A Dual Neural Network for Kinematic Control of Redundant Manipulators Using Input Pattern Switching

This paper presents a dual neural network for kinematic control of a seven degrees of freedom robot manipulator. The first network is a static multilayer perceptron with two hidden layers which is trained to mimic the Jacobian of a seven DOF manipulator. The second network is a recurrent neural network which is used for determining the inverse kinematics solutions of the manipulator; The redundancy is used to minimize the joint velocities in the least squares sense. Simulation results show relatively good comparison between the outputs of the actual Jacobian matrix and multilayer neural network. The first network maps motions of the seven joints of the manipulator into 42 elements of the Jacobian matrix, with surprisingly smaller computations than the actual trigonometric function evaluations. A new technique, input-pattern-switching, is presented which improves the global training of the static network. The recurrent network was designed to work with the neural network approximation of the Jacobian matrix instead of the actual Jacobian. The combination of these two networks has resulted in a time-efficient procedure for kinematic control of robot manipulators which avoids most of the complexity present in the classical-trigonometric-based methods. Also, by electronic implementation of the networks, kinematic solutions can be obtained in a very timely manner (few nanoseconds).     

Asymptotically stable visual servoing of manipulators via neural networks

In this article we present a class of position control schemes for robot manipulators based on feedback of visual information processed through artificial neural networks. We exploit the approximation capabilities of neural networks to avoid the computation of the robot inverse kinematics as well as the inverse task space–camera mapping which involves tedious calibration procedures. Our main stability result establishes rigorously that in spite of the neural network giving an approximation of these mappings, the closed‐loop system including the robot nonlinear dynamics is locally asymptotically stable provided that the Jacobian of the neural network is nonsingular. The feasibility of the proposed neural controller is illustrated through experiments on a planar robot. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Indirect iterative learning control for a discrete visual servo without a camera-robot model.

This paper presents a discrete learning controller for vision-guided robot trajectory imitation with no prior knowledge of the camera-robot model. A teacher demonstrates a desired movement in front of a camera, and then, the robot is tasked to replay it by repetitive tracking. The imitation procedure is considered as a discrete tracking control problem in the image plane, with an unknown and time-varying image Jacobian matrix. Instead of updating the control signal directly, as is usually done in iterative learning control (ILC), a series of neural networks are used to approximate the unknown Jacobian matrix around every sample point in the demonstrated trajectory, and the time-varying weights of local neural networks are identified through repetitive tracking, i.e., indirect ILC. This makes repetitive segmented training possible, and a segmented training strategy is presented to retain the training trajectories solely within the effective region for neural network approximation. However, a singularity problem may occur if an unmodified neural-network-based Jacobian estimation is used to calculate the robot end-effector velocity. A new weight modification algorithm is proposed which ensures invertibility of the estimation, thus circumventing the problem. Stability is further discussed, and the relationship between the approximation capability of the neural network and the tracking accuracy is obtained. Simulations and experiments are carried out to illustrate the validity of the proposed controller for trajectory imitation of robot manipulators with unknown time-varying Jacobian matrices.     

基于NARX网络的无刷直流电机自适应逆控制

针对无刷直流电机(bnmhless DC motor,BLDCM)非线性的特点,引入了一种基于神经网络的自适应逆控制方法.该方案中,用非线性自回归(NARX)动态网络做为模型辨识器和控制器.辨识器采用了BP(back propagation)算法在线调整参数,并获取被控时象精确的Jacobian信息,再由实时递归学习算法(RTRL)实现对控制器的在线整定.仿真结果表明,方法具有响应速度较快、无超调的优点,且具备较强的自适应性和鲁棒性.     

Development of a neural network based integrated control system of 120 ton/h capacity boiler

An integrated control system based on artificial neural network (ANN) is presented in this paper to control a 120 ton/h capacity boiler of the Zia Fertilizer Company Limited (ZFCL), Ashuganj, Bangladesh. The process inverse dynamic modelling technique is applied to design the proposed controller. A multilayer feed-forward neural network is trained to identify the unknown inverse dynamic model of the boiler plant by a well known learning algorithm called backpropagation. The training data were collected from the history file of ZFCL. A new software controller is then developed for integrated control system of the ZFCL boiler using the weights of the trained network. Both the training mode and running mode of the developed controller are presented in this paper. The controller output is also converted into electrical signal using pulse width control technique. The generated signal is used for on-line regulation of the control valve through the parallel port of the computer. The developed controller is tested by using the boiler input–output data that are not used during the training. The output response and performance of the developed controller is compared with those of the existing PID controller of the plant.     

