Adaptive diagnosis of DC motors using R-WDCNN classifiers based on VMD-SVD

Traditional fault diagnosis methods of DC (direct current) motors require high expertise and human labor. However, the other disadvantages of these methods are low efficiency and poor accuracy. To address these problems, a new adaptive and intelligent mechanical fault diagnosis method for DC motors based on variational mode decomposition (VMD), singular value decomposition (SVD), and residual deep convolutional neural networks with wide first-layer kernels (R-WDCNN) was proposed. First, the vibration signals of a DC motor were collected by a designed acquisition system. Subsequently, VMD was employed to decompose the raw signals adaptively into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Moreover, the transient frequency means method, which can quickly and accurately obtain the optimal value of K, is proposed. SVD was applied to reduce the dimensionality of the IMF matrix for further feature extraction. Finally, the reconstructed matrix containing the main fault feature information was used to train and test the R-WDCNN. Based on residual learning, identification and classification of four types of vibration signals were achieved, while the R-WDCNN was optimized by the adaptive batch normalization algorithm (AdaBN). The recognition rate and the convergence were improved by this classifier. The results show that the method proposed in this paper has better adaptability and intelligence than other methods, and the R-WDCNN can reach a 94% recognition rate on unknown samples. Therefore, the proposed method is more intelligent and accurate than other methods.

     

一种城市轨道车辆轴箱轴承故障特征提取方法

针对城市轨道车辆轴箱轴承结构特点及轴承故障时产生振动信号的特征,提出了一种新的轴箱轴承故障特征提取方法。引入卷积滤波,对采集的轴箱轴承振动信号进行分频、滤波、重构,提取轴承故障特征。在故障特征提取的基础上,进行轴承故障识别及定位。结果表明：该方法对振动信号进行分析,具有不压缩、任意分频和减少截断误差的性质;可以更好地获得故障特征;能够有效地应用于轴箱轴承的故障诊断。     

基于改进深度卷积神经网络的轴承故障诊断

轴承为风电机组的重要且故障频发部件,传统基于轴承振动数据的图像转换的卷积神经网络(CNN)的故障诊断技术存在一定局限性。提出了一种基于改进深度卷积神经网络(IDCNN)的直接时间序列特征提取方法,依据采样频率将原始振动数据划分为单个样本,构建诊断模型训练数据集。设计了一种新型的深度卷积神经网络(IDCNN),自动提取复杂样本数据的故障特征,提高DCNN的鲁棒性和泛化性,并将IDCNN提取的高维故障特征输入到分类器中,从而实现轴承故障的智能诊断。对比实验结果表明本方法有效提升了故障诊断精度。     

基于SVD-AR模型与VPMCD的轴承故障诊断方法

针对强噪声背景下振动信号故障特征难以提取的问题,提出了基于奇异值分解的自回归(SVD-AR)模型,用于提取振动信号的特征,并与变量预测模型模式识别(VPMCD)方法相结合应用于轴承故障诊断.对轴承振动信号进行SVD;然后,利用奇异值差分谱对分量信号进行筛选,对能够反映故障信息的分量信号建立AR模型,提取轴承振动信号的特征信息;采用VPMCD对滚动轴承运行状态进行识别.实验证明了方法的合理性和有效性.     

A new feature extraction approach based on one dimensional gray level co-occurrence matrices for bearing fault classification

ABSTRACT

Recently, precise and deterministic feature extraction is one of the current research topics for bearing fault diagnosis. For this aim, an experimental bearing test setup was created in this study. In this setup, vibration signals were obtained from the bearings on which artificial faults were generated in specific sizes. A new feature extraction method based on co-occurrence matrices for bearing vibration signals was proposed instead of the conventional feature extraction methods, as in the literature. The One (1) Dimensional–Local Binary Patterns (1D-LBP) method was first applied to bearing vibration signals, and a new signal whose values ranged between 0–255 was obtained. Then, co-occurrence matrices were obtained from these signals. The correlation, energy, homogeneity, and contrast features were extracted from these matrices. Different machine learning methods were employed with these features to carry out the classification process. Three different data sets were used to test the proposed approach. As a result of analysing the signals with the proposed model, the success rate is 87.50% for dataset1 (different speed), 96.5% for dataset2 (fault size (mm)) and 99.30% for dataset3 (fault type – inner ring, outer ring, ball) was found, respectively.     

