Electrochemical study of some 2-mercapto-5-R-ammino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives using carbon paste electrodes

The electrochemical study of some 2-mercapto-5-R-ammino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives was made by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode (CPE, graphite/solid paraffin ratio 2:1) as working electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The current-potential curves were recorded in anodic polarisation in -0.1 and +1.3 V range using aqueous solutions and different buffers (between pH 1.2 and 10.0), with 20 or 50 mV s(-1) sweep rate. The oxidation peak appears between +0.65 and +0.70 V due to disulphides formation. The 5-phenyl derivative has two oxidation peaks, the first at +0.45 +/- 0.03 V and the second at +0.65 +/- 0.03 V. The oxidation potentials are pH dependent, decreasing from 0.9 +/- 0.1 V at pH 1.2 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 V at a pH between 8.0 and 10.0. In some potential ranges depending on pKa of molecules the oxidation potential and oxidation current are pH independent. Simple, precise and accurate voltammetric methods for the determination of these compounds were developed and validated in 2.5 x 10(-6)-7.5 x 10(-4) mol l(-1) concentration ranges. The detection limits were 2.3 micromol l(-1) for 5-ammino-, 12.3 micromol l(-1) for 5-acetylammino-, 11.6 micromol l(-1) for 5-allylammino-, and 1.2 micromol l(-1) for 5-phenylammino-2-mercapto-1,3,4 thiadiazole derivatives.     

LiF-SrF2-SrO熔盐体系中Sr2+电化学行为的研究

在电化学工作站AUTOLAB 上采用三电极体系以循环伏安法、计时电流法和计时电位法研究了LiF-SrF2-SrO熔盐体系于1253 K温度下锶在钨电极上的电化学还原过程及其控制步骤.研究结果表明：Sr2+在钨电极上的还原过程是一步得两个电子的准可逆反应,析出电位在-1.0 V 附近.阴极过程受离子的扩散步骤控制,计算得出扩散系数为6.07×10-5 cm2/s.     

熔盐电沉积硅的基础研究

在FLINAK-Na2SiF6熔盐体系中,以Pt为参比电极、硅钢片为工作电极、石墨为辅助电极,在750℃下,用循环伏安法和计时电位法对Si4+的电化学反应机理和扩散系数进行了研究。结果表明:该熔盐体系进行电沉积硅是可行的,该体系中硅离子的还原为扩散控制的可逆电极过程,且产物不可溶;整个还原过程为Si4++4e→Si0;该熔盐体系中阴极电位不应负于-2V,否则会有Na沉积出来,从而影响沉积层质量;Si4+的扩散系数为:D=5 42×10-11m2/s(C=2 58×103mol/m3)。     

六氰合铁酸铁/全氟磺酸 聚四氟乙烯共聚物复合膜修饰玻碳电极差分脉冲伏安法测定铅和镉

利用电聚合的方法将普鲁士蓝修饰到玻碳电极表面,然后修饰上全氟磺酸 聚四氟乙烯共聚物(Nafion)膜制成修饰电极。利用差分脉冲伏安法（DPV）对Pb2+和Cd2+在该修饰电极上的电化学行为进行了研究,建立了差分脉冲伏安法灵敏测定Cd2+和Pb2+的新方法。对富集电位、富集时间以及Nafion用量等实验条件进行了优化。在01 mol/L pH 45的NaAc HAc缓冲液中,在-11 V处搅拌富集450 s,用DPV分别测定-048 V和-073 V处的氧化峰电流。溶出峰电流与Pb2+和Cd2+的浓度分别在5×10-8~5×10-5 mol/L和2×10-8~2×10-5 mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0995和0992。检出限分别为5×10-9 mol/L (Pb2+)和2×10-9 mol/L(Cd2+) (S/N=3)。方法用于水样中Cd2+和Pb2+的测定,测定值与原子吸收光谱法的结果相一致,相对标准偏差为21%~38%。     

LiF-CaF2-BaF2-ZrO2熔盐中Zr4+在钨电极上的电化学还原机理

以LiF-CaF₂-BaF₂为熔盐体系, ZrO₂为原料, 1 373 K条件温度下利用循环伏安法, 计时电位法, 计时电流法, 研究锆离子在钨电极上的电化学过程,对不同ZrO₂含量0.5 %,0.7 %,0.9 %的熔盐体系进行电化学分析,研究结果表明:Zr4+在钨电极上还原是通过两步得电子反应, 即Zr4++2e→Zr2+,Zr2++2e→Zr,相对参比电极铂还原峰分别为0.9 V和1.2 V,析出过程是受扩散控制的准可逆反应. 1 373 K时Zr4+在LiF-CaF₂-BaF₂-ZrO₂熔盐中的扩散系数D为6.7×10-6 cm2/s.      