基于并行自学习的神经网络内模控制及其应用研究

基于在线并行自学习的神经网络内模控制,该方法是借助于神经网络对复杂系统的辩识能力对被控对象进行正模型及逆模型的辩识,用NNM辩识对象的正模型,通过一个并行自学习系统训练的NNC辩识对象的逆模型,然后用做内模控制器去控制对象。将该种控制策略应用于火电厂热工对象中具有大迟延、大惯性和时变等特性的主汽温对象,仿真研究表明,该控制方案适应对象参数的变化并表现出良好的控制特性,具有较强的鲁棒性和自适应能力。在实际应用中具有一定的实用价值。     

基于LabVIEW的神经网络自适应逆控制系统

目前基于人工神经网络的非线性自适应逆控制研究主要集中在Matlab仿真研究方面,无法直接推广为实际应用。为此,采用基于LabVIEW的动态神经网络非线性自适应逆控制方法,首先在LabVIEW中建立动态神经网络结构及在线学习算法,并依此建立非线性对象的辨识器和逆控制器等模型;然后构建完整的非线性对象自适应逆控制系统,并在LabVIEW环境中通过仿真验证了系统性能。通过配置相应的数据采集设备,该系统可以直接推广为实际应用。     

一种无约束多步递归神经网络预测控制器

本文针对具有强非线性、多工作点特性的控制系统, 提出了一种基于递归BP神经网络的多步预测模型; 通过分析预测模型的内在数学关系, 选择了二次型函数作为预测控制器的目标函数, 并给出了目标函数关于控制序列的雅可比矩阵和赫森矩阵的计算方法; 最后使用Newton-Rhapson算法设计出了滚动优化控制策略, 构建了一个非线性多步预测控制器. 仿真结果表明, 文中提出的多步预测控制器具有较好的控制效果.     

Stable neurovisual servoing for robot manipulators

In this paper, we propose a stable neurovisual servoing algorithm for set-point control of planar robot manipulators in a fixed-camera configuration an show that all the closed-loop signals are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) and converge exponentially to a small compact set. We assume that the gravity term and Jacobian matrix are unknown. Radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) with online real-time learning are proposed for compensating both gravitational forces and errors in the robot Jacobian matrix. The learning rule for updating the neural network weights, similar to a back propagation algorithm, is obtained from a Lyapunov stability analysis. Experimental results on a two degrees of freedom manipulator are presented to evaluate the proposed controller.     

Visual servoing of redundant manipulator with Jacobian matrix estimation using self-organizing map

Vision based redundant manipulator control with a neural network based learning strategy is discussed in this paper. The manipulator is visually controlled with stereo vision in an eye-to-hand configuration. A novel Kohonen’s self-organizing map (KSOM) based visual servoing scheme has been proposed for a redundant manipulator with 7 degrees of freedom (DOF). The inverse kinematic relationship of the manipulator is learned using a Kohonen’s self-organizing map. This learned map is shown to be an approximate estimate of the inverse Jacobian, which can then be used in conjunction with the proportional controller to achieve closed loop servoing in real-time. It is shown through Lyapunov stability analysis that the proposed learning based servoing scheme ensures global stability. A generalized weight update law is proposed for KSOM based inverse kinematic control, to resolve the redundancy during the learning phase. Unlike the existing visual servoing schemes, the proposed KSOM based scheme eliminates the computation of the pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian matrix in real-time. This makes the proposed algorithm computationally more efficient. The proposed scheme has been implemented on a 7 DOF PowerCube? robot manipulator with visual feedback from two cameras.     

