基于画图算法的WSN节点定位算法

针对无线传感器网络的节点定位问题,提出一种新的基于类Kamada Kawai画图算法的无线传感器网络节点定位算法,将无线传感器网络节点定位问题转化成画图问题,用经典的画图算法求得问题的最优解,从而实现对节点的定位。仿真实验结果表明,该算法收敛速度快、定位精度高、能够获得较好的效果。     

Efficient Rate-Distortion Optimized Media Streaming for Tree-Structured Packet Dependencies

When streaming packetized media data over a lossy packet network, it is desirable to use transmission strategies that minimize the expected distortion subject to a constraint on the expected transmission rate. Because the computation of such optimal strategies is usually an intractable problem, fast heuristic techniques are often used. We first show that when the graph that gives the decoding dependencies between the data packets is reducible to a tree, optimal transmission strategies can be efficiently computed with dynamic programming algorithms. The proposed algorithms are much faster than other exact algorithms developed for arbitrary dependency graphs. They are slower than previous heuristic techniques but can provide much better solutions. We also show how to apply our algorithms to find high-quality approximate solutions when the dependency graph is not tree reducible. To validate our approach, we run simulations for MPEG1 and H.264 video data. We first consider a simulated packet erasure channel. Then we implement a real video streaming system and provide experimental results for an Internet connection.     

Metaheuristics for computing the forwarding index of a graph*

In this paper we present two algorithms, based on Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure and Tabu Search, for computing upper bounds for the forwarding index of a graph. A typical problem in the design of communication networks is determining how to interconnect each pair of nodes, without overloading any one of them. The forwarding index of a graph is a parameter that measures the load or congestion of the network seen as the number of interconnecting paths that pass through each node. The proposed algorithms have been tested on different sets of graphs for which theoretical values are known and also on randomly generated graphs of variable size and density. Experiments show that the algorithms find the optimal solution or a solution very close to the optimum in all cases. Our results are furthermore compared with the other heuristics for which computational results are available in the literature, showing that our algorithms behave as well as or better than these.     

基于多约束QoS路由算法综述

随着网络技术的不断发展,实时多媒体技术不断涌现。如何根据不同的服务提供不同的QoS保证,并保证网络资源的有效利用,便成为当前互联网的一个重要任务。对该问题的解决方法称为多约束最优路径（MCOP）问题,MCOP问题是一个NPC问题,求解MCOP问题的算法可分为精确、近似和启发式等算法。文章通过对目前所出现的算法按照精确算法和近似算法两大类进行分析,分析目前出现的算法的一些优缺点,并根据网路技术的发展趋势,对现行多约束路由算法在以后如何实现更加快速精确的路径计算提出几点展望。     

Three Rules Suffice for Good Label Placement

The general label-placement problem consists in labeling a set of features (points, lines, regions) given a set of candidates (rectangles, circles, ellipses, irregularly shaped labels) for each feature. The problem arises when annotating classical cartographical maps, diagrams, or graph drawings. The size of a labeling is the number of features that receive pairwise nonintersecting candidates. Finding an optimal solution, i.e., a labeling of maximum size, is NP-hard. We present an approach to attack the problem in its full generality. The key idea is to separate the geometric part from the combinatorial part of the problem. The latter is captured by the conflict graph of the candidates. We present a set of rules that simplify the conflict graph without reducing the size of an optimal solution. Combining the application of these rules with a simple heuristic yields near-optimal solutions. We study competing algorithms and do a thorough empirical comparison on point-labeling data. The new algorithm we suggest is fast, simple, and effective. Received December 21, 1998; revised October 13, 1999.     

Pose estimation-based path planning for a tracked mobile robot traversing uneven terrains

A novel path-planning algorithm is proposed for a tracked mobile robot to traverse uneven terrains, which can efficiently search for stability sub-optimal paths. This algorithm consists of combining two RRT-like algorithms (the Transition-based RRT (T-RRT) and the Dynamic-Domain RRT (DD-RRT) algorithms) bidirectionally and of representing the robot–terrain interaction with the robot’s quasi-static tip-over stability measure (assuming that the robot traverses uneven terrains at low speed for safety). The robot’s stability is computed by first estimating the robot’s pose, which in turn is interpreted as a contact problem, formulated as a linear complementarity problem (LCP), and solved using the Lemke’s method (which guarantees a fast convergence). The present work compares the performance of the proposed algorithm to other RRT-like algorithms (in terms of planning time, rate of success in finding solutions and the associated cost values) over various uneven terrains and shows that the proposed algorithm can be advantageous over its counterparts in various aspects of the planning performance.     