LiCl-KCl熔盐La^3+在钨电极上的电化学还原机理

以LiCl-KCl为电解质体系,LaCl3为原料,利用循环伏安法、计时电位法和计时电流法研究773K时镧离子在钨电极上的电化学还原过程。结果表明,在773K、50%KCl-50%LiCl-2%LaCl3的熔盐体系中,镧离子在钨电极上还原是一步转移3个电子反应(La^3++3e→La),相对于Ag/AgCl电极析出电位为-2.05V;镧在钨电极析出过程中出现成核极化现象,且通过循环伏安和计时电流法可判断镧离子在钨电极上的析出还原过程为受扩散控制的准可逆反应,扩散系数D=6.36×10^-5 cm^2/s。     

镉在嵌入式碳纳米管 铋膜玻碳电极上的电化学行为及电位溶出法测定研究

制备了一种新型嵌入式碳纳米管 铋复合膜玻璃碳电极,利用循环伏安法研究了Cd在电极上的电化学行为。 Cd在电极具有一个不可逆的氧化峰,Epa=0637 V（vs．SCE）,电极对Cd具有高灵敏的电化学响应。研究了影响Cd微分电位溶出的因素,获得的最佳条件是：富集电位为-11 V,Bi3+浓度为04 mg/L,pH 46 HAc NaAc缓冲溶液。通过同位镀铋、标准加入法进一步提高了分析的可靠性。在最佳条件下,峰高与Cd质量浓度在01～20 μg/L范围呈线性,检出限为02 μg/L。对实际样品进行测定,测定值与原子吸收光谱法的结果一致, RSD在31%～72%范围,回收率在92%～102%之间。     

Electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys by molten salt electrolysis

Electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys from molten salts was studied by electrochemical techniques.LiF-YF3 was electrolyte system with magnesium oxide and Yttrium oxide as raw materials.It was proved that Mg2+ and Y3+was deposited more prior than other ions during cyclic voltammetry and potential step measurement at 1050 °C.Voltammograms showed Mg2+ could be deposited at-0.5 V,and Y3+ could be deposited at-0.7 V on tungsten electrode compared with platinum electrode.The sedimentation of Mg2+ was more positive about 230 mV than that of other ions in electrolyte.The electrolytic codeposition of yttrium and magnesium was 0.58 V on condition that the weight ratio of Y2O3/MgO was 4:1.Chronopotentiogram indicated that the process of electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys on tungsten electrode was controlled by diffusion of ions from electrolyte to electrode interface.It was feasible to prepare Magnesium-Yttrium alloys by controlling content of ions in molten salt electrolyte.     

Electrooxidation of thiocyanate on the copper-modified gold electrode and its amperometric determination by ion chromatography

Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of an Au/Cu electrode towards the electrooxidation of thiocyanate ion in alkaline medium. The effects of pH, copper loading, scan rate and applied potential on the electrocatalytic oxidation of thiocyanate have been investigated. Flow injection experiments and ion-chromatography (IC) were performed to characterise the electrode as an amperometric sensor for the thiocyanate determination. The effects of carbonate concentration and common interferents on the retention time were also estimated. The electrode stability, precision, limit of detection and linear range were evaluated at a constant applied potential of 0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Calibration plots, obtained in IC, were linear from 1.0 to 195 microM (correlation coefficient of 0.9984). The detection limit (LOD) was 0.5 microM (29 ppb) in a 50 microlitres injection. An example of analytical application, which includes the IC separation and detection of thiocyanate ion present in human urine, is given.     

