射流冲刷平衡深度研究

本文通过水槽实验和理论分析,研究了在水流速度低、泥沙易淤积的区域引入平面冲击射流对消除泥沙淤积的影响。实验观测了射流局部达到冲刷平衡时,最大冲刷深度随射流喷口高度、喷口宽度、喷口流速、横流流速及泥沙特性变化的规律。由泥沙起动理论和平面射流运动规律,建立了射流冲刷平衡深度计算式。用不同性质的泥沙和采用不同射流喷口宽度、不同喷口高度的射流冲刷实验资料对建立的计算公式进行了验证,计算结果与实验资料吻合良好。     

Scour process caused by multiple subvertical non-crossing jets

The scour process induced by plunging jets is an important topic for hydraulic engineers. In recent decades, several researchers have developed new strategies and methodologies to control the scour morphology, including different jet arrangements and structures located in the stilling basin. It has been found that multiple jets can cause less scouring than single plunging jets. Based on this evidence, this study aimed to investigate the equilibrium morphology caused by multiple non-crossing jets. A dedicated laboratory model was built and experimental tests were carried out under different combinations of jet inclination angles, by varying the tailwater level and the virtual crossing point location, which was set below the original channel bed level. It was experimentally shown that the equilibrium scour morphology depends on the jet discharge, the differences in non-crossing jet inclination angles, the downstream water level, and the distance of the virtual crossing point from the original channel bed level. In particular, the last parameter was found to be one of the most influential parameters, because of the resulting flow patterns inside the water body. Furthermore, the analysis of experimental evidence allowed for a complete and detailed classification of the scour hole typologies. Three different scour typologies were distinguished and classified. Finally, based on previous studies, two novel relationships have been proposed to predict both the maximum scour depth and length within a large range of hydraulic and geometric parameters.     

泄水建筑物下游冲刷坑二维数值模拟

对巨亭水电站泄水建筑物下游局部冲刷过程进行了二维数值模拟。采用RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭N-S方程、有限体积法在计算网格上离散求解、VOF方法追踪自由水面;采用C语言编写用户自定义函数,以泥沙起动切应力作为床面泥沙起动判别标准,通过分析比较水流剪切力与泥沙起动切应力大小,用以控制冲刷坑底部边界变化;采用局部重构模型和弹簧光顺模型更新计算区域和网格质量,藉以模拟和追踪局部冲刷坑边界变化。研究表明,模拟结果与实测资料符合良好。在冲刷坑的冲刷过程中,床面剪切应力随着冲刷的进程急剧减小,湍动能随着冲刷的进程减小缓慢;床面剪切应力和湍动能沿程变化均较为剧烈,床面剪切应力沿程先增大后减小,床面湍动能则沿程减小。冲刷坑的纵向平衡形态或床面泥沙起动主要决定于床面剪切应力,床面湍动能对泥沙起动也具有重要影响。     

Engineering application of submerged water jets for sediment removal in a tidal riverbed

Sediment deposition problems have attracted the interest of engineers and researchers. Several experimental studies have been conducted on scour depth using turbulent jets. However, field observation and monitoring have rarely been reported. This study aimed to eliminate sediments on a tidal riverbed using a prototype device, which consisted of a set of submerged vertical water nozzles and submerged horizontal air nozzles. The effectiveness of the water jet in sediment removal during spring and neap tides was evaluated. The quantitative relationships of dimensionless parameters, such as (1) the relative sediment scour volume versus the number of flows from the jet exit, (2) the relative sediment scour volume versus the relative scour depth, and (3) the relative scour size versus the relative jet intensity, were analyzed. The results showed that the freshwater flowing to the sea affected the sediment scour volume during the falling cycle of spring tides. In contrast, the rising cycle of spring tides retarded the freshwater flow, resulting in a decrease in the sediment scour volume. A steep water surface slope accelerated the river flow and further influenced the cross-flow current around the study area. As a result, a highly diffusive turbulent flow was produced, causing suspended sediments to be rapidly removed from the scour hole center. An increase in the number of flows from the jets led to intensified diffusion of turbulent energy into the flow. The rapidly varying water depth caused jet energy to be dissipated before approaching the riverbed, and it significantly affected the scour process during the spring-tide period. The proposed equations can be used to estimate the scour volume, scour size, and re-suspended sediments in tidal rivers within defined ranges of parameters.     

冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷随时间变化的试验研究

在寒冷地区,河道中冰盖的存在会改变河道流速分布。与明流条件相比,冰盖条件下水流最大流速点会向河床移动,加剧桥墩周围的局部冲刷。过度的局部冲刷会导致桥梁倒塌。基于水槽清水冲刷试验,对冰盖与明流条件下圆柱型桥墩局部冲刷随时间的变化进行了研究,试验结果表明：冰盖下桥墩局部冲刷速率大于明流。平衡冲刷深度比明流条件下的约大12%,且冲刷平衡所需时间比明流条件下的要约大10%。分析了水流强度与无量纲冲刷深度的关系以及冰盖与明流条件下冲刷深度变化速率的差异,给出了冰盖下局部冲刷深度随时间变化的经验方程,研究成果可供实际工程参考。     

Impacts of ice cover on local scour around semi-circular bridge abutment简

The presence of ice cover in winter can significantly change the flow field around bridge abutments, which can also cause a different local scour pattern. To investigate the impacts of ice cover, results from a recent flume experiments were presented. Smooth and rough ice covers were created to investigate the impacts of ice cover roughness on the scour geometry around the semi-circular abutment. Three bed materials were used, with 50D s of 0.58 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.47 mm respectively. Scour volume and scour area were calculated. It was found that the maximum scour depth was located 75o inclined to the flume wall. Under rough ice cover, the scour area and scour depth were the largest. An empirical equation on the maximum scour depth was also developed.     

环翼式桥墩局部冲刷防护试验

基于桥墩局部冲刷原理,在传统防冲刷保护措施的基础上设计了一种能改变桥墩迎水面流态的新型环翼式桥墩,在不同流速、有无环翼式挡板以及不同的挡板位置下,试验研究了环翼式桥墩的局部防冲刷效果。研究结果表明,环翼式挡板可有效减小桥墩的局部冲刷,当桥墩上的挡板与河床的距离约为水深的1/3时,与无挡板的桥墩相比近底垂向流速最大可减小96%,最大冲坑深度可减小57.6%,环翼式桥墩防冲刷效果明显。     

岸边并联泄洪洞下游河道冲坑预测

挑流水舌对下游河道的冲刷关系到工程安全。根据动量方程推导了射流在下游水垫中的扩散规律,分析了下游水垫流速对射流扩散的影响,提出了动水垫下射流的临底流速计算方法。研究结果表明:动水流速增加了射流在水中的扩散距离,促进了射流扩散及射流流速衰减,降低了射流临底流速。将研究结果应用于白鹤滩岸边泄洪洞下游河道的冲坑深度预测。模型试验结果表明:在鼻坎水流参数相同的情况下,河道中水流为动水时的冲坑深度较静水时冲坑深度减小约10%,且位于河道下游侧的挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度小于上游侧挑流水舌形成的冲坑深度。与常规预测公式相比,该方法能准确预测不同位置挑流水舌的冲坑深度,研究结果可为泄洪设施下游河道消能防冲设计提供依据。     

Clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines

The paper presents (1) a semi-theoretical model for the computation of maximum clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines in uniform sediments under steady flow and (2) an experimental investigation on the influence of upward seepage on clear-water scour depth below underwater pipelines.Based on the “image method” of the potential flow theory for the flow through the gap between a circular pipeline and the scoured bed, a theoretical model is presented for the computation of maximum scour depth below underwater pipelines in clear-water condition considering the wall correction. Also, a simple theoretical calculation, that involves Chiew's (1991) [Chiew, Y.M., 1991. “Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines.” J Hydraul Eng 117(4), 452–466] gap flow curve, is proposed to estimate the maximum scour depth considering the wall correction. The computed results agree satisfactorily with the experimental data. In addition, the potential predictors of the maximum scour depth given by different researchers are compared with the experimental data.The result of an experimental investigation on the scour depth below pipelines under the influence of upward seepage through the bed sediment is presented. In general, the scour depth below pipelines with upward seepage is smaller than that without seepage. There exists a critical value of the ratio of seepage velocity to main flow velocity that corresponds to a minimum scour depth.     

