无线传感器网络中一种ARMA流量预测的拥塞控制算法

在无线传感器网络中,由于各节点的通信能力、计算能力、存储能力等都比较有限,使其需采取有别于传统网络的拥塞控制策略.本文针对传感网络特有的多对一、多跳通信方式经常导致网络拥塞的缺陷,提出一种基于流量预测的拥塞避免算法(SCATP).该算法通过ARMA模型分析流经各节点的当前流量,预测网络下一时刻的拥塞状况,并据此进行流量分配,从而实现拥塞控制的同时保证数据的可靠传输.仿真实验表明,SCATP算法在延迟、抖动率、吞吐量和能量有效性等方面能有效改善网络的服务质量.     

无线网络中一种智能控制的组播拥塞控制机制

针对现有组播拥塞控制算法应用到无线网络中存在的性能下降问题,提出一种基于新的智能组播拥塞控制机制ECMCC。ECMCC机制根据网络相对队列时延和数据包丢失检测网络的拥塞状态,采用代表集合机制反馈信息,利用专家控制器的推理判断区分丢包原因和当前的网络状态,进而采取不同的控制策略调节组播源端发送速率。仿真结果表明,ECMCC机制收敛速度快、灵敏性好、速率变化平滑,在有线网络中具有良好的TCP友好性。同时,ECMCC能有效区分网络拥塞和随机差错,提高了网络的吞吐量,适用于无线网络环境,且在无线网络较低误码率时具有一定的TCP友好性。     

一种基于蚁群优化的WSN拥塞控制算法*

针对无线传感器网络中由于拥塞引起的丢包和能量过度消耗等问题,提出了一种基于蚁群优化的拥塞控制算法以减轻WSN中的拥塞和改进网络性能。该算法充分考虑了给定时刻WSN的拥塞状况,分成三个阶段在源节点和sink节点间寻找一条最佳的路径,并及时地消除拥塞。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在网络吞吐量、丢包率、时延和能耗方面具有较好的综合网络性能。     

Improving TCP fairness and performance with bulk transmission control over lossy wireless channel

The traditional windows-based TCP congestion control mechanism produces throughput bias against flows with longer packet roundtrip times; the flow with a short packet roundtrip time preoccupies the shared network bandwidth to a greater extent than others. Moreover, the blind window reduction that occurs whenever packets are lost decreases the network utilization severely, especially in networks with high packet losses. This paper proposes a sender-based TCP congestion control, called TCP-BT. The scheme estimates the network bandwidth depending on the transmission behavior of applications, and adjusts the congestion window by considering both the estimated network bandwidth and the packet roundtrip time to improve fairness as well as transmission performance. The scheme has been implemented in the Linux platform and compared with various TCP variants in real environments. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves transmission performance, especially in networks with congestion and/or high packet loss rates. Experiments in real commercial wireless networks have also been conducted to support the practical use of the proposed mechanism.     

多信道无线Mesh网络的路由协议

针对单径路由协议不能充分利用多信道无线Mesh网络的信道资源的问题,提出了一种基于拥塞控制的并行多径路由协议PMRP。该协议将一个数据流分配到多条路径同时传输,当所有路径都发生中断时,才重新寻找路由;并采取相应的拥塞感知技术,避免拥塞节点再转发新的数据流。仿真结果证明：与无线自组网按需平面距离矢量路由协议（AODV）协议相比,PMRP在网络负载较大时,能有效地减小端到端延迟,提高数据包的成功投递率,增加网络的整体吞吐量。     

Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory faces problem during handshake between them. This paper focuses on finding this misinterpretation of the losses using cross layer approach. This paper focuses on increasing bandwidth usage by improving TCP throughput in wireless environments using cross layer approach and hence named the proposed system as CRLTCP. TCP misinterprets wireless loss as congestion loss and unnecessarily reduces congestion window size. Using the signal strength and frame error rate, the type of loss is identified and accordingly the response of TCP is modified. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the throughput of proposed TCP upon which bandwidth usage is increased.     

A fuzzy approach to active usage parameter control in IEEE 802.11b wireless networks

Abstract: Usage parameter control (UPC) provides support for quality of service across heterogeneous networks. For the network operator UPC assists in limiting network usage through traffic shaping, to prevent unacceptable delay. Traditional methods to apply UPC involve the generic cell rate algorithm or ‘leaky bucket’ algorithm, now commonly implemented in asynchronous transmission mode networks. This paper proposes a novel form of UPC for 802.11b wireless networks. The method proposed measures the rate of individual network flows to actively manage link utilization using a fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The FLC monitors the flow rate and adjusts the sending transmissions to stabilize flows as close to the optimum desired rate as possible. Imposing UPC and using the FLC within a packet switched TCP network enforces cooperation between competing streams of traffic. After carrying out experiments within a wireless network, the results obtained significantly improve upon a ‘best effort’ service.     

