最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法性能分析

研究了最坏情况下的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法,它通过对角加载提高波束对方向矢量误差的鲁棒性.给出了其最优对角加载因子的近似解析达式,揭示了各种因素如何影响最优加载因子.在此基础上,对该算法进行了性能分析,推导出了关于目标功率估计和信号干扰噪声比的近似表达式.计算机仿真验证了本文的分析.     

Performance of Two‐User Two‐Way Amplify‐and‐Forward Relaying Systems with Scheduling

In this paper, we study scheduling schemes for two‐user two‐way wireless relaying systems. Two transmission modes are considered: point‐to‐point direct transmission and two‐way amplify‐and‐forward relaying. An optimal scheduling scheme that opportunistically selects the best transmission mode for each user is proposed to minimize the sum bit error rate (BER). The performance lower bound of the optimal scheduling scheme is analyzed, and closed‐form expression of the lower‐bound BER is derived. However, for optimal scheduling, the scheduler requires the knowledge of channel state information (CSI) of all links. To reduce the feedback information of CSI, we also propose a suboptimal scheduling scheme that selects the transmission mode using only the CSI of two direct links. Simulation results show that there are 4 dB to 8 dB gains for the proposed optimal and suboptimal schemes over the fixed direct transmission and fixed two‐way relayed transmission scheme. The performance gap between the optimal and suboptimal scheduling schemes is small, which implies a good trade‐off between implementation complexity and system performance.     

Low‐complexity energy efficient power allocation scheme for DAS with maximum power constraint

In this paper, a low‐complexity optimal power allocation (PA) scheme is developed to maximize energy efficiency (EE) in a distributed antenna system (DAS) under maximum power constraint and target bit error rate (BER) requirement. Composite Rayleigh fading, multiple receive antennas, and dynamic circuit power consumption are all considered in the system. Unlike conventional schemes, the presented scheme provides a closed‐form expression of PA. Firstly, the optimization problem is formulated according to the definition of EE. Using the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker conditions, a general form of the optimal PA, in which the number of active antennas and corresponding power allocation are required only, is then proposed. With this general form, an effective algorithm is presented to yield the closed‐form PA. The proposed scheme can be applied to the system with static circuit power consumption and/or without target BER constraint to obtain optimal PA. Simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the developed scheme, and the scheme can achieve the same EE performance as the existing optimal schemes with lower complexity. Moreover, the distributed antenna system with multiple receive antennas has higher EE than that with single receive antenna.     

基于最差性能最优的稳健STAP算法

导向矢量失配和协方差矩阵失配是影响空时自适应处理(STAP)性能的两大主要因素,基于在最差情况下的性能最优,提出了一种稳健的STAP算法.通过对原始问题的数学描述,建立了基于最差性能最优的稳健STAP算法模型,并将原始模型进行等价转换成可以处理的加载样本矩阵求逆(LSMI)算法,得到了加权矢量的具体表达式,通过对Lagrange乘数λ的准确计算,从而给出了LSMI算法中准确的加载量,解决了对角加载技术中加载量估计的难题.仿真分析表明了该算法的正确性和有效性.     

最差性能最优通用信号模型稳健波束形成算法

针对空间分布散射信号源的稳健波束形成问题,提出了一种新的通用信号模型稳健波束形成算法,不仅得到了封闭形式的最优加权矢量,而且获得了最优的性能改善.其中分析了与传统对角加载的关系,给出了最优加载量的计算方法,并得出具有最优负加载的解才可以获得最优的性能改善.最后的仿真分析验证了所提出算法的正确性和有效性,而且发现最优加权矢量只取决于给定的接收数据和未知的失配量,与失配约束参数的选择无关,而失配约束参数只是参与最优权计算的辅助参数.     

An approximation and its applications in wireless networks performance analysis

In the literature, there are two common assumptions for the tele‐traffic parameter in analyzing the wireless network performance, that is, the tele‐parameter follows a specific probability density function (pdf) and additionally the pdf exists closed‐form Laplace Transform (LT). However, taking into account the cell irregular shape, the specific pdf may be unavailable while only the measured statistical moments are available. Moreover, the pdf function may not exist a closed‐form LT, for example, lognormal distribution function. In this paper, based on the Central Limit Theorem and hyper‐Erlang universal approximation property, we propose an approximation method applicable in the situations when only the statistical moments are available or LT of pdf does not exist. We then employ the technique in diverse applications, including the performance analysis of wireless network and the cost evaluation of mobility management. Extensive numerical examples demonstrate the good approximation capability to the exact formula and the simulation results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于信道编码的MIMO-OFDM非迭代自适应资源分配算法

 针对空时编码级联波束形成的MIMO-OFDM系统,研究了考虑信道编码的自适应传输方案。本文首先从编码增益的角度出发,利用统计信道状态信息,推导了保证用户QoS星座距离的表达式;然后证明了研究的优化问题是凸规划问题,并根据库恩-塔克条件推出了最优功率和比特加载的封闭形式解;最后提出了一种非迭代的自适应资源分配算法。仿真结果表明,本文提出算法在保证用户QoS的情况下,能够有效逼近系统吞吐量的理论值,同时该算法具有计算复杂度低的特点,可以满足实时通信的要求;并且采用LDPC码的码率越低,系统吞吐量越大。     

