消除酿造酱油二次沉淀的方法研究

利用明胶、蛋清液2种澄清剂对酱油进行澄清试验，并对处理后的酱油吸光度值、氨基酸态氮等进行了测定。结果表明，蛋清液是较好的澄清剂，其澄清度高且用量适中；明胶的处理效果稍差，且用量较少。经澄清后可以消除酱油的2次沉淀现象，得到红褐色透明的酱油。     

不同澄清剂在龙眼发酵酒中的应用

利用蛋清液、壳聚糖、皂土、干酪素4种澄清剂对龙眼发酵原酒进行澄清处理，测定龙眼原酒的吸光度值、透光率、酒度、高级醇、酸度和残糖量。结果表明，皂土的最佳添加量为1％皂土悬浮液4％(10ml酒液加0.4m1)；蛋清的最佳添加量为3％(0．3ml)；壳聚糖的最佳添加量为1％溶液4％(10ml酒液加0．4ml)；干酪素的最佳添加量为1％溶液2％(10ml酒液加0．2m1)。壳聚糖是最佳的澄清剂，澄清条件为：每10ml的原酒中加入0．4ml的1％壳聚糖溶液，澄清温度为14—16℃．澄清时间4—6d；蛋清液的效果与壳聚糖相近。(孙悟)     

蛋清液在清除酿造酱油二次沉淀上应用

由于工艺原因成品酱油在货架期出现二次沉淀现象,利用蛋清液对酱油进行澄清试验,检测酱油中氨基酸、可溶性无盐固形物及微生物指标的变化,结果表明蛋清液是一种比较理想的澄清剂。     

消除酿造食醋二次沉淀的方法研究

利用明胶、蛋清液两种澄清剂对酿造食醋进行初步的澄清实验,并对处理后食醋的吸光光度值、酸度等进行测定,比较其澄清效果。结果表明,蛋清液是较好的澄清剂,其澄清度高,用量适中,明胶处理效果稍差。经澄清后,可以消除食醋的二次沉淀现象。     

不同澄清剂在高橙果酒中的应用

利用皂土、干酪素、蛋清液、JA4种澄清剂对高橙发酵原酒进行澄清处理，测定高橙原酒的吸光度值、透光率，观察沉淀物和酒色的变化情况。结果表明，皂土的最佳添加量为100mL酒液加3mL；干酪素的最佳添加量为100mL酒液加1mL；蛋清液的最佳添加量为100mL酒液加2mL；JA的最佳添加量为100mL酒液加2mL。干酪素是最佳的澄清剂，澄清条件为：每100mL原酒中加入1mL 1％的干酪素溶液，澄清温度为20～22℃，澄清时间为5～7d。     

苹果酒澄清工艺的研究

以壳聚糖、蛋清液、明胶-单宁、膨润土-明胶为澄清剂对苹果原酒进行澄清处理,对处理后的苹果酒测定其透光率、酒度、酸度和残还原糖,比较不同澄清剂的澄清效果。结果表明,膨润土-明胶的添加量为0.5＋0.05mL时透光率最高,达到97%,且操作简单,澄清时间短,适合工业化大规模应用。     

不同澄清剂在消除酿造酱油二次沉淀的应用研究

该文探讨了蛋清液、明胶、木瓜蛋白酶在酱油中的澄清效果,并对其在使用上的安全性、澄清效果、使用成本进行了比较.结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶在消除酿造酱油二次沉淀上的应用效果明显优于其他澄清方法.     

苹果果酒的澄清研究

利用壳聚糖、明胶、蛋清液三种澄清剂对苹果发酵原酒进行初步的澄清实验,并对处理后苹果酒的吸光光度值、透光率、酒度、酸度和残还原糖量进行了测定,比较了其澄清效果。结果表明:蛋清液是最好的澄清剂,其澄清度高且用量适中,明胶的处理效果稍差,但用量极少,二者均具有工业应用的价值,壳聚糖处理后的果酒虽然达到了实验中的最高澄清度,但用量较大,工业应用价值不大。     

刺梨发酵酒(原酒)澄清剂及澄清方法的筛选

用不同澄清剂和澄清方法在常温和低温条件下对刺梨发酵酒进行澄清实验。结果表明：皂土添加4．8g/L、明胶与皂土添加比例为2.6：1，澄清效果最好，其透光率在95％以上，澄清后的酒具有很好的稳定性，色泽金黄、清亮透明，不影响刺梨发酵酒的风味。     

不同澄清剂对葡萄酒澄清效果及葡萄酒品质的影响

本试验从澄清后葡萄酒的澄清效果及下胶处理后酒样的部分理化指标等方面比较研究了明胶和皂土（或明胶和皂土配合使用）、蛋清粉、明胶＋蛋清蛋白、植源胶、蛋清蛋白对葡萄酒的澄清效果,确定了不同澄清剂的最佳使用剂量。结果表明,明胶＋蛋清蛋白、植源胶在起到澄清作用的同时,葡萄酒综合理化指标及感官质量明显优于其它几种澄清剂法,最佳澄清剂量为明胶＋蛋清蛋白90mg／L,植源胶80mg／L。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.