非铁金属的焊接

纯铝中厚板双丝单面焊双面成形工艺，钛合金表面电火花沉积WC电极的粘连行为分析，厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝组织性能及断裂分析，快速凝固耐热铝合金AA8009的TIG焊接，双脉冲变极性波形对铝合金TIG焊焊接质量的影响，变极性等离子在GIS铝合金壳体焊接中的应用。[编者按]     

铝及铝合金先进焊接技术

分析了铝及铝合金的焊接性及其在焊接过程中易出缺陷(气孔、热裂纹等)的原因和解决措施;探讨了铝及铝合金的几种先进焊接工艺(激光焊、电子束焊、变极性等离子电弧焊、搅拌摩擦焊等)的研究现状及其应用;分析了铝及铝合金焊接技术的发展状况以及未来几年的前景。     

铝合金变极性等离子焊接电源的模块化设计

变极性等离子弧穿孔焊技术广泛应用于厚板铝合金构件的焊接。介绍了模块式铝合金变极性等离子焊接电源的构成、功能及特点。采用该电源对6～8mm厚铝合金试件进行了穿孔立焊工艺实验，结果表明：所设计的电源可靠性好、稳定性高，试件焊缝成形良好。     

铝及铝合金的变极性等离子焊接设备与工艺

通过铝及铝合金焊接特点的分析,比较TIG、MIG、PAW不同焊接方法的优缺点;对不同板厚的防锈铝进行大量的变极性等离子焊接工艺试验,总结出变极性等离子焊接铝合金开设备的要求,以及分析等离子焊接工艺参数对成形的影响,制定了一套成熟的焊接工艺参数。试验结果表明：立焊变极性等离子焊接中厚板铝及铝合金有着明显的工艺优势,可以实现单面焊双面成形,焊前清理要求低,焊缝可达到Ⅰ级。     

非铁金属的焊接

6061铝合金焊接接头的组织与性能分析；2219-O铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接；铝合金变极性TIG／PAW焊接技术及其应用；VPPAW在铝合金焊接中的应用；铝合金车身的点焊工艺；焊接方法对6061铝合金接头性能影响的研究；汽车用铝合金激光-TIG复合焊接工艺研究；熔化极电弧点焊铝合金搭接接头的性能；直流正极性施焊铝合金的特点。[编者按]     

铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔焊过程控制

分析了铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺特点,提出了通过对焊接参数的精确控制,实现变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺的方法,并将焊接电流、离子气流量和焊接速度确定为变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊过程的被调节参数.保持穿孔熔池上"热"和"力"的动态平衡是调节焊接参数的根本依据,是实现变断面试件自动焊接的关键所在.采用单片机为核心的控制器对焊接参数进行实时调节,动态保持穿孔熔池上热和力平衡,实现了变断面铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺.     

焊接技术在动车组铝合金车体焊接的应用及发展趋势

通过对MIG焊、TIG焊、电阻点焊、激光焊及搅拌摩擦焊技术在轨道车辆铝合金车体焊接中的应用情况进行分析,阐述了上述各种焊接技术在轨道车辆铝合金车体焊接应用中的优缺点.总结得出:MIG焊及TIG焊技术是我国动车组铝合金车体制造目前应用的主要焊接技术,激光焊及搅拌摩擦焊技术在动车组铝合金车体焊接中的应用是未来我国动车组铝合金车体制造中的趋势.     

有关铝合金焊接的文献

正2A14铝合金变极性等离子横向焊缝成形特点/张勤练,等.焊接学报,2013,34(9):79-82.对6 mm厚2A14铝合金变极性等离子弧横向焊接的难点及焊接工艺参数的特点进行了研究,通过横向焊穿孔熔池受力分析,阐释了变极性等离子横向焊缝成形缺陷产生的原因。变极性等离子弧横向焊接的难点是焊缝正面和背面的咬边缺陷及焊缝上部(靠近熔合线)宏观气孔的聚集。稍小的焊接线能量有利于消除横向     

FSW线能量对2219铝合金FSW/VPPAW交叉接头缺陷的影响

6mm厚的2219铝合金经过搅拌摩擦焊后再进行变极性等离子焊接,获得交叉焊缝接头。本文以搅拌摩擦焊转速与焊速的比值ω/v表征搅拌摩擦焊的线能量,研究了不同搅拌摩擦焊线能量下对交叉接头气孔缺陷的影响。结果表明,随着搅拌摩擦焊线能量的提高,交叉接头处的气孔缺陷程度呈下降趋势。     

发展中的变极性焊接电源技术

变极性电源是一种用于铝合金焊接的新型焊接电源，其焊接电流频率和正负半波电流幅值，时间比可以分别独立调节，输出电源过零极快，因此电弧稳定性得到大大改善。在保证阴极清理作用的前提下，可以最大限度地减少钨极的烧损。目前主要应用于TIG焊和PAW焊中，和焊接铝及铝合金。随着电弧信息测控技术的不断进步，将加深对变极性焊接过程的认识，促进变极性焊接电源的发展和应用。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.