A fast recursive mapping algorithm

The paper presents a generic technique for mapping parallel algorithms onto parallel architectures. The proposed technique is a fast recursive mapping algorithm which is a component of the Cluster-M programming tool. The other components of Cluster-M are the Specification module and the Representation module. In the Specification module, for a given task specified by a high-level machine-independent program, a clustered task graph called Spec graph is generated. In the Representation module, for a given architecture or computing organization, a clustered system graph called Rep graph is generated. Given a task (or system) graph, a Spec (or Rep) graph can be generated using one of the clustering algorithms presented in the paper. The clustering is done only once for a given task graph (system graph) independent of any system graphs (task graphs). It is a machine-independent (application-independent) clustering, and therefore it is not repeated for different mappings. The Cluster-M mapping algorithm presented produces a sub-optimal matching of a given Spec graph containing M task modules, onto a Rep graph of N processors, in O(MN) time. This generic algorithm is suitable for both the allocation problem and the scheduling problem. Its performance is compared to other leading techniques. We show that Cluster-M produces better or similar results in significantly less time and using fewer or an equal number of processors as compared to the other known methods.     

基于增强蚁群优化的海量规模MIMO系统快速检测算法

大规模MIMO系统的符号向量检测算法计算复杂度较高,对此结合粒子群优化与蚁群优化提出一种低计算复杂度的海量规模MIMO系统快速检测算法。首先,推导出一种新的概率搜索模型,将基于距离的蚁群搜索与基于速度的粒子搜索结合;然后,将ACO距离指标与PSO的方向、速度指标结合生成一种新的概率指标,将ACO的信息素更新步骤变为PSO速度的更新;最终,将MIMO检测问题建模为路径寻找问题,寻找MIMO符号检测问题的次优解。对比仿真实验结果表明,本算法的检测性能优于部分传统算法以及其他新颖的MIMO检测算法,在获得与最大似然估计检测法接近的误码率性能下,具有极快的计算速度,适用于海量规模的MIMO系统。     

Dynamic graph cuts for efficient inference in Markov Random Fields

Abstract-In this paper we present a fast new fully dynamic algorithm for the st-mincut/max-flow problem. We show how this algorithm can be used to efficiently compute MAP solutions for certain dynamically changing MRF models in computer vision such as image segmentation. Specifically, given the solution of the max-flow problem on a graph, the dynamic algorithm efficiently computes the maximum flow in a modified version of the graph. The time taken by it is roughly proportional to the total amount of change in the edge weights of the graph. Our experiments show that, when the number of changes in the graph is small, the dynamic algorithm is significantly faster than the best known static graph cut algorithm. We test the performance of our algorithm on one particular problem: the object-background segmentation problem for video. It should be noted that the application of our algorithm is not limited to the above problem, the algorithm is generic and can be used to yield similar improvements in many other cases that involve dynamic change.     

Dijkstra算法在蛋白质序列比对中的研究

提出一种基于Dijkstra算法的序列比对方法,该算法主要用于求最短路径,而序列比对可以转化为在有向无环图中寻找最短路径问题。对于少量序列比对,使用该算法可以求出最优解。对于多序列比对,可将在N维空间求解最短路径问题转化为在二维空间求解最短路径。该算法可以简化问题复杂度,能求得相对最优解。     

A distributed simplex algorithm for degenerate linear programs and multi-agent assignments

In this paper we propose a novel distributed algorithm to solve degenerate linear programs on asynchronous peer-to-peer networks with distributed information structures. We propose a distributed version of the well-known simplex algorithm for general degenerate linear programs. A network of agents, running our algorithm, will agree on a common optimal solution, even if the optimal solution is not unique, or will determine infeasibility or unboundedness of the problem. We establish how the multi-agent assignment problem can be efficiently solved by means of our distributed simplex algorithm. We provide simulations supporting the conjecture that the completion time scales linearly with the diameter of the communication graph.     

A note on searching line arrangements and applications

We study the problem of searching for a vertex with a desired property in the arrangement of a set of lines in the plane. We show that this problem can be solved efficiently by modifying (and simplifying) two slope selection algorithms without using parametric search. We apply this result to a points approximation problem and obtain an optimal solution for it without using parametric search. Since this line arrangement searching problem is quite natural, our result may find other applications as well.     

