基于压缩感知的传感器网络中概率负载均衡的数据路由协议

基于混合压缩感知(CS)理论,提出一种负载有效的路由协议.考虑分簇网络结构,簇内节点传输原始数据到簇头,簇头对数据进行压缩再通过最小生成树发送到sink.为防止簇头节点负载不均衡造成网络不能正常通信,提出负载度的概念并设计基于CS的负载均衡策略;然后,研究概率负载均衡策略以均衡所有节点的负载流量;最后,提出分布式补偿算法构建分簇网络并实现数据汇聚功能.仿真结果表明,所提出方法在提高网络生存时间及能耗均衡方面均优于传统方法.     

Hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for optimal cluster head selection in wireless sensor network

Clustering is one of the major techniques for maximizing the network lifetime in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Here, the sensor nodes (SNs) are grouped into clusters and the cluster heads (CHs) are selected for each cluster. CHs gather data from particular cluster nodes and then forward it to Base Station (BS). However, the selection of CHs is the major issue in this scenario. The sensor nodes consume more energy for the data transmission and also affect the lifetime of the network. The clustering technique is used to provide the energy-efficient data transmission that consumes less energy and also increases the network lifetime. This paper aims to propose a new energy-aware CH selection framework by hierarchical routing in WSN via a hybrid optimization algorithm. Moreover, the selection of CH is carried out under the consideration of energy, distance, delay and Quality of Service (QoS) as well. For selecting the optimal CH, a new hybrid algorithm named as Particle Distance Updated Sea Lion Optimization (PDU-SLnO) algorithm is introduced that combines the concept of Sea Lion Optimization (SLnO) and Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Finally, the performance of adopted method is computed over other traditional models with respect to certain metrics.     

A novel differential evolution based clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Clustering is an efficient topology control method which balances the traffic load of the sensor nodes and improves the overall scalability and the life time of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, in a cluster based WSN, the cluster heads (CHs) consume more energy due to extra work load of receiving the sensed data, data aggregation and transmission of aggregated data to the base station. Moreover, improper formation of clusters can make some CHs overloaded with high number of sensor nodes. This overload may lead to quick death of the CHs and thus partitions the network and thereby degrade the overall performance of the WSN. It is worthwhile to note that the computational complexity of finding optimum cluster for a large scale WSN is very high by a brute force approach. In this paper, we propose a novel differential evolution (DE) based clustering algorithm for WSNs to prolong lifetime of the network by preventing faster death of the highly loaded CHs. We incorporate a local improvement phase to the traditional DE for faster convergence and better performance of our proposed algorithm. We perform extensive simulation of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

受限节点的WSNs非均匀分簇算法应用研究

针对常规分簇路由算法不能有效解决节点位置、能量、频段受限的固态发酵温度检测无线传感器网络(WSNs)中节点过早死亡和能耗不均衡的问题,提出了一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法的非均匀分簇路由协议。首先,根据网络规模选择固定数目的簇首节点,然后,引入PSO算法和非均匀分簇机制,以簇首节点覆盖范围和簇内节点与簇首之间平均欧氏距离作为评价函数的影响因子,选取一组最优簇首。仿真实验结果表明:所提算法有效改善了受限节点无线测温网络"热区"效应,均衡了节点能耗,显著延长了网络生存周期。     

DUCF: Distributed load balancing Unequal Clustering in wireless sensor networks using Fuzzy approach

Data gathering in wireless sensor networks (WSN) consumes more energy due to large amount of data transmitted. In direct transmission (DT) method, each node has to transmit its generated data to the base station (BS) which leads to higher energy consumption and affects the lifetime of the network. Clustering is one of the efficient ways of data gathering in WSN. There are various kinds of clustering techniques, which reduce the overall energy consumption in sensor networks. Cluster head (CH) plays a vital role in data gathering in clustered WSN. Energy consumption in CH node is comparatively higher than other non CH nodes because of its activities like data aggregation and transmission to BS node. The present day clustering algorithms in WSN use multi-hopping mechanism which cost higher energy for the CH nodes near to BS since it routes the data from other CHs to BS. Some CH nodes may die earlier than its intended lifetime due to its overloaded work which affects the performance of the WSN. This paper contributes a new clustering algorithm, Distributed Unequal Clustering using Fuzzy logic (DUCF) which elects CHs using fuzzy approach. DUCF forms unequal clusters to balance the energy consumption among the CHs. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) in DUCF uses the residual energy, node degree and distance to BS as input variables for CH election. Chance and size are the output fuzzy parameters in DUCF. DUCF assigns the maximum limit (size) of a number of member nodes for a CH by considering its input fuzzy parameters. The smaller cluster size is assigned for CHs which are nearer to BS since it acts as a router for other distant CHs. DUCF ensures load balancing among the clusters by varying the cluster size of its CH nodes. DUCF uses Mamdani method for fuzzy inference and Centroid method for defuzzification. DUCF performance was compared with well known algorithms such as LEACH, CHEF and EAUCF in various network scenarios. The experimental results indicated that DUCF forms unequal clusters which ensure load balancing among clusters, which again improves the network lifetime compared with its counterparts.     