基于滑模变结构的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制

基于滑模变结构机制,讨论了节点级和链路级同时发生拥塞情况下的无线传感器网络跨层拥塞控制问题.对于节点级拥塞和链路级拥塞分别提出了准滑模控制策略.链路级拥塞采取节点输出流量最小的数据包优先进行传输的原则,实现了拥塞控制的跨层设计,大大降低了各节点排队时间,能够有效缓解拥塞的发生.仿真结果表明,该算法实现了较高的吞吐量和较低的延迟,提高了整个网络的服务质量.     

A probabilistic approach for predictive congestion control in wireless sensor networks

Any node in a wireless sensor network is a resource constrained device in terms of memory, bandwidth, and energy, which leads to a large number of packet drops, low throughput, and significant waste of energy due to retransmission. This paper presents a new approach for predicting congestion using a probabilistic method and controlling congestion using new rate control methods. The probabilistic approach used for prediction of the occurrence of congestion in a node is developed using data traffic and buffer occupancy. The rate control method uses a back-off selection scheme and also rate allocation schemes, namely rate regulation （RRG） and split protocol （SP）, to improve throughput and reduce packet drop. A back-off interval selection scheme is introduced in combination with rate reduction （RR） and RRG. The back-off interval selection scheme considers channel state and collision-flee transmission to prevent congestion. Simulations were conducted and the results were compared with those of decentralized predictive congestion control （DPCC） and adaptive duty-cycle based congestion control （ADCC）. The results showed that the proposed method reduces congestion and improves performance.     

EasiCC:一种保证带宽公平性的传感器网络拥塞控制机制

实用的传感器网络拥塞控制方案不仅需要满足多项网络性能指标,而且必须控制开销很小,提出了一种满足上述要求的拥塞控制机制EasiCC(EasiNet congestion control mechanism).在EasiCC中,数据流源节点将数据报文按比例划分到各优先等级中,各网络节点根据网络拥塞程度动态地、同步地调整报文过滤标准,结合报文过滤标准和报文优先级来调节网络流量,保证了无线信道带宽分配上的公平性;将网络准入控制和队列丢包手段相结合来调整网络流量,保证了网络综合性能指标.EasiCC控制开销很少,已在实际传感器网络平台中实现.模拟验证和实验测试结果显示,EasiCC能够公平地为各数据流分配发报速度和网络带宽,并且在报文传输成功率、传输延迟等性能指标上均有良好的表现.     

面向噪声丢包感知的无线网络拥塞算法

针对无线网络链路干扰大、误码率高等特点，以及TCP Westwood算法（TCPW）存在估算带宽时过度依赖包的反馈，缺乏区分传输过程中丢包类型的缺点等问题，提出一种TCPW拥塞控制优化算法--TCPW-F。该算法利用发送速率等构建拥塞因子[F]作为判断丢包类型的依据，同时对判定发生噪声丢包时的拥塞窗口进一步调整，避免噪声丢包引起的窗口下降，提高该情况下窗口的发送效率。仿真结果表明，TCPW-F算法在时延性能方面表现更优，单位时间抖动趋于稳定的速度更快。在同一信道带宽下增大包生成速率，改进算法的实时吞吐量明显高于原算法，具备一定的噪声丢包感知能力，无线网络的TCP传输质量获得较大改善。     

AD hoc网络中的机会分组调度算法

无线多跳Ad hoc网络中节点在业务发送过程中需要竞争共享信道,容易发生局部拥塞导致网络性能下降,而且节点内部采用的先入先出(FIFO)队列容易使队头阻塞,影响队列中后续分组的发送。本文提出了一种机会分组调度算法CBOS,发送节点采用多播RTS的方式同时指向多个接收节点,可以支持可变长分组,提高了Ad hoc网络的空间重用率,接收节点根据拥塞程度按照一定概率返回CTS,有利于节点网络的拥塞控制。仿真结果表明,该算法提高了网络端到端的饱和吞吐量和信道利用率,并提高了业务流之间的公平性。     

一种新的流媒体拥塞控制算法

提出一种新的拥塞控制算法(TCP MS).该算法更适用于流媒体应用,有更高的带宽利用率、公平性,传输速率也更平滑.不同于传统的利用丢包率和排队延迟来探测拥塞的TCP拥塞控制算法,该算法通过确认数据包的速率来探测拥塞,并在每一轮往返时间内及时调整窗口.该算法提供的拥塞窗口变化更准确,传输速率抖动更小.因此,提高了网络带宽的利用率以及传输速率的平滑性.最后,文章将TCP MS与典型的基于丢包率的TCP Reno算法和基于排队延迟的TCP Vegas算法在带宽利用率、速率抖动以及公平性等方面分别做了比较,仿真结果表明TCP MS是一种理想的流媒体拥塞控制算法.     

