微间隙焊缝磁光成像小波多尺度融合检测

针对微间隙(小于0.1 mm)对接焊缝,通过对焊件施加感应磁场,并利用法拉第旋光原理构成的磁光传感器,获取焊缝磁光图像.为了获取焊缝的准确位置,研究一种焊缝磁光图像的小波多尺度信息融合边缘检测方法.对焊缝磁光图像进行3层小波分解,获得包含焊缝边缘信息的小波高频图像.根据各尺度高频信息包含的细节丰富度,融合各尺度高频图像,然后用小波模局部极大值对融合图像进行边缘检测,得到抗噪性和连续性好、定位精度高的焊缝边缘,最后进行焊缝跟踪试验.结果表明,磁光图像小波多尺度信息融合是一种有效的焊缝边缘提取方法,适用于磁光成像传感的微间隙焊缝跟踪图像处理过程.     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像检测方法

针对激光焊接紧密对接微间隙(0~0.1 mm)焊缝,研究一种基于法拉第磁光效应成像的焊缝检测新方法.以碳钢平板对接激光焊为试验对象,采用磁场激励器使焊件感应磁性并在焊缝处改变磁场分布,磁光传感器置于待测焊缝上方,不同磁场强度将导致磁光传感器偏振光不同角度的旋转,形成反映焊缝位置特征的磁光图像.对焊缝磁光图像进行滤波去噪、灰度转换以及形态学等处理,快速准确地提取出焊缝中心位置.结果表明,磁光图像能够有效反映微间隙焊缝位置,可以获得较高的测量精度,为解决微间隙焊缝检测和跟踪问题提供了一条有效途径.     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像传感自适应识别方法

对于微间隙(小于0.1mm)对接焊缝,针对焊接过程中磁光传感器提离高度不断变化的状态,设计焊缝位置检测试验系统。通过对焊件施加感应磁场,并利用法拉第旋光原理构成的磁光传感器获取焊缝磁光图像序列。为了识别焊缝的准确位置,研究一种改进的多阈值最大类间方差算法。根据传统最大类间方差法的基本思想进行多阈值推广,并使用松弛余量的方法优化算法的搜索过程。根据焊缝磁光图像的特征,运用算法自适应确定图像的两个分割阈值,获得焊缝的准确位置。焊缝位置识别试验结果表明,改进的多阈值最大类间方差识别算法是一种有效的焊缝位置自适应识别方法,适用于基于磁光成像检测的焊缝路径实时跟踪。     

紧密对接焊缝多尺度形态学磁光成像检测方法

利用磁光传感器获取紧密对接微间隙（0~0.1 mm）焊缝磁光图像.针对传统形态学图像处理方法检测微间隙焊缝时容易出现边缘细节丢失的问题和存在检测精度不高的缺点,在四个不同方向上各选取三种不同尺度的结构元素,应用多尺度多结构元素形态学方法提取微间隙焊缝边缘信息,并与小波边缘检测和Sobel边缘检测结果相比较.在激励磁场变化情况下进行三组试验,分别采用多尺度形态学算法和传统形态学算法提取焊缝中心位置.结果表明,多尺度多结构元素形态学算法能更有效地检测出微间隙焊缝中心位置,为紧密对接焊缝的识别与跟踪控制提供试验依据.     

基于磁光图像纹理特征的焊缝识别

研究一种基于磁光图像纹理特征的紧密对接焊缝(间隙小于0.1mm)的焊缝识别方法。与传统采用视觉传感器捕捉焊缝图像并利用焊缝灰度梯度特征进行焊缝边缘检测方法不同,通过磁光传感器采集焊接区域紧密对接焊缝图像,焊件在磁场激励器作用下形成反映焊缝位置特征的磁光图像,利用焊缝位置和母材的磁光成像纹理差异识别焊缝位置。对磁光图像的待焊区和母材区进行纹理分析,提取纹理特征,再利用纹理特征差别,将磁光图形划分为若干子区域,进行图像分割,确定焊缝区域。试验结果表明,该方法能够精确地识别微间隙紧密对接焊缝。     