Maximum harvested energy policy in full‐duplex relaying networks with SWIPT

It is considered that energy scavenging is a promising way for source node transfer energy to powered constraint relay in cooperative networks with advantage of cost‐effective maintenance and flexible deployment, which so‐called simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. In this paper, relay selection for optimal wireless energy is investigated. In terms of time switching–based relaying, this paper considers the performance comparison of 3 proposed relay selection schemes, namely, (1) optimal relay selection scheme , (2) maximum harvested energy relay selection scheme , and (3) minimum self‐interference relay selection . In particular, the system performance is studied intensively with regard to outage probability and throughput over Rayleigh fading channels. We also achieve the integral form for accurate expressions and closed form for approximate expressions. Finally, these analytical expressions are proved exactness according to Monte Carlo simulation.     

An Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme in UWB MIMO Systems

In this letter, an ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) scheme is applied for multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) detection in ultra‐wideband (UWB) communication systems. The error rate expression of an OSIC receiver on a log‐normal multipath fading channel is theoretically derived in a closed form solution. Its bit error rate performance is analytically compared with that of a zero forcing receiver in the UWB MIMO detection scheme followed by RAKE combining.     

一种空间色噪声环境下的鲁棒自适应波束

该文提出了一种基于对角加载的鲁棒自适应波束形成算法,以提高空间色噪声环境中自适应波束对方向矢量误差的鲁棒性。该算法首先利用噪声协方差矩阵对阵列相关矩阵进行预白化,同时定义了一个与噪声矩阵相对应的椭圆方向矢量模糊集,然后,通过在该模糊集内进行最坏情况性能优化来确定对角加载因子。和现有的通过迭代求解加载因子的方法不同,该文给出了最优加载因子的近似解析表达式,降低了运算量,揭示了哪些因素可以影响最优加载因子,以及如何影响。仿真结果表明,在空间色噪声环境中,该算法具有很好的鲁棒性,并且,给出的加载因子表达式是其真实最优解的一个准确近似。     

Optimal spectrum utilisation in cognitive radio networks based on processor sharing techniques

Cognitive radio networks have achieved higher efficiency in terms of spectrum usage; however they do not readily solve any competition for access among secondary users. Optimisation is applied to an underlay network to obtain the optimal solution for at least two secondary users operating simultaneously on the same channel. Performance measures are used as the target for optimisation. However, the objective function is difficult to obtain in closed form. For the performance measures, queueing theory, particularly weighted processor sharing techniques are employed to model the system dynamics and behaviour. Transmission power and the interference temperature limit are used to allocate weights to the secondary users. Queue length and waiting time functions obtained from the queuing models are used for optimisation. After establishing that the objective function can be considered to be pseudo‐convex, convex programming is then deployed to obtain the optimised solution. The results suggest that there is indeed an improvement in network performance after optimisation. The immediate benefits of such a system are firstly improved spectrum utilisation through adding multiple secondary users and secondly, through optimisation, higher performance that can be achieved by the secondary users.     

A Closed‐Form Solution of Linear Spectral Transformation for Robust Speech Recognition

The maximum likelihood linear spectral transformation (ML‐LST) using a numerical iteration method has been previously proposed for robust speech recognition. The numerical iteration method is not appropriate for real‐time applications due to its computational complexity. In order to reduce the computational cost, the objective function of the ML‐LST is approximated and a closed‐form solution is proposed in this paper. It is shown experimentally that the proposed closed‐form solution for the ML‐LST can provide rapid speaker and environment adaptation for robust speech recognition.     

Performance modeling and analysis of emergency message propagation in vehicular ad hoc networks

Reliability and timeliness are two critical requirements of vehicle safety‐related communication services in VANETs. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze the packet reception rate and end‐to‐end delay of emergency message delivery operation in a VANET environment when multihop broadcast communications are used. The model is applied to derive closed‐form expressions of the end‐to‐end delay of two popular multihop message propagation methods, that is, the farthest‐distance method and the counter‐based method. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the correctness of the theoretic results and compare the performance of the two message propagation methods. Observations are provided for the design of efficient and robust emergency message propagation methods for vehicular wireless communication networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种DCT域的闭环数字水印技术

本文提出了一种DCT域的闭环数字水印技术，水印的嵌入是一个闭环过程。水印嵌入的初始强度由视觉系统结合JPEG量化表确定，并根据性能分析的结果不断调整水印的嵌入，如果性能分析结果满足某种检测要求或者水印的嵌入已经影响了图像的显示质量，相应调整水印嵌入的强度，以实现水印的最佳嵌入。本文证明了所提出的闭环水印过程具有收敛性，还对检测过程中的似然函数的分布规律进行了分析，得到正确检测率和错误检测概率的表达式，可作为闭环系统的判决条件。实验结果证明这种闭环水印技术比传统DCT域的水印技术性能好。     

Performance analysis of the forward link cdma2000 1xEV‐DO evolution for multirate services in cellular wireless system

