞和裂纹。熔覆层微观结构随着WC-10Co-4Cr含量的增加,逐渐由柱状晶向树枝晶过渡,它主要由Fe₆W₆C、(Cr、Fe)₂₃C₆和WC相组成。熔覆层的平均硬度大致随着WC-10Co-4Cr含量的增加而提高,当WC-10Co-4Cr的质量分数达到20%时,熔覆层的硬度最高(518.5HV0.2),大约是基体硬度的1.7倍。熔覆层的主要摩擦机理为磨粒磨损,随着WC-10Co-...     

反应等离子熔覆Fe-Cr-Ti-C涂层的组织与性能

采用等离子表面熔覆技术,以高能等离子束为热源在Q235基体钢板上熔覆无钛以及含钛(其它粉末成分基本不变)的铁基合金涂层.利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)、显微硬度计对涂层的组织、相组成和显微硬度等进行分析.结果表明,与无钛铁基粉末涂层相比,含钛铁基合金熔覆层晶粒组织明显细化,且含有较多带状晶,但随着合金粉末中钛含量的增多,熔覆层共晶组织中硬质相(Cr,Fe)7C3逐渐增多,抑制了硬质相的析出,熔覆涂层的平均和最高显微硬度值也相应降低.     

多元硬质合金覆层材料力学性能的研究

为提高钢材表面的耐磨损和耐腐蚀能力,以Mo粉、Fe-B合金粉和Fe粉为基本原料,加入WC、Cr3C2、TiC等碳化物硬质相和C、Ni、Cr等合金元素,采用真空液相烧结工艺,在Q235钢基体上制备多元硬质合金覆层材料.对覆层材料进行了洛氏硬度测试及弯曲强度测试,结果表明:CW系覆层材料的硬度达到HRA84.8,是Q235钢基体硬度的2.3倍;CW系覆层材料的弯曲强度值达到1175.52MPa,是Q235钢基体弯曲强度的1.4倍;掺加碳化物硬质相显著提高了Mo2FeB2硬质合金覆层材料的硬度和弯曲强度.利用扫描电镜观察了硬质合金覆层以及覆层-钢基体界面的微观组织结构,发现硬质合金覆层内部组织结构致密,覆层与钢基体之间形成了具有一定厚度的过渡层.     

Q235钢氩弧熔覆铁基合金涂层的耐磨性研究

和用氩弧熔覆技术,选择合适的工艺参数,在Q235钢材表面熔覆了铁基合金耐磨涂层.通过金相显微镜和SEM分析了熔覆涂层的显微组织,并测试了涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性.结果表明,在Q235钢表面制备了以马氏体组织和γ-(Fe-Cr-Ni-C)合金固溶体为基体,以(Cr,Fe)7C3、Fe3C、Fe2B等化合物为增强相的合金涂层;涂层的显微硬度可达600 HV;涂层的耐磨性较基体提高近8倍.在低碳钢表面熔覆一层耐磨材料,既保留了低碳钢较高的塑、韧性,又提高了表面层的硬度和耐磨性.     

TIG熔覆原位自生TiC-TiB2/Fe复合涂层

利用氩弧作为热源,以G302铁基合金粉、FeTi70粉和B₄C粉作为原料粉末,在Q235表面原位生成TiC-TiB₂增强的铁基复合涂层. 采用一系列的分析测试方法对涂层进行了表征,结果表明,氩弧熔覆过程冶金反应充分,熔覆层中生成了TiC,TiB₂和M₇C₃等硬质增强相;熔覆层组织呈现出由母材界面到熔覆层表面硬质相逐渐增多的梯度分布特征. 增加FeTi70和B₄C粉末比例提高了熔覆层硬度,质量比为G302:FeTi70:B₄C=6:3:1时,试样最大硬度达到976 HV0.1,是母材硬度的5倍左右. 在与GCr15钢对磨时,熔覆试样磨损量仅为Q235钢的1/30左右,熔覆层磨损表面基本无塑性变形痕迹,涂层中坚硬的TiC,TiB₂陶瓷相起到阻磨作用.     