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎挑距和冲深特性探讨

溢洪道差动式挑流鼻坎可明显增加挑射水流在空中的碰撞、紊动和掺气,大大减轻下游河床的冲刷.根据部分溢洪道工程的水工模型试验资料,对差动式挑流鼻坎挑射水舌挑距及其下游河床冲刷坑深度的估算方法进行分析和探讨,可供类似工程设计和运行参考.     

Effect of abutment aspect ratio on clear‐water scour in floodplains

Scour around abutments is recognized as one of the main reasons of bridge foundations failure. This paper presents the experimental results of the effects of abutment width and length on the scour development up to its equilibrium condition around 45° wing‐wall setback abutments in a compound channel. The developing scour hole characteristics are tested for three different lengths and widths at different time intervals until its equilibrium scour conditions. The findings showed that the abutment width has a profound effect on the characteristics of the scour hole, contradicting the results of previous studies. Generally, an increase in the relative abutment width leads to a reduction in the scour depth and width. However, the scour length, area, and volume initially increase with an increase in the relative abutment width, L_c/y_f , from 1.33 to 10.67, where L_c is the abutment width and y_f is the floodplain flow depth, and then these characteristics decrease significantly with a much wider abutment, L_c/y_f , from 10.67 to 21.33. Overall, the effects of the abutment width on abutment scour should be accounted. To this end, empirical equations are proposed to predict the scour hole characteristics. Scour data from previous studies are also used to compare with the proposed equations.     

射流冲刷沙床初始阶段的SPH方法数值模拟

针对射流移动清淤时短时间内的冲刷效果问题,采用无网格光滑粒子动力学方法(SPH),对平面垂直淹没射流冲刷沙床的初始阶段进行了模拟计算。探讨了SPH中淹没环境和沙土材料的建立方法,研究了射流冲刷初始阶段动态冲坑深度的发展趋势,分析了射流速度对冲坑深度发展的影响。结果表明:采用SPH方法可以有效地模拟射流冲刷的过程;在初始阶段,冲坑深度随时间线性增加,而且随着射流速度的增加,坑深增加的速率加快。本文研究可为探讨疏浚射流破土效果提供数值方法参考。     

Specification of Flows for Flushing Surficial Sand from Cobble Riffles

Maintenance of habitat for benthic organisms and fish spawning may require flushing of sand from gravel or cobble river beds. An approach is proposed for specifying both the magnitude and duration of flow necessary to scour sand to a desired depth over a specified length of riffle bed. Scour is assumed to begin at the upstream end of the reach to be flushed and to progress downstream. The flow magnitude necessary for scour to an equilibrium depth was found from previously published laboratory data to be related to the median sand grain size and its movability number (the ratio of shear velocity to settling velocity). The required flow duration is determined by the time for scour to progress over the specified distance. The progression rate was determined through new laboratory experiments to be related to the flow velocity and depth, the distance advanced, the sand movability number and the channel slope. Application of the approach is illustrated by example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丁坝坝头冲淤的三维数值模拟

本文对洪水条件丁坝近体的局部冲淤进行了三维数值模拟。开发了与全三维紊流模型连接计算的泥沙模型。泥沙推移质的计算考虑了床面坡度对推移质输沙率和临界启动剪切力的综合影响。模型经丁坝淹没绕流实验的充分验证。结果详尽讨论了局部冲刷随时间的动态变化过程和动平衡下的河床平面形态特征。     