微间隙焊缝磁光检测神经网络修正

针对激光焊接微间隙焊缝（间隙小于0.1 mm）,研究提高磁光传感检测焊缝精度的BP神经网络修正方法.以碳钢平板对接激光焊为试验对象,利用磁光传感器检测焊缝区域磁场分布并成像.通过分析焊缝处磁场成像并应用BP神经网络修正磁光传感器得到焊缝中心数据,有效避免焊缝磁光图像低对比度和强噪声干扰问题.经过在不同焊接速度试验下的测试,四组神经网络试验的焊缝位置误差的绝对平均值都在0.015 mm左右,BP神经网络测量误差比磁光成像直接测量平均减少约28%.BP神经网络修正磁光成像测量技术可有效识别微间隙焊缝,为解决激光焊接微间隙焊缝过程自动识别和跟踪焊缝的难题提供了一种新方法.     

磁光成像焊缝跟踪卡尔曼滤波算法

在激光对接焊过程中,精确控制激光束使其始终对正并跟踪焊缝是保证激光焊接的前提,为此首先须精确检测焊缝位置。针对小于0.05 mm的微间隙对接焊缝,通过对焊件施加感应磁场,利用法拉第磁旋光原理构成磁光传感器并获取焊缝磁光图像。通过图像处理提取焊缝中心位置并构成状态向量,建立基于焊缝中心位置的系统状态方程和测量方程。采用卡尔曼滤波算法对焊缝中心位置进行最优估计,得到焊缝中心位置最优预测值,消除过程噪声与测量的干扰影响。试验结果表明,卡尔曼滤波方法能够有效减少噪声干扰并提高焊缝跟踪精度。     

微间隙焊缝磁光图像恢复算法

为了检测紧密对接、无坡口、肉眼难以分辨的微间隙焊缝,研究基于磁光成像识别的焊缝图像恢复算法问题。在磁光传感器检测焊缝过程中,磁光图像会受到各种外界条件的干扰,如光强度变化和磁场背景噪声,因而采集到的磁光图像往往存在退化现象,难以对微间隙焊缝进行准确检测。研究一种约束最小二乘滤波恢复和盲去卷积相结合的图像恢复算法,对退化的焊缝磁光图像进行恢复处理,有效提高焊缝磁光图像质量。试验结果表明,经图像恢复后可以更精确地测量焊缝位置。     

激光紧密对接焊磁光成像焊缝识别

准确检测焊缝中心位置是保证焊缝自动跟踪的前提。针对激光焊接碳钢紧密对接焊缝(间隙不大于0.1 mm),利用磁光传感系统获取焊缝磁光图像,分析焊缝磁光图像的灰度分布特征,对磁光图像进行中值滤波去噪,通过逐列扫描磁光图像灰度梯度极大值后拟合焊缝中心位置。焊缝位置检测试验结果表明,基于焊缝磁光图像灰度梯度特征的焊缝中心拟合法优于直接边缘检测算子;所提出的方法能够识别微间隙焊缝中心位置,为实时控制激光束跟踪紧密对接焊缝奠定了基础。     

微间隙焊缝磁光成像分形维数识别方法

针对紧密对接、无坡口、肉眼难以分辨的微间隙焊缝,采用磁光成像方法获取焊缝位置信息,并运用分形维数方法解决焊缝磁光图像存在较多干扰的问题.根据图像大视野相关信息处理图像,避免受到图像微小细节干扰对焊缝位置识别精度的影响,较传统图像处理法具有显著的抗干扰性.对焊缝磁光图像进行滤波去噪,将图像细分成块并计算出每个图像块的分形维数,再选取合适阈值对图像进行分割,准确地提取出焊缝中心位置.试验结果表明,运用分形维数提取磁光图像焊缝边缘区域特征,能够获取较准确的焊缝位置信息,为焊缝跟踪控制提供重要基础.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.