Microstructural evolution with various Ti contents in Fe-based hardfacing alloys using a GTAW technique

The aim of this study is to discuss the effect of microstructural development with different Ti contents in Fe-based hardfacing alloys. A series of Fe-Cr-C-Si-Mn-xTi alloy fillers was deposited on SS400 low carbon steel substrate using oscillating gas tungsten arc welding. The microstructure in the Fe-based hardfacing alloy without Ti content addition included: the primary γ, eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr)₃C, eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr)₂C and martensite. With increasing Ti contents, the microstructures showed the primary TiC carbide, γ phase and eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr,Ti)₃C. The amount and size of TiC carbide in the hardfacing layers increased as the Ti content increased. However, the eutectic γ+(Fe,Cr,Ti)₃C content decreased as the Ti content increased. According to the results of the hardness test, the lowest hardness value (HRC 54.93) was found with 0% wt% Ti and the highest hardness (HRC 60.29) was observed with 4.87 wt% Ti.     

高硼铁基耐磨熔覆层研究进展

高硼铁基合金是一种原位生成硼化物硬质相的铁基耐磨材料,具有高硬度、良好的高温稳定性以及低成本的优势,近年来受到了广泛的研究,国内外大量研究通过对硼化物形态进行调控,以达到抑制裂纹以及提高耐磨性能的目的。从材料体系和熔覆层制备技术2大方面系统地综述了高硼铁基耐磨熔覆层近年来的研究进展。首先重点介绍了Fe–B–C、Fe–B–Cr–C、Fe–B–Cr–Mo–C等3种常见的高硼铁基材料体系,详细阐述了各体系合金成分与原位生成硼化物硬质相类型、形态、分布间的相互作用规律,并给出各体系硼化物随成分含量变化的显微形貌图。归纳总结了成分设计及热处理工艺对合金组织演变及耐磨性能的影响,并分析了其他元素对高硼铁基合金组织性能的影响。其次,介绍了高硼铁基耐磨熔覆层制备技术,包括等离子熔覆、激光熔覆、电子束熔覆与氩弧熔覆,分析了如复合热源和外加磁场等可行的熔覆技术改进方法,并讨论了制备工艺对熔覆层的影响。最后对高硼铁基材料未来的研究及应用方向进行了展望。     

A TEM study of the oxide scale development in Ni-Cr-Al alloys

In the present study the isothermal oxidation behaviours of Ni-10Cr-5Al, Ni-20Cr-5Al and Ni-30Cr-5Al alloys were investigated. The alloys were oxidised in air for 50 h at 1000 °C. Analytical transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology, structure and composition of the oxide scale. The oxide formed adjacent to the alloy was α-Al₂O₃ such that the higher was the Cr content of the alloy the easier was its formation. The Ni-30Cr-5Al alloy formed a complete layer of α-Al₂O₃ in the initial stages of oxidation through ‘oxygen gettering’ by Cr. A decrease in scale thickness and an increase in scale adherence were observed with an increase in Cr content from 10 to 30 wt.%.     

车轮材料表面h-BN/CaF_2/Fe基激光熔覆涂层组织与磨损性能

激光熔覆铁基合金涂层的摩擦因数及磨损率均较高,h-BN和CaF_2作为固体添加剂已应用于激光熔覆处理,然而含h-BN和CaF_2的铁基熔覆涂层在列车车轮材料表面的磨损性能及最佳含量尚不清楚。因此,以不同比例的h-BN(0～2%)、CaF_2(2%～0)和Fe基合金(98%)粉末为熔覆材料,在列车车轮材料表面制备合金涂层,对激光熔覆车轮试样进行滚动摩擦磨损试验。结果表明:涂层微观组织主要由枝晶组织和共晶组织构成,硬度约800 HV_(0.3),表面存在残余压应力,其值为800～1 300MPa。加入h-BN粉末可将黏着系数降低至0.35～0.39,激光熔覆车轮试样表面以滚动接触疲劳损伤为主,裂纹在表面产生并在塑性变形层内扩展。随h-BN含量增加和CaF_2含量减小,微观组织尺寸、黏着系数、磨损率、滚动接触疲劳裂纹长度和深度均呈先减小后增加趋势。h-BN、CaF_2和Fe基合金质量比为1%:1%:98%时,涂层微观组织最致密、残余压应力最大、耐磨与抗疲劳性能最优。研究结果可为激光熔覆技术在列车车轮上的应用与优化提供理论与技术指导。     