In this paper, we propose a combined analytical and simulation framework for performance evaluation of the forward link in the cdma2000 evolution for data only (1xEV‐DO) cellular systems with throughput and spectral efficiency being used as performance metrics. A closed form expression for the aggregate average throughput is derived in terms of system‐dependent parameters and a discrete random process that reflects the stochastic behavior of the transmission channel. The random process is expressed in terms of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the users signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR). Quantitative results for throughput and spectral efficiency are presented for a variety of users distribution models, base station antenna types and frequency reuse factors for the cases of sectorized and non‐sectorized cells. Furthermore, we study the impact of the cell radius on the system performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of DSWC diversity system using suboptimum adaptive switching threshold in independent and correlated nakagami‐m fading channels

The use of dual switched combining (DSWC) diversity reception scheme, for combating the detrimental effects of fading on digital transmissions, is popular due to its simpler implementation. The performance of switched diversity strategy is dependent on the selection of the switching threshold. But, for the analysis and design of the DSWC diversity system, the closed form analytical solution for optimum adaptive switching threshold is not possible for most of the modulation schemes in correlated fading environment. This letter presents an approximate, but simple and closed form, generic expression for adaptive switching threshold, called in this case as suboptimum adaptive switching threshold, in independent and correlated Nakagami‐m fading channels for a wide range of binary and M‐ary modulation schemes. It is shown that the average symbol error rate (ASER) performance obtained using this suboptimum adaptive switching threshold is almost same as obtained using optimum adaptive switching threshold. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Power splitting–based energy‐harvesting protocol for wireless‐powered communication networks with a bidirectional relay

In this paper, we apply the power splitting–based energy‐harvesting protocol to enhance the transmission between a wireless access point and a mobile user via a helping relay. The mobile user exploits the energy supplied by the access point and forwarded by the relay to transmit its own data back to the access point, again with the helping of the relay. Here, the effect of various system parameters, including power‐splitting factor and the power‐to‐noise ratio on the system performance, is rigorously studied, with closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and system throughput as the results. Furthermore, we figure out the optimal power‐splitting ratio at which the information throughput from the user to the AP is maximized, subject to the constraint on the transmitting power at the access point. All above analytical results are also supported by Monte Carlo simulation.     

Performance of generalized selection combining over Weibull fading channels

The literature is relatively sparse in performance analysis of diversity combining schemes over Weibull fading channels, despite the fact that the Weibull distribution is often found to be suitably fit for empirical fading channel measurements. In this paper, we capitalize on some interesting results due to Lieblein on the order statistics of Weibull random variables to derive exact closed‐form expressions for the combined average signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) as well as amount of fading (AF) at a generalized selection combining (GSC) output over Weibull fading channels. We also use some simple AF‐based mappings between the fading parameters of the Weibull distribution and those of the Nakagami, Rice, and Hoyt distributions to obtain the approximate but accurate average SNR and AF of GSC over these types of channels. The mathematical equations are validated and illustrated by some numerical examples for scenarios of practical interest. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel heuristic simulation‐optimization method for critical infrastructure in smart transportation systems

A simulation‐based optimization is a decision‐making tool that helps in identifying an optimal solution or a design for a system. An optimal solution and design are more meaningful if they enhance a smart system with sensing, computing, and monitoring capabilities with improved efficiency. In situations where testing the physical prototype is difficult, a computer‐based simulation and its optimization processes are helpful in providing low‐cost, speedy and lesser time‐ and resource‐consuming solutions. In this work, a comparative analysis of the proposed heuristic simulation‐optimization method for improving quality‐of‐service (QoS) is performed with generalized integrated optimization (a simulation approach based on genetic algorithms with evolutionary simulated annealing strategies having simplex search). In the proposed approach, feature‐based local (group) and global (network) formation processes are integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) based solutions for finding the optimum performance. Further, the simulated annealing method is applied for finding local and global optimum values supporting minimum traffic conditions. A small‐scale network of 50 to 100 nodes shows that genetic simulation optimization with multicriteria and multidimensional features performs better as compared to other simulation‐optimization approaches. Further, a minimum of 3.4% and a maximum of 16.2% improvement is observed in faster route identification for small‐scale IoT networks with simulation‐optimization constraints integrated model as compared to the traditional method. The proposed approach improves the critical infrastructure monitoring performance as compared to the generalized simulation‐optimization process in complex transportation scenarios with heavy traffic conditions. The communicational and computational‐cost complexities are least for the proposed approach.     

基于麦克风阵列的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法

研究了用于麦克风阵列语音增强的宽带健壮自适应波束形成算法。该算法结合频率聚焦技术和对角加载技术。在此基础上,通过优化最坏情况下的波束性能确定对角加载因子,求得了最优加载因子的近似解析表达式。和相关算法相比,使用最坏情况性能优化的算法具有更好的语音增强性能,由于求得了最优加载因子的解析解,还具有运算量低、容易实现等优点。同时,该解析解揭示了哪些因素可以影响最优加载因子,以及如何影响。计算机仿真验证了该结果的正确性和有效性。