Intelligent fault diagnosis for rotating machinery using deep Q-network based health state classification: A deep reinforcement learning approach

Fault diagnosis methods for rotating machinery have always been a hot research topic, and artificial intelligence-based approaches have attracted increasing attention from both researchers and engineers. Among those related studies and methods, artificial neural networks, especially deep learning-based methods, are widely used to extract fault features or classify fault features obtained by other signal processing techniques. Although such methods could solve the fault diagnosis problems of rotating machinery, there are still two deficiencies. (1) Unable to establish direct linear or non-linear mapping between raw data and the corresponding fault modes, the performance of such fault diagnosis methods highly depends on the quality of the extracted features. (2) The optimization of neural network architecture and parameters, especially for deep neural networks, requires considerable manual modification and expert experience, which limits the applicability and generalization of such methods. As a remarkable breakthrough in artificial intelligence, AlphaGo, a representative achievement of deep reinforcement learning, provides inspiration and direction for the aforementioned shortcomings. Combining the advantages of deep learning and reinforcement learning, deep reinforcement learning is able to build an end-to-end fault diagnosis architecture that can directly map raw fault data to the corresponding fault modes. Thus, based on deep reinforcement learning, a novel intelligent diagnosis method is proposed that is able to overcome the shortcomings of the aforementioned diagnosis methods. Validation tests of the proposed method are carried out using datasets of two types of rotating machinery, rolling bearings and hydraulic pumps, which contain a large number of measured raw vibration signals under different health states and working conditions. The diagnosis results show that the proposed method is able to obtain intelligent fault diagnosis agents that can mine the relationships between the raw vibration signals and fault modes autonomously and effectively. Considering that the learning process of the proposed method depends only on the replayed memories of the agent and the overall rewards, which represent much weaker feedback than that obtained by the supervised learning-based method, the proposed method is promising in establishing a general fault diagnosis architecture for rotating machinery.     

Intelligent diagnosis method for rolling element bearing faults using possibility theory and neural network

This paper presents an intelligent diagnosis method for a rolling element bearing; the method is constructed on the basis of possibility theory and a fuzzy neural network with frequency-domain features of vibration signals. A sequential diagnosis technique is also proposed through which the fuzzy neural network realized by the partially-linearized neural network (PNN) can sequentially identify fault types. Possibility theory and the Mycin certainty factor are used to process the ambiguous relationship between symptoms and fault types. Non-dimensional symptom parameters are also defined in the frequency domain, which can reflect the characteristics of vibration signals. The PNN can sequentially and automatically distinguish fault types for a rolling bearing with high accuracy, on the basis of the possibilities of the symptom parameters. Practical examples of diagnosis for a bearing used in a centrifugal blower are given to show that bearing faults can be precisely identified by the proposed method.     

柔性形态滤波和遗传规划在电机轴承故障诊断的应用

针对电机轴承故障振动信号的强噪声背景.以及电机轴承故障是一个内圈故障、外圈故障和滚动体故障多级分类问题的情况,提出了一种基于柔性形态滤波和遗传规划的电机轴承故障诊断方法.该方法首先对电机轴承故障原始信号进行柔性形态滤波,然后提取滤波后信号的故障特征频率的归一化能量以及时域统计特征量作为遗传规划中的终止符,通过复制、交叉、突变以及适应度计算等操作,使个体逐渐逼近问题的最优解,得到电机轴承故障模式分类的最优模型,试验结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

融合PSO优化的相关变模态分解与深度学习的旋转机械早期故障智能分类方法

针对旋转机械早期故障信号呈现微弱、相互干扰,易导致故障智能分类精度低的现状。提出一种融合优化的PSO-RVMD (Particle swarm optimization-Relevant Variational Mode Decomposition)与SAE (Stacked AutoEncoder)的旋转机械早期故障分类方法。智能分类方法主要有信号增强与智能分类两阶段组成。首先该方法利用所改进的PSO-RVMD分解电机-轴承系统的早期故障振动信号,通过定义的相关能量比概念计算各分量信号(IMFs)与原始信号之间的相关程度,筛选并重构相关程度高的分量,去除冗余与不相干的干扰与噪声成分,实现信号增强。最后,将增强的早期微弱信号输入到SAE模型中进行训练。利用SAE模型提取高层、抽象且利于分类的深度特征且在最后一层添加BP层,直接对提取的深度特征进行故障分类。通过仿真与实际电机-轴承系统振动信号验证了该方法的有效性,结果表明该方法能快速的实现旋转机械早期微弱故障的精确识别与诊断,提高故障特征学习与自动分类程度。     