磨损零件的激光熔覆修复实验研究

研究采用激光熔覆方法修复磨损的零件,将2Cr12基体材料与激光熔覆后的F321合金进行磨损对比实验的结果表明,激光熔覆后的F321合金的耐磨性是基体材料2Cr12的5倍,被修复的2Cr12零件其耐磨性大大提高.在较软的合金粉末中添加硬质相如WC等陶瓷颗粒时,可大大提高软性合金粉末的耐磨性.激光熔覆由软合金和硬质颗粒组成的复合粉末,能使硬质颗粒分散均匀.激光熔覆316L不锈钢熔覆层的实验表明,熔覆层内的硬度分布较均匀.     

Microstructure and wear properties of TiC/FeCrBSi surface composite coating prepared by laser cladding

Titanium carbide particles reinforced Fe-based surface composite coatings were fabricated by laser cladding using a 5 kW CO₂ laser. The microstructure, phase structure and wear properties were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, as well as dry sliding wear test. The results showed that TiC carbides were formed via in situ reaction between ferrotitanium and graphite in the molten pool during the laser-clad process. The morphology of TiC is mainly cubic and dendritic form; and the TiC carbides were distributed uniformly in the composite coating. The TiC/matrix interface was found to be free from cracks and deleterious phases. The coatings reinforced by TiC particles revealed higher wear resistance and lower friction coefficient than that of the substrate and FeCrBSi laser-clad coating.     

U71Mn轨道表面激光再制造FeCrNiB覆层工艺与组织性能

针对U71Mn轨道表面磨损及激光再制造的表面耐磨性不足、气孔缺陷易发等再制造难点,提出并验证了脉冲激光熔覆制备轨道表面FeCrNiB覆层的工艺与方法。试验结果表明：熔覆层顶部主要分布细小致密的等轴晶、中部交错存在较多的树枝晶,树枝晶晶粒具备长大条件已存在初次晶臂和二次晶臂,覆层低部呈现出的胞状晶组织,大致垂直于界面;熔覆层中Cr₇C₃硬质相和纳米级极细粒状和片状珠光体组织的存在,使熔覆层具有较高硬度及耐磨性,熔覆层的平均硬度由310 HV_0.2提升至750HV_0.2;在同等的摩擦磨损条件下,熔覆层的耐磨性提高了5倍;对接试样的抗拉强度略小于基体抗拉强度,但仍能满足钢轨使用要求。     

曲面塑料模具激光熔覆再制造快速加工路径生成方法

对于曲面塑料模具,在其表面快速生成激光熔覆加工路径非常困难。针对这种情况,直接以零件的逆向点云模型为研究对象,通过平面与点云求交得到以密集离散点表示的近似激光扫描路径,避免了反求建模的过程。以离焦量变化极限为约束条件,在路径上搜索插补点。提出利用插补点的最近点来计算插补点曲面法向矢量作为激光束姿态的近似快速算法。应用镍基自熔性合金粉对P20材质的模具零件曲面表面进行了试验。金相分析表明所形成熔覆层组织均匀、致密,缺陷稀少;熔覆层与基体之间形成冶金结合。熔覆层中部组织出现了垂直于界面生长的柱状树枝晶,而在顶部许多的柱状树枝晶发育成等轴树枝晶。熔覆层的平均显微硬度达到330~350 HV0.2。路径中段的熔覆层厚度比起始点增加了10%。     

