Low Energy Dosimetry With Photon Counting Pixel Detectors Such as Medipix

Hybrid semiconductor photon counting pixel detectors like the Medipix detector have several advantages for an use in X-ray dosimetry. The noiseless photon counting principle allows to monitor low photon energies down to 3.5 keV. Due to the small pixel size (55 mum in case of Medipix2) dosimetry at very high dose rates is possible still processing each photon individually. The large amount of pixels in combination with the possible thickness of the sensor layer enables dosimetry at very low dose rates. A method has been developed to determine personal dose equivalents from the number of counts in energy deposition intervals measured with a semiconductor photon counting pixel detector, despite the strong influence of charge sharing effects among pixels. We tested the method experimentally by reconstructing the air kerma free in air for different qualities of X-radiation in the energy range below 150 keV with an accuracy better than 4%. We show that the response of a dosimeter based on a hybrid photon counting pixel detector can fulfill the IEC type testing requirements. The statistical precision is high due to the thickness and the large area of the sensor layer. We estimate that a dosimeter based on the Medipix detector will be able to cope with dose rates of more than approximately 57 Sv/h for mathdot Hp (0.07) or 19 Sv/h for mathdot Hp(10) . We outline the advantages and perspectives of using this kind of detector in a dosimeter in comparison to standard active personal dosimeters.     

High Speed HPD for Photon Counting

We have succeeded in the development of a high-speed Hybrid Photodetector (HPD), by using a reduced electron lens and a newly developed avalanche diode (AD) with very low capacitance. The HPD shows fast time response of less than 500 ps in both rise and fall times, and good timing resolution of 26 ps (one sigma) for single photons at full illumination on a photocathode 8 mm in diameter. Limiting factors of the timing resolution were further investigated, and were found to be the transit time difference of electrons in vacuum along the photocathode and the jitter of the electronics. The timing resolution is 15 ps for illumination of less than 5 mm on the central part of the photocathode, which includes the jitter of 13 ps from the electronics. This resolution is the world's highest for HPDs, and matches the resolution of MCP-PMTs. Both a GaAsP photocathode having close to 50% quantum efficiency in the visible and a bialkali photocathode having 34% QE in the UV were fabricated in view of making this device available for various applications. In this paper, we report the results of our evaluation, including discussion about the limiting factors of the timing resolution for the new HPD.     

时间相关单光子计数荧光寿命测量中数据获取和处理

本文介绍时间相关单光子计数荧光寿命测量中的数据获取系统和数据分析方法。     

High Efficiency Photon Counting Detectors for the FAUST Spacelab Far Ultraviolet Astronomy Payload

We compare the performance of sealed tube microchannel-plate position sensitive detectors having transmission CsI photocathodes or opaque CsI photocathodes. These devices were developed for the FAUST Spacelab payload to accomplish imaging surveys in the band between 1300? and 1800?. We demonstrate that photocathode quantum efficiencies in excess of 40% at 1216? have been achieved with the transmission and the opaque CsI photocathodes. The effect of the photoelectron trajectory on the spatial resolution is assessed. Spatial resolution of <70?m FWHM has been obtained and is maintained up to event rates of 5×104 sec-1. Background rates of 0.55 events cm-2 sec-1 have been achieved and low distortion (<1%) imaging has been demonstrated.     

RG64—High Count Rate Low Noise Multichannel ASIC With Energy Window Selection and Continuous Readout Mode

We report on the performance of a low noise and high count rate readout ASIC with binary architecture and energy window selection for X-ray imaging applications using semiconductor detectors. The ASIC called RG64 is designed in 0.35 mum CMOS process and its total area is 3900times5000 mum². The core of RG64 consists of 64 readout channels. Each channel is built of a charge sensitive amplifier with a second order shaper of peaking time 75 ns, two independent discriminators with an 8-bit offset correction circuit and two independent 20-bit counters with RAM memory buffers. The ENC of the circuit reaches the value of about 126 el. rms with 1 pF input load and 5 mW power consumption per single channel. The mean gain in the multichannel ASIC is about 50 muV/el., with the dispersion from channel to channel of 0.9% (on one sigma level). The deviation of the effective threshold voltage spread for given energy can be reduced to less than 7 el. rms (calculated to the charge sensitive amplifier input). High count rate measurements have been performed up to 2 Mcps of average rate of input pulses, both for AC and DC coupled silicon strip detectors with X-ray photons of energy 8.04 keV. The RG64 can operate both in the continuous readout mode and in the readout mode separate from exposure.     