基于优先级的服务区分和速率控制策略

针对中高速无线传感器网络中不同种类的网络流量对服务质量的需求,提出一种基于优先级的服务区分和速率控制策略。该策略对实时性和可靠性要求强的流量赋予高优先级以进行服务区分;并利用ε因子计算节点的速率差,逐跳地调整其上游节点的发送速率。仿真结果表明,所提出的策略能够保证高优先级实时流量具有高吞吐量和低延迟,并保持网络吞吐量的稳定。     

一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制

为保证无线网络中多媒体数据的传输质量,提出了一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制（WMTCC）。该机制通过发送探测报文区分网络拥塞丢包和链路误码随机丢包,准确判断网络的拥塞状况,实施发送速率调节,保证了流媒体服务质量(QoS)。由于准确区分出无线链路误码丢包,该机制在链路误码率较高时能维持较高的网络吞吐量。仿真实验结果显示在高误码率无线网络中,该机制可以获得更高的吞吐量和更大的拥塞窗口,并且发送速率的变化更加平滑。     

结合距离与队列积压的无线Mesh网络拥塞感知路由协议

针对无线Mesh网络中路由的拥塞问题,提出了一种结合距离与队列积压信息的拥塞感知路由协议(DR-CAR)。首先,结合链路质量源路由(LQSR)协议中的距离度量和E-Backpressure协议中的队列积压度量构建一种新的链路质量度量。然后,每个节点通过探测数据包来计算链路质量,并通过控制数据包和其邻居节点进行交互,以此来更新链路质量。最后,节点根据链路质量来选择下一跳节点,从而构建从源节点到目的节点之间的最佳路径。另外,在MAC层中为控制数据包分配最高的优先级,同时保证控制数据包的安全性。仿真实验表明,在不同的链路负载下,该协议在网络传输时延和网络吞吐量方面都具有优越的性能,具有可行性和有效性。     

Modelling and performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 DCF for real-time control

Popular wireless networks, such as IEEE 802.11/15/16, are not designed for real-time applications. Thus, supporting real-time quality of service (QoS) in wireless real-time control is challenging. This paper adopts the widely used IEEE 802.11, with the focus on its distributed coordination function (DCF), for soft-real-time control systems. The concept of the critical real-time traffic condition is introduced to characterize the marginal satisfaction of real-time requirements. Then, mathematical models are developed to describe the dynamics of DCF based real-time control networks with periodic traffic, a unique feature of control systems. Performance indices such as throughput and packet delay are evaluated using the developed models, particularly under the critical real-time traffic condition. Finally, the proposed modelling is applied to traffic rate control for cross-layer networked control system design.     

一种基于带宽估计的无线网拥塞控制机制

针对无线网提出了一种基于带宽估计的拥塞控制机制。该机制利用TCP确认帧携带的数据包到达时间来估算包到达速率，从而得到带宽的估计值。在此基础上用带宽的估计值更新拥塞窗口，避免在发生链路错误时启动拥塞控制机制，由此提高了TCP在无线网上的性能。实验结果表明，算法能减少链路差错对TCP性能带来的影响，提高了TcP在无线网上的吞吐率。     

Distributed duty cycle control for delay improvement in wireless sensor networks

Dynamically adjusting the time duration of a node to stay active in one data collection period, i.e., duty cycle, is an efficient strategy to save energy and prolong the lifetime of network. In this paper, we propose a novel Adaptation Duty Cycle Control (ADCC) scheme based on feedback signals for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which can reduce to-sink data transmission delay while lifetime is also improved. In ADCC, every node adaptively adjusts its duty cycle by comparing its own energy consumption with the largest energy consumption of the entire packet delivery flow, which is stored in a feedback ACK packet generated by sink node. Since in WSNs, a huge number of sensor nodes in the area far from the sink node have much remaining energy when network dies, even up to 90 %, these nodes have much larger duty cycles in ADCC compared with previous schemes, therefore the data transmission delay can be reduced to a great extent. Additionally, ADCC provides a largest-energy notification mechanism in order to determine the appropriate duty cycle of nodes in each data collection flow according to the application-dependent requirements. Comparing with the Wake on Idle, Dual-QCon and the Same Duty Cycle (SDC) schemes, ADCC can reduce the delay by more than 59.5 % under the same network lifetime, or increase the lifetime by 32.8 %–63.4 % under the same delay requirements, while also increase energy efficiency as much as 43.1 %.     

一种无线传感器网络的优化速率控制方法

拥塞控制是无线传感器网络中的一个关键性问题。从解决拥塞问题出发,提出了一个基于优化速率的拥塞控制算法ORCC。算法构建了一个分布式的分簇网络结构,利用缓冲的占用情况进行拥塞检测,并使用基于优化理论的速率调节策略来保证网络吞吐量的稳定,从而通过求解出的最优解来实现簇内节点效用的最大化。仿真实验表明,ORCC算法不仅能有效缓解网络拥塞,降低平均延迟,还具有较好的网络传输公平性。