碳糊微电极溶出伏安法测定铝合金中微量铜

用钠型蒙脱土/碳糊修饰在碳基针孔微电极基体上,制作成组合微电极。由于钠型蒙脱土具有强吸附性和阳离子交换特性,铜离子在这种微修饰电极上于-0.65V(vs.Ag/Ag-Cl)处被吸附还原,富集在电极表面。从富集电位正向扫描到0.1V,铜在-0.04V处产生一个灵敏的阳极溶出峰,峰电流(Ip)与Cu2+在0.50~100μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,富集3min后,检出限可达0.2μg/L。应用该电极测定纯铝和铝合金中微量铜,回收率为97.0%~102.0%。     

Disulfide bonds in recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB dimer: characterization of intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide linkages

Interchain cystines of PDGF-BB dimer were characterized by Edman reaction and by SDS-PAGE analysis on the protein which was chemically cleaved at Trp-40. It was found that Cys-43 has a key role in dimer formation, asymmetrically cross-linked to a cysteine residue of another identical subunit. The remaining cystines participate in the intramolecular disulfide linkages. Pepsin digestion of PDGF-BB dimer generated several small peptides and one ubiquitous Cys-containing peptide. Sequence analyses of several Cys-containing peptides indicated the existence of three intramolecular disulfide linkages including Cys-16--Cys-60, Cys-49--Cys-97, and Cys-53--Cys-99. Two interchain disulfide bonds of Cys-43--Cys-52 between two subunits were deduced from the partial reduction and alkylation of PDGF-BB. This study provides chemically determined disulfide linkages of PDGF-BB.     

Electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys by molten salt electrolysis

Electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys from molten salts was studied by electrochemical techniques. LiF-YF₃ was electrolyte system with magnesium oxide and Yttrium oxide as raw materials. It was proved that Mg²⁺ and Y³⁺was deposited more prior than other ions during cyclic voltammetry and potential step measurement at 1050 °C. Voltammograms showed Mg²⁺ could be deposited at ?0.5 V, and Y³⁺ could be deposited at ?0.7 V on tungsten electrode compared with platinum electrode. The sedimentation of Mg²⁺ was more positive about 230 mV than that of other ions in electrolyte. The electrolytic codeposition of yttrium and magnesium was 0.58 V on condition that the weight ratio of Y₂O₃/MgO was 4:1. Chronopotentiogram indicated that the process of electrodeposition of magnesium-yttrium alloys on tungsten electrode was controlled by diffusion of ions from electrolyte to electrode interface. It was feasible to prepare Magnesium-Yttrium alloys by controlling content of ions in molten salt electrolyte.     

New Inorganic-organic Hybrid Tetravanadate: Preparation, Characterization and Application in Chemically Modified Electrode

A new inorganic-organic hybrid tetravanadate [Co(2,2'-bpy)3]2V4O12·11H2O(1) has been prepared and characterized. X-Ray diffraction study reveals that compound 1 contains classical cluster anions [V4O12]4-, coordi-nated cations [Co(2,2'-bpy)3]2+ and eleven water molecules, in which an interesting decamer water cluster is formed. The hybrid nanoparticles were firstly used as a bulk-modifier to fabricate a chemically modified paste electrode (1-CPE). The electrochemical behavior and electrocatalysis of 1-CPE have been studied in detail. The results indicate that 1-CPE has a good electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of bromate in a 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 aqueous solu-tion. 1-CPE shows remarkable stability that be ascribed to the hydrogen bonding interactions between V4O12 cluster and water cluster, which are very important for practical application in electrode modification.     

酒石酸插层水滑石修饰ITO电极伏安法测定水中铅

将酒石酸插层水滑石(TA-HT)分散于壳聚糖(CS)溶液中,制备了新型的薄膜修饰电极。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、红外吸收光谱仪(IR)对酒石酸插层水滑石进行了表征,循环伏安法(CV)对修饰电极进行了电化学表征,线性扫描溶出伏安法(LSSV)研究Pb²⁺在修饰电极上的电化学行为。与裸电极相比,修饰电极的电化学活性得到很大的提高。Pb²⁺在5～180μg/L的浓度范围内与其峰电流呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.997,检测限可达1μg/L。测定0.1mg/LPb²⁺,当相对误差在±5%范围时,200倍Na⁺、K⁺、F^-、NO₃^-,100倍Zn²⁺、Fe³⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺,10倍Bi³⁺、Ca²⁺,5倍Cu²⁺不干扰测定。方法用于实际池塘水样中Pb²⁺的测定,测定值与原子吸收光谱法的测定值基本一致,回收率在98.0%～102.5%之间。     