Fe314合金激光熔覆层的应力分布规律

研究熔覆层应力分布规律对控制裂纹萌生及提高抗疲劳和抗腐蚀等性能至关重要。利用Nd∶YAG固体激光器在45钢基体表面制备了厚度约5mm的Fe314激光熔覆层,利用X射线衍射应力测定仪对熔覆层表层不同位置及其沿深度方向的应力分布情况进行分析,利用金相显微镜观察熔覆层显微组织,利用维氏硬度计对熔覆层硬度分布规律进行分析。研究结果表明:平行激光扫描方向的熔覆层表面应力最大值出现在熔覆层边缘,约为290MPa;垂直激光扫描方向的表面应力最大值出现在熔覆层中心,约为230MPa,由中心向边缘递减,并逐渐由拉应力转变为压应力;深度方向上,平行激光扫描方向的应力随熔覆层深度增加先保持平稳后不断增大;垂直激光扫描方向的应力随熔覆层深度增加而增大;应力分布主要受热累积效应影响,熔覆层具有与热累积效应对应的金相结构,熔覆层硬度范围为380～450HV0.3,略高于基体。     

Microstructures and properties in surface layers of Mg-6Zn-1Ca magnesium alloy laser-clad with Al-Si powders

Laser surface cladding with Al-Si powders was applied to a Mg-6Zn-1Ca magnesium alloy to improve its surface properties. The microstructure, phase components and chemical compositions of the laser-clad layer were analyzed by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the clad layer mainly consists of α-Mg, Mg₂Si dendrites, Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Al₃Mg₂ phases. Owing to the formation of Mg₂Si, Mg₁₇Al₁₂ and Al₃Mg₂ intermetallic compounds in the melted region and grain refinement, the microhardness of the clad layer (HV_0.025 310) is about 5 times higher than that of the substrate (HV_0.025 54). Besides, corrosion tests in the NaCl (3.5%, mass fraction) water solution show that the corrosion potential is increased from –1574.6 mV for the untreated sample to –128.7 mV for the laser-clad sample, while the corrosion current density is reduced from 170.1 to 6.7 µA/cm². These results reveal that improved corrosion resistance and increased hardness of the Mg-6Zn-1Ca alloy can be both achieved after laser cladding with Al-Si powders.     

等离子熔覆Fe基/Co-WC涂层的组织演变及性能

采用等离子熔覆技术,在Q235钢基体上熔覆添加Co-WC的Fe基粉末,制备了连续性好,无明显气孔和裂纹的Fe基/Co-WC耐磨熔覆涂层。研究了不同Co-WC含量下熔覆层的组织演变,表征了熔覆层的显微硬度分布。结果表明,随Co-WC含量增加,熔覆层组织由柱状晶逐渐向树枝晶转变,熔覆层中开始出现Fe3W3C、Fe6W6C、Co3W3C等新相。当Co-WC含量大于35%时,在熔覆层中开始出现形貌规则的鱼骨纹组织Co3W3C,该相的显微硬度HV达10.97GPa。当Co-WC含量达到50%以上时,树枝晶消失,出现大范围的规则排列、分布均匀的鱼骨纹组织。同时,随Co3W3C体积分数的增加,熔覆层显微硬度也随之增加,当Co-WC含量大于50%时,熔覆层显微硬度HV可达9.00~9.50 GPa。     

QT-500球墨铸铁表面激光熔覆镍基合金的组织与性能

利用DL-T5000型二氧化碳激光器在QT-500球墨铸铁表面熔覆镍基合金,分析了激光熔覆层的显微组织,测试了其显微硬度及磨损性能。结果表明:所制得熔覆层组织致密、无裂纹,与基体形成了良好的冶金结合。从熔覆层表面到基体热影响区,组织依次为大量的树枝晶、等轴晶、树枝晶。熔覆层的硬度较基体提高了5倍,熔覆层的总磨损率大约为基体的1/6。熔覆层耐磨性能增强的主要原因是镍基合金与涂层元素镍、铬等固溶强化和碳化物等析出相的强化作用。