Dynamic Routing-based Multimodal Neural Network for Multi-sensory Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motor

Induction motor is the main drive power in modern manufacturing, and timely fault diagnosis of induction motor is of significance to production safety, part quality and maintenance cost control. Data fusion-based diagnosis is attractive for effective utilization of multi-source monitoring information of motors with the development of industrial internet of things. A new multi-sensory fusion model is proposed, named dynamic routing-based multimodal neural network (DRMNN), following the paradigm of multimodal deep learning (MDL). Specifically, the fusion of vibration and stator current signals are investigated. A multimodal feature extraction scheme is designed for dimensionality reduction and invariant features capturing based on multi-source information. Since it is necessary to determine the importance of each modality, a dynamic routing algorithm is introduced in the decision layer to adaptively assign proper weights to different modalities. The effectiveness and robustness of developed DRMNN is demonstrated in the experimental studies performed on a motor test rig. In comparison with similar neural networks without data fusion and other state-of-art fusion techniques, the proposed DRMNN yields better performance.     

基于卷积神经网络的层级化智能故障诊断算法

传统智能故障诊断算法需要依赖人工特征提取和专家知识,而旋转机械设备复杂的工作环境和工况使得传统算法在实际应用中缺乏良好的自适应性和泛化性.针对以上问题,提出基于卷积神经网络(Convolutional neural network,CNN)的层级化故障诊断算法(CNN based hierarchical fault diagnosis,CNN-HFD).首先,将原始振动信号进行分段预处理,以实现数据扩容;然后,分别根据故障类型和故障程度设计多个卷积神经网络,并将原始振动数据以某一时间步进行分割,作为卷积神经网络的输入进行训练;最后,将待识别信号送入CNN-HFD模型,经过分层故障诊断,在末端卷积神经网络输出相应故障类别和程度.通过滚动轴承振动数据库的实验表明,所提出的算法不仅具有高达99.5%以上的故障识别率,而且在负载发生变化时依然可以保持高达97%以上的故障识别率,具有较好的鲁棒性和泛化性能.     

基于压缩采集与CNN的风电机轴承故障诊断

针对传统风电机轴承故障检测存在的采样数据量大、故障特征依赖主观选取的问题,提出了风电机轴承故障的信号压缩采集、自动提取特征及故障诊断的方法,解决了风电机轴承振动信号特征提取计算复杂、受先验知识影响较大的问题.首先基于梯度加速法(NAG)和QR分解理论对随机高斯观测矩阵进行优化,实现风电机轴承振动信号压缩采集;然后将压缩...     

基于广义形态滤波和MRSVD的故障诊断方法研究

为了从复杂工况下获取滚动轴承故障信息,提出了一种基于广义形态滤波和多分辨奇异值分解（Multi-Resolution Singular Value Decomposition,MRSVD）相结合的方法。首先利用广义形态学滤波方法对振动信号进行降噪预处理;然后利用MRSVD对降噪后的振动信号进行分解;最后通过峭度准则选取故障特征最丰富的细节信号,并对其进行Hilbert包络谱分析。将提出的方法应用于滚动轴承的故障检测,实验结果表明该方法能清晰地提取故障特征信息。     

改进集成深层自编码器在轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对滚动轴承振动信号故障特征难以自动提取和故障类别难以自动准确识别的问题,提出一种改进集成深层自编码器(IEDAE)方法.首先,改进自编码器的损失函数并设计3种小波卷积自编码器;其次,利用区分自编码器、小波卷积自编码器等5种自编码器构造相应的深层自编码器,并设计“跨层”连接以缓解深层网络的梯度消失现象,实现对轴承振动信号的无监督预训练和有监督微调;最后,通过加权平均法输出识别结果,以保证诊断结果的准确性和稳定性.实验结果表明,改进集成深层自编码器方法能有效地对滚动轴承进行多种工况和多种故障程度的识别,较好地摆脱了对人工特征提取的依赖,特征提取能力和识别能力优于现有其他方法.     

