高速列车制动盘用Cr-Mo-V钢的导热特性

采用激光脉冲试验法研究不同淬火和回火工艺对高速列车制动盘用Cr-Mo-V钢在50～800℃时的比热容、热扩散系数和导热系数。结果表明,当试验温度低于700℃时,随着试验温度的提高,试验料热扩散系数和导热系数逐渐降低,比热容逐渐提高;当试验温度超过700℃时,试验料热扩散系数和导热系数又随之提高,比热容随之下降。当试验温度低于700℃时,随着回火温度或淬火温度的提高,试验料在不同试验温度条件下热扩散系数和导热系数均稍有提高,比热容稍有降低;当试验温度为800℃时,几组试验料的比热容、热扩散系数和导热系数基本相当。      

Ni-Ti-Nb合金的热物理性能的测定

对Ni-Ti-Nb宽滞后形状记忆合金的热膨胀系数、比热容、热扩散率和导热系数的测定和分析结果表明,Ni47Ti44Nb9合金在30℃～300℃之间的平均线膨胀系数为11.43×10-6/℃。从热膨胀系数温度的曲线和比热容温度的曲线可以看出,这两条曲线相似且变化趋势相同。除了在80℃～120℃之间导热系数有波动外,导热系数曲线与热扩散率曲线基本上一致。     

蒸汽发生器传热管Inconel 690合金的热物理性能测定

为获得中国生产蒸汽发生器传热管Inconel 690合金的热物理性能数据,对690合金的热膨胀系数、比热容、热扩散率、热导率、弹性模量和泊松比进行了测定和分析。结果表明:690合金在100~350℃的平均热膨胀系数为11.97×10-6/℃;在350℃以下,690合金的热膨胀系数、比热容、热扩散率和热导率随温度的升高而增加,但其弹性模量和泊松比均随温度升高而减小。用最小二乘法建立了690合金在350℃内的热膨胀系数、热扩散率、热导率、弹性模量和泊松比与温度之间的函数关系。     

新型镍基高温合金GH4282的热物理性能

为获得GH4282合金在1 100℃以内的热物理性能,采用不同热物理性能测试方法测定和分析了该合金的熔点、热膨胀、热扩散率、热导率、比热容、弹性模量、剪切模量、泊松比。结果表明:在1 100℃以内,GH4282合金的热膨胀系数、热扩散率和热导率均随温度的升高而增加,但其弹性模量和剪切模量均随温度升高而减小。用最小二乘法建立了GH4282合金在1 100℃以内的线性热膨胀、平均线膨胀系数、热扩散率、热导率、比热容、弹性模量、剪切模量、泊松比与温度之间的函数关系式。     

正火温度对大截面锻材Q345E组织与低温韧性的影响

采用热膨胀法测定了Q345E材料的相变临界温度Ac1和Ac3,使用45 k W箱式电阻炉对Q345E试样进行了不同加热温度的正火处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了正火后试样的组织特征及其演变规律,分析了正火温度(T1)对组织与低温韧性的影响。结果表明,Q345E材料的Ac1约725℃、Ac3约861℃;当正火温度为820℃和850℃时,组织由针状珠光体和未发生重结晶的粗大原始铁素体构成;当正火温度≥880℃时,组织由重结晶后的铁素体和珠光体构成,随正火温度提高,组织尺寸逐渐增大;当正火温度为820~940℃时,随正火温度提高,冲击功先增加后降低。     

S355J2W钢焊接接头的组织和力学性能

S355J2W低合金钢是高速列车转向架构架所用材料之一。针对国产S355J2W低合金钢焊接接头,通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度、金相和扫描电镜等试验方法研究其力学性能和显微组织。结果表明:采用JM55-Ⅱ焊丝对S355J2W钢进行焊接,焊接接头具有良好的力学性能,其制定的焊接工艺切实可行。     

高炉常用耐火材料导热系数的测定

采用激光脉冲法及使用DSC实测高炉用耐火材料的热扩散率及比热容,进而获得其导热系数.重点考察了温度及温度履历对耐火材料热扩散率及比热容的影响,得出二者与温度依存关系的数学模型,进而获得各种耐火材料的导热系数对温度的依存关系.测量结果表明:（1）除铝碳质耐火材料,其他耐火材料经一次高温后,测得的热扩散率值比第一次升温时的测得值增大,且温度特性随着温度变化呈现唯一的变化关系.而铝碳质耐火材料则相反,且随着升、降温过程的延续,热扩散率值逐渐减.（2）随温度的增加,比热容先较快增大后缓慢增加,温度履历对热容的测定基本没有影响.（3）根据测定结果,建立了导热系数λ（W/m·K）与温度T（K）之间的数学模型,经检验,该模型可有效地预测高炉常用耐火材料的导热系数.     

调修温度对S355J2W(H)钢组织与性能的影响

采用不同的火焰调修温度(700℃、800℃、1 000℃和1 200℃)对构架材料S355J2W(H)钢进行火焰调修,研究不同火焰调修温度对其组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着火焰调修温度的升高,S355J2W(H)钢冲击性能下降较为明显;但不同调修温度对其弯曲、拉伸性能及显微硬度影响不大;S355J2W(H)钢在700℃、800℃和1 000℃热调修时,其显微组织与未经调修的母材相当,为沿轧制方向呈带状分布的铁素体和珠光体;而在1 200℃调修时其显微组织为粗大的多边形块状铁素体和珠光体,已完全没有未经调修的母材呈带状分布的轧制特征且晶粒有所长大,故合适的热调修温度为700℃~1 000℃,不宜超过1 000℃。     

Q345C钢MAG焊接头低温韧性研究

针对高速列车转向架服役气候条件及对焊接接头低温韧性严格要求,采用夏比缺口冲击试验方法在不同温度条件下测试了Q345C钢母材试样及其MAG焊接头焊缝区试样的冲击功,观察了冲击试样在不同温度条件下的断口形貌,测定了各个试样的纤维断面率,得到了冲击功、纤维断面率随温度变化的关系曲线,确定了Q345C钢MAG焊接头的韧脆转变温度。试验结果表明,焊缝在-40℃时冲击吸收功可达71 J;焊缝韧脆转变温度ETT50为-41.16℃,FATT50为-37.34℃;Q345C钢MAG焊接头具有良好的低温韧性,可以很好地满足设计需求。     

多次火焰调修对S355J2W+N钢组织与性能的影响

本文拟研究多次火焰调修对转向架构架常用S355J2W+N钢组织与性能的影响规律,为铁路列车转向架焊接构架的火焰调修提供试验依据。因此,对S355J2W+N钢进行了800℃多次火焰调修,并分析研究了多次火焰调修对S355J2W+N钢的组织和性能的影响规律。结果显示:构架S355J2W+N钢经800℃经三次火焰调修后,拉伸性能和冲击性能略有下降;弯曲性能仍然保持良好;硬度值有所提高,在HV190~HV205之间;显微组织为沿轧制方向呈带状分布的铁素体和珠光体,晶粒度约为9~10级,与母材的相当;疲劳性能比800℃一次调修时有明显提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.