BARC: A Battery Aware Reliable Clustering algorithm for sensor networks

Clustering in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provides scalability and robustness for the network; it allows spatial reuse of the bandwidth, simpler routing decisions, and results in decreased energy dissipation of the whole system by minimizing the number of nodes that take part in long distance communication. Clustering allows for data aggregation which reduces congestion and energy consumption. Recent study in battery technology reveals that batteries tend to discharge more power than needed and reimburse the over-discharged power if they are recovered. In this paper, we first provide an online mathematical battery model suitable for implementation in sensor networks. Using our battery model, we propose a new Battery Aware Reliable Clustering (BARC) algorithm for WSNs. BARC incorporates many features which are missing in many other clustering algorithms. It rotates cluster heads (CHs) according to a battery recovery scheme and it also incorporates a trust factor for selecting cluster heads thus increasing reliability. Most importantly, our proposed algorithm relaxes many of the rigid assumptions that the other algorithms impose such as the ability of the cluster head to communicate directly with the base station and having a fixed communication radius for intra-cluster communication. BARC uses Z-MAC which has several advantages over other MAC protocols. Simulation results show that using BARC prolongs the network lifetime greatly in comparison to other clustering techniques.     

Clustering algorithms for maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks with energy-harvesting sensors

Motivated by recent developments in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we present several efficient clustering algorithms for maximizing the lifetime of WSNs, i.e., the duration till a certain percentage of the nodes die. Specifically, an optimization algorithm is proposed for maximizing the lifetime of a single-cluster network, followed by an extension to handle multi-cluster networks. Then we study the joint problem of prolonging network lifetime by introducing energy-harvesting (EH) nodes. An algorithm is proposed for maximizing the network lifetime where EH nodes serve as dedicated relay nodes for cluster heads (CHs). Theoretical analysis and extensive simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can achieve optimal or suboptimal solutions efficiently, and therefore help provide useful benchmarks for various centralized and distributed clustering scheme designs.     

一种无线传感器网络簇头选择算法——基于簇头发送能耗

分簇算法中,簇头的选择对无线传感器网络的能耗有重要的影响,为了提高网络生存周期,提出了一种基于簇头发送能耗的簇头选择算法（SECCS）。为了平衡节点间的不同能耗,使已做过簇头的节点在其后若干轮内不能再次成为簇头,其预计不能做簇头的轮次根据簇头发送能耗来决定,并动态调整不能做簇头的轮次,保证候选节点数量在合适的范围内。在选择簇头时,限制簇头间的距离不能过小,并优先选择周围节点数量适中而平均距离较近的节点成为簇头,使簇头尽可能均匀分布以减少全网能耗。该算法不需要节点的剩余能量和位置信息,计算简单。通过仿真和数据分析,证明其网络生存周期较长。     

Distributed unequal clustering algorithm in large-scale wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic

Clustering is a promising and popular approach to organize sensor nodes into a hierarchical structure, reduce transmitting data to the base station by aggregation methods, and prolong the network lifetime. However, a heavy traffic load may cause the sudden death of nodes due to energy resource depletion in some network regions, i.e., hot spots that lead to network service disruption. This problem is very critical, especially for data-gathering scenarios in which Cluster Heads (CHs) are responsible for collecting and forwarding sensed data to the base station. To avoid hot spot problem, the network workload must be uniformly distributed among nodes. This is achieved by rotating the CH role among all network nodes and tuning cluster size according to CH conditions. In this paper, a clustering algorithm is proposed that selects nodes with the highest remaining energy in each region as candidate CHs, among which the best nodes shall be picked as the final CHs. In addition, to mitigate the hot spot problem, this clustering algorithm employs fuzzy logic to adjust the cluster radius of CH nodes; this is based on some local information, including distance to the base station and local density. Simulation results demonstrate that, by mitigating the hot spot problem, the proposed approach achieves an improvement in terms of both network lifetime and energy conservation.     