基于SVD-形态降噪的TKEO故障诊断方法研究

针对强噪声干扰背景下微弱故障特征信息难以提取的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解(SVD)-形态降噪的Teager能量算子(TKEO)故障诊断方法.首先对轴承振动信号进行SVD,对得到的分量信号进行形态滤波,以滤除噪声干扰;然后利用峭度准则对分量信号进行筛选,并对其进行重构;最后利用TKEO计算重构信号的瞬时能量,得到信号的能量谱,提取振动信号的特征.将提出的方法应用于滚动轴承故障分析,结果表明该方法能清晰地提取故障特征信息.     

基于RBF神经网络和小波包的电动机故障诊断研究

针对传统的电动机故障诊断存在很难准确提取故障时的特征信号及对故障作出准确预测的问题,提出了一种基于RBF神经网络和小波包的电动机故障诊断的方法。该方法采用小波包分析技术提取电动机典型轴承故障、转子故障和绝缘故障振动信号的特征频段能量并组成向量作为RBF神经网络的输入,用于诊断电动机的故障。实验和仿真结果表明,使用RBF神经网络对电动机故障诊断是非常有效的,对电动机早期故障的发现及维修有积极意义。     

A novel fault diagnosis method of bearing based on improved fuzzy ARTMAP and modified distance discriminant technique

This paper presents a novel intelligent diagnosis method based on multiple domain features, modified distance discrimination technique and improved fuzzy ARTMAP (IFAM). The method consists of three steps. To begin with, time-domain, frequency-domain and wavelet grey moments are extracted from the raw vibration signals to demonstrate the fault-related information. Then through the modified distance discrimination technique some salient features are selected from the original feature set. Finally, the optimal feature set is input into the IFAM incorporated with similarity based on the Yu’s norm in the classification phase to identify the different fault categories. The proposed method is applied to the fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing, and the test results show that the IFAM identify the fault categories of rolling element bearing more accurately and has a better diagnosis performance compared to the FAM. Furthermore, by the application of the bootstrap method to the diagnosis results it can testify that the IFAM has more capacity of reliability and robustness.     

S能量谱特征提取在轴承故障诊断中的应用

准确提取振动信号的特征,是滚动轴承故障检测的关键问题,为此提出一种基于S能量谱特征提取的故障诊断方法。该方法对振动信号进行S变换,得到时频矩阵,并构建S能量谱,对S能量谱进行奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition,SVD）分析,得到能够反映S能量谱特征的奇异值,利用变量预测模型（Variable Predictive Model based Class Discriminate,VPMCD）方法,通过建立特征值之间的内在关系,构建故障识别模型。将所提方法应用于滚动轴承故障检测,实验结果表明,S能量谱特征提取轴承故障诊断方法具有较高的正判率。     

基于相关性原理起重机负载电机监测系统设计

对起重机负载电机进行了研究,采用西门子公司的S7-200 SMART PLC采集负载电机的机械振动信号,通过工业Wi-Fi无线模块以无线数据包的形式将采集的数据汇总到上位机LabVIEW监测平台;上位机的LabVIEW监测平台对电动机振动信号进行相关性和频谱分析,将实时振动数据频谱信号和已知常见负载电机的轴承外圈故障、轴承内环故障和滚子故障3种典型的故障状态频谱信号进行相关性运算,得到实时信号与已知状态的相关系数;提出了以相关系数作为故障诊断判定阈值的方法进行故障诊断,实现了对起重机状态进行监测以及监控信息发布。     

A joint sparse wavelet coefficient extraction and adaptive noise reduction method in recovery of weak bearing fault features from a multi-component signal mixture

Rolling element bearings are widely used to support rotating components of a machine. Due to close space locations of components in the machine, a vibration signal caused by bearing localized defects is easily overwhelmed by other strong vibration signals. Extracting the bearing fault signal from a multi-component signal mixture is thus significant to detect early bearing fault features and prevent machine breakdown. In this paper, a bearing fault diagnosis method, named cyclic spike detection method, is proposed to extract the weak bearing fault features from a multi-component signal mixture. Firstly, the optimal center frequency and bandwidth of a complex Morlet wavelet filter are determined by a simplex-simulated annealing algorithm along with a maximum sparsity objective function. The filtered signal is then obtained by applying the optimal wavelet filter to the multi-component signal mixture. After that, a new adaptive local maximum selection method is proposed to make the filtered signal succinct. Only a few spikes are retained to reveal potential cyclic intervals caused by bearing localized defects. Two multi-component signal mixtures, including a simulated signal and a real vibration signal collected from an industrial machine, are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed cyclic spike detection method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can extract the weak bearing fault features from other strong masking vibration signals and noise.