TIG熔修后T形接头的焊接残余应力及消除

用红外热成像仪测量了P355NL1钢T形接头在焊接过程中的温度场分布,得到焊接过程的温度循环曲线,并且与有限元方法模拟的温度场结果吻合,验证模拟计算的准确性;使用盲孔法,测量了T形板焊接MAG焊后、TIG熔修后以及热处理后的残余应力;采用间接法利用温度场计算结果计算了T形接头试板焊接残余应力场,模拟结果与实际测量的残余应力趋势相符.结果表明,TIG熔修能一定程度的降低焊缝中心的残余应力,但增大了熔修区域的残余应力;而通过整体热处理能有效地消除熔修带来的大部分残余应力,但仍有部分残余应力存在.     

基于DIC和三维白光扫描焊接变形研究

借助有限元分析手段对板材的焊接过程进行模拟,得到焊接变形和应力分布情况。基于白光三维扫描仪和DIC两种测量手段,分别验证焊后变形趋势和变形量,同时采用盲孔法测量残余应力分布结果,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,证明有限元模型的正确性和有效性。结果表明,白光三维扫描法对焊后整体变形趋势进行了定性分析,DIC对焊后局部变形进行了定量分析,应力模拟结果基与实际应力分布测量结果基本吻合,对现场结构件变形预测和残余应力分布趋势分析有重要指导意义。     

某雷达连接杆焊接温度场及残余应力分析

以长轴薄壁连接杆为研究对象,采用MARC有限元软件对连接杆的焊接过程进行数值模拟,分析不同焊接热输入对温度场、残余应力及变形的影响规律。结果表明,焊接热输入由5 600J·mm-1减小到2 800J·mm-1,残余应力及变形均显著增加,纵向残余应力增加17%,横向残余应力增加33.9%,变形量增加63.5%。焊接实验结果与模拟结果吻合,验证了模拟结果的准确性,对焊接变形的预测及控制具有重要意义。     

焊接顺序对T型接头角焊缝残余变形的影响

为研究焊接顺序对T型接头角焊缝残余变形的影响,对平对接接头的焊接过程进行数值模拟和焊接实验,验证焊接模拟的合理性;建立T型接头双面角焊缝的有限元模型,采用生死单元技术和热结构耦合的方法对T型接头焊接过程中的温度场和应力场进行数值模拟,分析4种焊接顺序对其残余变形的影响。结果表明,模拟结果与残余应力测试结果吻合良好,说明焊接模拟过程合理有效。T型接头在焊后发生了挠曲变形,焊接顺序2的残余变形最小,变形量为0.61 mm,采用从两侧向中间的焊接顺序能够减小T型接头的残余变形。     

TRT机壳热弹塑性有限元模拟与试验研究

采用大型通用有限元软件对TRT焊接机壳进行焊接过程的模拟。利用有限元软件中的单元生死技术和热-结构耦合技术,成功的预测了TRT机壳焊后残余应力及变形,并通过焊后残余应力测试试验验证对比。结果表明,有限元模拟机壳在焊接过程中,焊缝附近残余应力较大,局部达到其屈服强度;远离焊缝处的壳体上应力较小,均处于弹性变形。进行"盲孔法"测量残余应力,试验测量的残余应力跟模拟所得残余应力分布趋势相同,峰值应力出现的点基本重合。由于机壳实际焊接中施加的约束较多,应力得不到释放,导致试验数值略高于模拟数据。     

焊后热处理对P92钢管道焊接残余应力场的影响

采用红外热成像仪测量了P92钢管道在焊接过程中的温度场分布,由此获得P92钢焊接过程的温度循环曲线;采用有限元方法模拟了P92钢管道多层多道焊的整个焊接过程,获得焊接温度场分布,与P92钢焊接温度场实测结果吻合良好,验证了模拟计算的准确性;采用间接法,利用温度场结果计算了P92钢管道环焊缝焊接形成的残余应力场,并重点分析了焊后热处理前后的焊接残余应力变化情况.结果表明,焊后热处理对P92钢管道焊接残余应力具有明显的消除作用,但不能完全消除,焊缝中依然存在较大的拉伸残余应力.     

低碳钢薄板单道堆焊焊接变形的数值模拟

基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,开发了考虑移动热源、材料非线性和几何非线性的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法.利用所开发的数值方法对薄板单道堆焊时的焊接残余应力和变形进行了模拟.同时采用试验方法测量了薄板接头的焊接变形和残余应力.通过对比数值模拟结果和试验结果,验证了所开发方法的有效性.在同时考虑几何非线性与材料非线性的情况下,有限元计算得到的焊接变形结果与实测值一致;计算得到的焊接残余应力也与实测值比较吻合.此外利用数值模拟方法详细研究了薄板焊接变形的特点和残余应力的分布特征.     

冷轧薄板带激光焊接应力场模拟及焊接工艺参数研究

以DP980高强钢板带材为例,研究其激光拼焊过程中的残余应力、焊接变形与焊接工艺参数的关系,用热-力耦合的方法模拟带钢激光焊接过程,通过试验验证了模型的可信度.最后设置不同工况,分析焊接工艺参数对其残余应力及变形的影响.结果 表明:焊接残余应力与变形随着焊接速度的增大有减小的趋势,焊接速度在2.0～3.0 m/min时...     

基于"局部-整体"映射法的焊接装配变形数值仿真

焊接的非平衡加热、冷却过程导致产生焊接应力与变形,而焊接残余变形是影响结构设计完整性、制造工艺合理性和结构使用可靠性的关键因素.本文基于"局部-整体"映射法.模拟了局部模型为T形接头角焊缝的局部塑性应变,并把结果用于薄壁箱形梁的焊接装配变形数值仿真,同时对不同焊接顺序产生的残余变形情况进行了分析和探讨,并将预测结果与焊接工艺试验结果进行了对比验证,二者吻合很好,从而为研究焊接顺序对大型焊接结构变形的影响提供了一种方法.     

沟槽蒙皮结构激光焊接应力和变形的数值模拟

利用有限元分析软件MARC对"沟槽-蒙皮"结构的激光焊接过程进行三维数值模拟,涉及了激光焊接复合热源模型的确定,热力学边界条件的简化,数值模拟温度场的验证,以及残余变形和应力分布结果的分析和讨论.研究了结构上规则排列的多道焊缝的施焊顺序对焊接残余应力和变形的影响.结果表明,不同焊接顺序所产生的变形态相同,变形量有区别,而残余应力的分布则不同,以由外向中的对称顺序进行焊接时,结构的焊后残余变形最小,残余应力的分布比较均匀,峰值最小.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.