能量高效的WSNs分簇数据融合算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)中多跳通信造成的“热区”以及数据冗余问题,提出了一种能量高效的分簇数据融合算法(EECDA).该算法在分簇阶段综合考虑节点的剩余能量、到基站的距离和邻居节点的数目,周期性地选择簇首和划分不同规模的簇;对簇内数据进行融合,利用辛普森积分法则计算预测接收数据,在保证采集数据实时性和准确性的前提下,降低数据的冗余性,减少通信负载,提高网络的能量利用率.仿真结果表明:该算法能够对数据进行高效预测,减少网络通信量,相较已有的算法,能够有效延长网络的生存周期.     

基于CS优化的双簇头分簇路由算法研究

为了减少无线传感器网络(WSNs)分簇路由中簇头的能量消耗,提出了一种基于布谷鸟搜索(CS)优化的双簇头分簇路由算法.CS通过采用节点的剩余能量和节点之间的位置关系来构造适应值函数并选举出最优双簇头.其中,主簇头将数据进行融合,副簇头将融合的数据发送给基站,缓解了以往单簇头同时负责数据融合和传输的双重压力,使得整体能耗在各个节点的分配更均衡.仿真实验表明:与LEACH算法、粒子群优化(PSO)算法相比,CS算法在减小网络能耗以及延长网络生存周期上更具优势.     

EECS:一种无线传感器网络中节能的聚类方案

在无线传感器网络中,节点聚类是一种有效的拓扑控制手段,可以增加网络的可扩展性以及延长网络寿命。LEACH是一个经典的延长网络寿命的聚类协议。提出了一种新颖的聚类策略EECS,它适用于周期性的数据收集应用。在聚类首领选举阶段本策略选取小部分节点参加竞选,采用无迭代过程的局部通信方式,而且总是选取剩余能量较多的节点担任聚类首领。进一步,在聚类建立阶段它创新地使用了一种聚类首领负载均衡的方法。EECS协议具有控制消息开销小,聚类在空间上分布近似均匀,网络能量有效利用率高等特点。模拟结果表明,与LEACH协议在相同假设的基础上,EECS方案延长网络寿命35%以上。     

高斯分布无线传感器网络簇头选择算法

针对无线传感器网络的能量受限问题,通常采用分簇聚合减少数据传输来实现能量节省。提出了一种基于高斯分布的分簇网络模型的簇头选择算法,构建了簇头选择函数的概率模型。模型以信道增益、剩余能量、簇内节点间距离及节点位置为参数,通过比较节点的概率函数值选择簇头。结果表明该选择算法能较大程度地提高网络能耗效率、延长网络生存时间。     

无线传感网中一种能量均衡的分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络的一个极富挑战性、极其关键的课题就是降低能源消耗以延长网络寿命。文中提出了一种能量均衡的分簇路由算法（CRA—EB）。算法分为三个阶段,即：簇头选择、聚的生成及数据传输。首先基于节点的剩余能量和邻居节点数目来选择簇头。然后每一个非簇头节点根据簇头代价值加入自身通信范围内的簇头。在数据传输阶段,CRA-EB首先在簇内使用单跳通信,然后在簇间使用多跳通信。对簇间通信,簇头以自身为起点对通往基站的各路径代价进行衡量,同时选择其他簇头作为中继节点在这些路径上转发数据。仿真实验结果表明,与LEACH和DEBR算法进行比较,CRA-EB算法在能耗和活跃节点数量方面的性能表现更加高效。     

无线传感器网络中的簇头节点能耗平衡策略

无线传感器网络（WSNs）具有集中式数据收集和多对一数据通信等特点,使得越靠近汇聚节点的簇头节点能耗越大,最终导致网络中心出现能量空洞。提出一种基于簇内节点分配的簇头节点能耗平衡策略,根据WSNs的分簇汇聚拓扑结构,分析了其中簇头节点的能量消耗情况;在此基础上,通过在各簇内分配一定数量的基本节点,并成比例地增加附加节点的方式,使网络中各簇头节点的能量消耗相等。仿真结果表明：该策略能够适应网络规模和负载的动态变化,最终达到平衡簇头节点能耗的目的。     

一种基于时间延迟机制的WSNs非均匀分簇算法

为减少无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中节点竞争簇首时多余的能耗,解决簇首能耗不均的问题,提出一种基于时间延迟机制的非均匀分簇算法。该算法使能量较多的节点被优先选为簇首,并提出了簇首竞争半径的计算方法,确保其数目稳定且位置均匀分布。成簇过程中,节点根据最小消费函数选择簇首,簇内成员加入时考虑簇首能量、二者距离以及簇首和汇聚节点角度等因素来均衡簇首能耗。仿真结果表明:算法能有效地均衡节点能耗,延长网络寿命,分别比CHTD和EEUC算法延长了35.1%和12.9%。     