挑流消能冲刷时间对冲刷深度影响的试验研究

通过大量的模型试验,对挑流冲刷坑形成的时间过程进行了研究,将冲刷坑随时间的发展变化趋势与前人的理论分析成果进行拟合优化,得出在某个特定时间内,冲刷深度与时间成幂函数关系。本文通过此试验,对研究冲坑演变规律有一定的意义。     

射流冲刷试验研究

为研究影响射流冲刷的因素，作者进行了７０组试验，分别研究了单管和多管，水平和有入射角，贴底和离开床面，静水和动水等情况。对试验结果的分析表明，在床沙一定、河流流速与射流流速相比不大的情况下，冲刷坑的几何尺寸与Ｖ＾２／３Ｄ＾５／６有较好的关系。     

Receptivity of plane Poiseuille flow to local micro-vibration disturbance on wall

The receptivity of plane Poiseuille flow to local single-period micro-vibration disturbances with different phases at the top and bottom walls was investigated through direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Results show that the disturbance presents a symmetrical distribution in the spanwise direction when the micro-vibration on the wall ends, and the initial disturbance velocities and spatial distribution of the disturbance structure are different at the top and bottom walls. The disturbance’s velocity, amplitude, and high- and low-speed streaks increase with time, and the amplitude of streamwise disturbance velocity is larger than those of spanwise and vertical disturbance velocities. However, no significant Tollmien-Schlichting wave was found in the flow field. The number of disturbance vortex cores gradually increases with the disturbance area. High-speed disturbance fluid concentrates near the wall and its normal velocity largely points to the wall, while low-speed disturbance fluid largely deviates from the wall. Furthermore, the streamwise velocity profiles near the top and bottom walls both become plump because of the existence of the disturbances, and the streamwise velocity profiles show a trend of evolving into turbulent velocity profiles. The shear stress near the wall increases significantly. The local micro-vibration disturbance on the wall in plane Poiseuille flow can induce the development of a structure similar to turbulent spots.     

Critical velocities for local scour around twin piers in tandem

Experiments of the local scour around twin piers are carried out under steady clear-water conditions, including 95 tests to observe the influence of the pier spacing and the flow velocity on the local scour characteristics of the twin piers. It is shown that the start of the transition region is synchronous with the sediment transport from the upstream scour hole to the downstream one. The equations for the critical velocities are derived to quantify the velocity range of each of four different scour regions. Finally, a prediction formula of the downstream pier scour depth in the radical-deviation region is established.     

泄洪洞扭曲型挑坎数值模拟应用

为探究验证泄洪消能工扭曲型挑坎的可行性和合理性,以红岩河水库右岸泄洪洞末端扭曲型挑坎为例,采用标准k-ε湍流模型和VOF多相流模型对扭曲型挑坎进行水气两相流三维数值模拟。研究结果表明计算域的整体流态及水面线高程与水工模型试验数据吻合良好,计算误差较小;挑距挑高及冲刷坑深度数据均显示挑坎布置合理,运行安全;下游冲刷趋势与流速紊动能分布均显示消能充分,水流顺利归河。为后期使用数值模拟的研究方法对大交角狭窄河道情况及挑流鼻坎型式的优化设计提供了参考和借鉴。     

丁坝局部冲刷坑形态演变及冲刷平衡临界条件

丁坝局部冲刷坑垂向冲深、平面宽度及上下游边坡构成了冲刷坑几何形态的三维特征。局部冲刷达到平衡状态时,冲刷坑上下游边坡保持相对稳定的斜率。其与泥沙颗粒水下休止角大小及冲刷平衡临界条件的关系仍不太明确。一系列清水冲刷试验表明,不同来流强度条件下冲深与展宽速率存在非对称特征,坝体上下游边坡斜率随时间演变振荡衰减至相对稳定坡度。坝体上游坡度均较下游陡,比值近似常量为0.5。边坡斜率略小于泥沙颗粒水下休止角,比值下限近似为常量0.7。