高能同步辐射光源逐束团束流位置测量电子学研制

基于高能同步辐射光源（HEPS）储存环,研制了一套逐束团束流位置测量（BPM）电子学系统,电子学的硬件部分由模拟信号采集板卡和数字信号处理板卡组成,软件部分由底层固件和顶层应用软件组成。系统的采样频率为500 MHz,带宽为1 GHz,对来自储存环BPM探头的4路模拟信号进行数字化,得到束团幅度数据,利用ZYNQ芯片计算出每个束团在真空管道中的位置。逐束团BPM电子学在实验室的测试结果为：输入信号峰峰值小于1.8 V时ADC通道非线性度小于1%,无杂散动态范围约60 dB,灵敏度系数取8.26 mm时位置分辨率优于10 μm,测试结果满足HEPS逐束团BPM的需求。     

Development of Bunch-by-bunch Beam Position Measurement Electronics for High Energy Photon Source

A bunch-by-bunch beam position measurement (BPM) electronics for High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) storage ring was designed. The hardware of electronics consists of analog signal acquisition board and digital signal processing board. The software consists of underlying firmware and application software. The sampling frequency is 500 MHz, and the bandwidth is 1 GHz. The electronics digitizes four analog signals from BPM probe of storage ring, and obtains the amplitude of beam signal. ZYNQ chip was used to process the beam data and calculate the position of each bunch. Electronics test results in the laboratory is that the nonlinearity of ADC channels is less than 1% when the peak-to-peak value of input signal is less than 1.8 V, and spurious-free dynamic range is about 60 dB. When the sensitivity coefficient is 8.26 mm, the beam position resolution is less than 10 μm. The test results meet the needs of HEPS.     

高能同步辐射光源高精度直流稳流电源样机研制

即将建造的高能同步辐射光源对四极磁铁电源的性能提出了很高的要求。为了掌握此类型磁铁电源的关键技术并解决其技术难点,在验证装置中研制了高精度直流稳流电源样机。样机采用模块化设计,利用数字、模拟调节器相结合的控制方式,实现对输出电流的高精度控制。为了实现电流稳定度的设计指标,样机采用自主研发的高精度数字控制器和DCCT,对闭环控制中的关键器件进行了恒温控制。实验结果表明,样机的电流稳定度达到了10 ppm,电压纹波低于设计指标5 mV。样机的其他性能指标也均达到了物理设计的要求,并最终通过验收测试。     

200 MeV以下光子诱发50,51V核反应数据理论计算

光核反应数据在辐射损伤、反应堆剂量、加速器屏蔽等方面有重要应用。本工作基于MEND-G程序,对200 MeV能量范围内光子诱发^50,51V核反应数据进行理论计算,给出包含中子、质子、⁴He等主要出射粒子的核反应的数据;对光子诱发V同位素核反应的实验测量进行自洽性分析,结合光子强度函数和准氘模型,将光核反应吸收截面计算能力提升到200 MeV,为光核反应理论计算提供数据基础。经系统比对,理论计算值与实验测量值一致性很好,数据收录在即将发布的CENDL-3.2光核子数据库中。     

低能V+注入花生种子的深度研究

用扫描电子显微镜和X射线能谱仪测定了低能V 注入干花生种子的穿透深度 浓度分布。结果表明 :这种分布是有长拖尾的高斯分布 ;2 0 0keV的V 注入干花生种子的最大穿透深度为 1 3 6 μm。比较了实验结果与TRIM95的计算值。     

Scintillating Glass, Fiber-Optic Plate Detectors for Active Target and Tracking Applications in High Energy Physics Experiments

We have studied the performance of scintillating glass fiber-optic plates using 10 GeV/c particles at the SLAC test beam. The plates were composed of: (1) Terbium activated cladded-glass cores in a matrix of 15 ?m spacing; and (2) Cerium activated cladded-glass cores in a matrix of variable spacing 6-10 ?m. The target plates were viewed with a three-stage, gatable image intensifier. Particle tracks and nuclear interactions were recorded on film for both materials. We observe 5 detected hits/mm for minimum ionizing particles for the Tb glass, and 1-2 hits/mm for the Ce glass. The test results indicate that scintillating glass fiber-optic plates can be used as high spatial resolution tracking detectors for both fixed target and colliding beam experiments.     

A Scintillating Glass, Fiber-Optic Plate Imaging System for Active Target and Tracking Applications in High Energy Physics Experiments

We have studied the performance of a scintillating glass fiber-optic plate with minimum ionizing particles. The target is composed of terbium activated cladded-glass cores in a matrix of 25 ?m spacing. The plate was viewed by a three-stage, electrostatically focussed image intensifier. Particle tracks were observed with a width consistent with the resolution of the device. Details of the detection system and future developments are discussed.