一种新颖的传感器网络聚类路由协议

提出了一种能量有效的基于聚类的传感器网络路由协议—EEHCA（an Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for wireless sensor networks）。该协议通过最小化通信能量消耗并在所有节点之间实现能量消耗负载平衡的方式,达到了延长传感器网络生存时间的目的。协议提出了一种新颖的簇首确定机制,该机制可以避免感知区域内的节点进行频繁的簇首选举,从而节约了能量。为提高传感器网络的容错性能,引入了备用簇首的概念。在簇首与基站通信方面,采用多跳传输的方式进行,从而避免了距离基站较远的簇首进行长距离通信时所造成的能量过早耗尽的问题。仿真结果表明提出的协议拥有比LEACH和HEED协议更长的网络生存时间。     

煤矿井下无线传感器网络路由算法的研究

为了降低能耗,均衡网络开销,提出了一种高效节能的TSSM算法。该算法规定在网络初始化时进行簇的划分,以后各轮簇内的成员节点将不再发生改变,从而降低了多次生成簇的能量消耗;通过循环选举簇头节点来分散网络的开销;通过划分虚拟单元格以及规定非活动节点休眠,活动节点设定软、硬门限工作的方法,有效降低了网络冗余度;通过簇间多跳将距离网关较远节点的能耗分散到了网络中的其它簇头节点。仿真结果表明,TSSM算法更能有效利用网络资源,均衡节点能源的分配,在一定程度上延长了网络的生命周期。     

Trust- and energy-aware cluster head selection in a UAV-based wireless sensor network using Fit-FCM

Due to the emerging applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based technologies, UAV-based wireless communication techniques, such as UAV-based coverage extension, UAV-based data distribution and UAV-based relaying, are being used to collect information in different processing sectors. In particular, UAV-based data gathering and distribution can be executed using a UAV-based wireless sensor network (WSN). In UAV-based WSNs, the cluster heads (CHs) serve important functions in both data gathering and data transfer between members and UAVs. Due to the important functions of CHs, many attackers attempt hack CH nodes. Typically, a hacked CH utilizes excess energy compared to a normal CH since it performs the CH function of delivering information to a sink greedily. To resolve this, this paper develops a novel UAV-based CH selection (CHS) algorithm for use in WSNs, namely, the Fitness-based Fuzzy C-Means (Fit-FCM) algorithm, which gathers the remaining energy of nodes and utilizes the energy for selecting new CHs while neglecting the nodes with the lowest energy. Initially, UAV-based WSN nodes are simulated, and then, CHS is performed using the developed Fit-FCM algorithm, in which fitness functions such as energy, distance and trust are considered. After CHS, information is transmitted through the selected CHs. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed Fit-FCM achieves better results in terms of distance, energy, and trust, with values of 51.9076 m, 0.4882 J, and 0.536439, respectively.

     

An improved ant colony optimization-based approach with mobile sink for wireless sensor networks

Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with one static sink node suffer from the well-known hot spot problem, that of sensor nodes near the static sink bear more traffic load than outlying nodes. Thus, the overall network lifetime is reduced due to the fact some nodes deplete their energy reserves much faster compared to the rest. Recently, adopting sink mobility has been considered as a good strategy to overcome the hot spot problem. Mobile sink(s) physically move within the network and communicate with selected nodes, such as cluster heads (CHs), to perform direct data collection through short-range communications that requires no routing. Finding an optimal mobility trajectory for the mobile sink is critical in order to achieve energy efficiency. Taking hints from nature, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm has been seen as a good solution to finding an optimal traversal path. Whereas the traditional ACO algorithm will guide ants to take a small step to the next node using current information, over time they will deviate from the target. Likewise, a mobile sink may communicate with selected node for a relatively long time making the traditional ACO algorithm delays not suitable for high real-time WSNs applications. In this paper, we propose an improved ACO algorithm approach for WSNs that use mobile sinks by considering CH distances. In this research, the network is divided into several clusters and each cluster has one CH. While the distance between CHs is considered under the traditional ACO algorithm, the mobile sink node finds an optimal mobility trajectory to communicate with CHs under our improved ACO algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve wireless sensor network performance compared to other routing algorithms.