基于图论Gomory Hu算法的快速图像分割*

GomoryHu算法是图论中的经典算法,用于寻找图的最小流割等价树,具有最优解,但是该算法很难处理较大的图像,而且倾向于分割出孤立点集。为此,给出了孤立点的判定方法,并提出一种基于GomoryHu算法的图像分割方法。该算法首先通过快速聚类减少图中顶点数目,然后构造新的赋权图,并应用GomoryHu算法对图进行最优划分,得到分割结果。提出的算法对多幅自然图像进行了分割实验,平均分割时间在3 s内。实验结果证明了算法的有效性和快速性。     

基于图论Gomory-Hu算法的快速图像分割

Gomory-Hu算法是图论中的经典算法,用于寻找图的最小流割等价树,具有最优解,但是该算法很难处理较大的图像,而且倾向于分割出孤立点集。为此,给出了孤立点的判定方法,并提出一种基于Gomory-Hu算法的图像分割方法。该算法首先通过快速聚类减少图中顶点数目,然后构造新的赋权图,并应用Gomory-Hu算法对图进行最优划分,得到分割结果。提出的算法对多幅自然图像进行了分割实验,平均分割时间在3 s内。实验结果证明了算法的有效性和快速性。     

Learning Graph Matching

As a fundamental problem in pattern recognition, graph matching has applications in a variety of fields, from computer vision to computational biology. In graph matching, patterns are modeled as graphs and pattern recognition amounts to finding a correspondence between the nodes of different graphs. Many formulations of this problem can be cast in general as a quadratic assignment problem, where a linear term in the objective function encodes node compatibility and a quadratic term encodes edge compatibility. The main research focus in this theme is about designing efficient algorithms for approximately solving the quadratic assignment problem, since it is NP-hard. In this paper we turn our attention to a different question: how to estimate compatibility functions such that the solution of the resulting graph matching problem best matches the expected solution that a human would manually provide. We present a method for learning graph matching: the training examples are pairs of graphs and the 'labels' are matches between them. Our experimental results reveal that learning can substantially improve the performance of standard graph matching algorithms. In particular, we find that simple linear assignment with such a learning scheme outperforms Graduated Assignment with bistochastic normalisation, a state-of-the-art quadratic assignment relaxation algorithm.     

A minisum location problem with regional demand considering farthest Euclidean distances

We consider a continuous multi-facility location-allocation problem that aims to minimize the sum of weighted farthest Euclidean distances between (closed convex) polygonal and/or circular demand regions, and facilities they are assigned to. We show that the single facility version of the problem has a straightforward second-order cone programming formulation and can therefore be efficiently solved to optimality. To solve large size instances, we adapt a multi-dimensional direct search descent algorithm to our problem which is not guaranteed to find the optimal solution. In a special case with circular and rectangular demand regions, this algorithm, if converges, finds the optimal solution. We also apply a simple subgradient method to the problem. Furthermore, we review the algorithms proposed for the problem in the literature and compare all these algorithms in terms of both solution quality and time. Finally, we consider the multi-facility version of the problem and model it as a mixed integer second-order cone programming problem. As this formulation is weak, we use the alternate location-allocation heuristic to solve large size instances.     

Minimum cost service composition in service overlay networks

In service computing, it is often desirable to find the service composition solution for a given service composition request such that the total cost of the service composition solution is minimized. In this paper, we study the problem of finding the minimum cost service composition (MCSC) for a general service composition request which is represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG). We first prove that the general case of the MCSC problem is NP-Hard. We then show that optimal solutions can be found in polynomial time for some special structured service composition requests. To this end, we derive a sufficient condition on the service composition request graph and propose corresponding algorithms to find the optimal solutions in polynomial time. Using such algorithms as building blocks, we propose heuristic algorithms to decompose the general service composition request graph into service composition request subgraphs with optimal structures. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic algorithms.     

Degree constrained minimum spanning tree problem: a learning automata approach

Degree-constrained minimum spanning tree problem is an NP-hard bicriteria combinatorial optimization problem seeking for the minimum weight spanning tree subject to an additional degree constraint on graph vertices. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, heuristics are more promising approaches to find a near optimal solution in a reasonable time. This paper proposes a decentralized learning automata-based heuristic called LACT for approximating the DCMST problem. LACT is an iterative algorithm, and at each iteration a degree-constrained spanning tree is randomly constructed. Each vertex selects one of its incident edges and rewards it if its weight is not greater than the minimum weight seen so far and penalizes it otherwise. Therefore, the vertices learn how to locally connect them to the degree-constrained spanning tree through the minimum weight edge subject to the degree constraint. Based on the martingale theorem, the convergence of the proposed algorithm to the optimal solution is proved. Several simulation experiments are performed to examine the performance of the proposed algorithm on well-known Euclidean and non-Euclidean hard-to-solve problem instances. The obtained results are compared with those of best-known algorithms in terms of the solution quality and running time. From the results, it is observed that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the existing method.     

Time optimal control of a linear hyperbolic system†

The time optimal control of transmission lines with amplitude constraints on the control is considered as a typical problem involving systems governed by hyperbolic partial differential equations. Using a Laplace transformation formulation to yield a time ‘optimal’ solution, it is shown how this sub-optimal control which is bang-bang develops into an optimal control which is not always at its limiting values—demonstrating the effect which the nature of the differential equation has on the form of the optimal control. A simple physical interpretation of the results is given.