纳米金-石墨烯修饰碳糊电极微分脉冲溶出伏安法检测水中铅

构建纳米金(Au)-石墨烯(GS)修饰碳糊电极(CPE)的电化学传感器(CPE│GS/Au),建立微分脉冲溶出伏安(DPSV)法测定痕量铅的电化学分析方法。采用扫描电镜(SEM)表征GS和电极的制备过程,采用DPSV法研究铅的电化学性质。在优化的实验条件下,溶出峰电流与Pb2+浓度在2×10-10~5×10-8 g/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.999 0,检出限为1.2×10-10 g/mL。用于实际水样分析,与石墨炉原子吸收光谱(GF-AAS)法所得结果一致,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于4.3%。该传感器采用复合纳米微粒修饰CPE,扩增了响应电流且一次使用可抛弃、分析成本低,具有较好的制备重复性。     

钒酸钙纳米棒的生长调控及其电化学特性

以乙酸钙和钒酸钠为原料,通过水热过程合成了捆状结构的单晶钒酸钙纳米棒。电镜观察显示所得钒酸钙纳米棒的平均直径约50 nm,长度约3μm。XRD和HRTEM图像显示所得钒酸钙纳米棒由单晶六方Ca10V6O25晶相构成。在钒酸钙纳米棒的生长过程中除了形成六方Ca10V6O25主晶相外,还存在单斜Ca0.17V2O5晶相,随着水热温度和保温时间的增加,单斜Ca0.17V2O5晶相完全转变为了六方Ca10V6O25晶相。采用基于晶体分裂的核化、晶体生长过程可以解释钒酸钙纳米棒的形成与生长。酒石酸在钒酸钙纳米棒修饰玻碳电极上的电化学循环伏安特性曲线中存在一对半可逆的氧化还原电化学伏安特性峰,其检测限为2.4μm,线性范围是0.005~2 mm。     

石墨烯-离子液体修饰玻碳电极同时测定矿石中铅和镉

将石墨烯(GR)滴涂在玻碳电极(GCE)上制备GR/GCE电极,采用循环伏安法将离子液体(1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐)聚合在GR/GCE电极表面,制得新型OMIMPF_6/GR/GCE修饰电极。以0.1mol/L HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液(pH 4.5)为支持电解液,利用差分脉冲法研究了Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)在OMIMPF_6/GR/GCE电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)在修饰电极上有较好的电化学行为,Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的浓度分别在1.0×10~(-8)~4.2×10~(-5)mol/L和1.0×10~(-8)~6.0×10~(-5)mol/L范围内与峰电流呈良好的线性关系;Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的检出限分别为1.0×10~(-9) mol/L和5.0×10~(-8)mol/L。实验方法用于矿石中铅和镉的测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为2.9%~4.4%;并与原子吸收光谱法对比,测定结果基本一致。     

聚对氨基苯甲酸/石墨烯-全氟磺酸 聚四氟乙烯

将石墨烯（Gr） nafion复合物滴涂到玻碳电极表面,然后通过电聚合将对氨基苯甲酸（p ABA）修饰至电极表面制成聚对氨基苯甲酸/Gr nafion修饰玻碳电极。利用差分脉冲溶出伏安法研究了Cu2+在修饰电极上的电化学行为。试验发现Gr nafion膜和聚合膜poly(p ABA)的协同作用,提高了Cu2+在电极表面的富集程度,有效地促进了电子在修饰电极上的传递速度。对实验参数进行优化,并通过考察发现传感器有良好的重现性,且一些常见的阳离子和阴离子对Cu2+响应信号不产生干扰。在50×10-7 ~40×10-5 mol/L范围内,铜离子浓度与峰电流呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0995。方法检出限为50×10-9 mol/L（S/N=3）。方法应用于废水样中Cu2+的测定,结果同ICP AES法的测定结果相一致,相对标准偏差为24%~36%。由于循环伏安曲线中Cu2+和Cd2+的溶出峰电位差较大,且没有相互干扰,所以该电极可用于Cu2+和Cd2+的同时测定。     

NaCl-KCl-NaF-WO3熔盐体系W6+ 的电化学行为

实验以NaCl-KCl-NaF为电解质体系，WO₃为原料，利用循环伏安法、计时电位法、计时电流法和方波伏安法, 研究温度为973 K时钨离子在钨电极上的电化学过程.结果表明:W（Ⅵ）离子的还原过程分2步进行，第1步还原过程为两电子转移，电极反应方程式为W6++2e-→W4+; 第2步还原过程为四电子转移过程，电极反应方程式为W4++4e-→W，且都为准可逆反应. W（Ⅵ）离子在钨电极上的还原过程受扩散控制，扩散系数为1.05×10-9 cm2/s.