Bioreactor temperature profile controller using inverse neural network (INN) for production of ethanol

This paper presents the use of inverse neural networks (INN) for temperature control of a biochemical reactor and its effect on ethanol production. The process model is derived indicating the relationship between temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Using fundamental model obtained data sets; an inverse neural network has been trained using the back-propagation learning algorithm. Two types of temperature profile are used to compare the performance of the INN and conventional PID controllers. These controllers have been simulated in MATLAB for a quantitative comparison. The results obtained by the neural network based INN controller and by the PID controller are presented and compared. There is an improvement in the performance of INN controller in settling time and dead time and steady state error over the PID controller.     

Neural network controller with flexible structure based on feedback-error-learning approach

In practice, the back-propagation algorithm often runs very slowly, and the question naturally arises as to whether there are necessarily intrinsic computation and difficulties with training neural networks, or better training algorithms might exist. Two important issues will be investigated in this framework. One establishes a flexible structure, to construct very simple neural network for multi-input/output systems. The other issue is how to obtain the learning algorthm to achieve good performance in the training phase. In this paper, the feedforward neural network with flexible bipolar sigmoid functions (FBSFs) are investigated to learn the inverse model of the system. The FBSF has changeable shape by changing the values of its parameter according to the desired trajectory or the teaching signal. The proposed neural network is trained to learn the inverse dynamic model by using back-propagation learning algorithms. In these learning algorithms, not only the connection weights but also the sigmoid function parameters (SFPs) are adjustable. The feedback-error-learning is used as a learning method for the feedforward controller. In this case, the output of a feedback controller is fed to the neural network model. The suggested method is applied to a two-link robotic manipulator control system which is configured as a direct controller for the system to demonstrate the capability of our scheme. Also, the advantages of the proposed structure over other traditional neural network structures are discussed.     

Neural Network Structures for Optimal Control of LPCVD Reactors

In this paper, a new approach of LPCVD reactor modelling and control is presented, based on the use of neural networks. We first present the development of a hybrid networks model of the reactor. The objective is to provide a simulation model which can be used to compute online the film thickness on each wafer. In the second section, the thermal control of a LPCVD reactor is studied. The objective is to develop a multivariable controller to control a space- and time-varying temperature profile inside the reactor. A neural network is designed using a methodology based on process inverse dynamics modelling. Good control results have been obtained when tracking space-time temperature profiles inside the LPCVD reactor pilot plant. Finally, global software is elaborated to achieve film thickness control in an experimental LPCVD reactor pilot plant, in order to get a defined and uniform deposition thickness on the wafers all along the reactor. Experimental results are presented which confirm the efficiency of the optimal control strategy.     

Adaptive control of a nonlinear dc motor drive using recurrent neural networks

A model-following adaptive control structure is proposed for the speed control of a nonlinear motor drive system and the compensation of the nonlinearities. A recurrent artificial neural network is used for the online modeling and control of the nonlinear motor drive system with high static and Coulomb friction. The neural network is first trained off-line to learn the inverse dynamics of the motor drive system using a modified form of the decoupled extended Kalman filter algorithm. It is shown that the recurrent neural network structure combined with the inverse model control approach allows an effective direct adaptive control of the motor drive system. The performance of this method is validated experimentally on a dc motor drive system using a standard personal computer. The results obtained confirm the excellent disturbance rejection and tracking performance properties of the system.     

基于神经网络的冗余度TT-VGT机器人的运动学求解

应用BP神经网络对冗余度TT-VGT机器人的位姿正解进行训练学习,进而求解机器人 的位姿反解问题．根据网络模型求得机器人的一、二阶影响系数,应用神经网络求解雅可比 矩阵的伪逆．并对七重四面体的变几何桁架机器人进行了仿真计算．     

基于RBF神经网络整定的高速公路匝道PID控制器

研究RBF神经网络整定PID控制器的参数,并应用到高速公路入口匝道控制中。首先阐述了入口匝道控制原理,然后建立了高速公路交通流模型,并设计了RBF神经网络整定的高速公路匝道PID控制器,RBF神经网络通过对被控对象Jacobian信息的辨识来动态调节PID控制器的参数,最后用MATLAB软件进行系统仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制器具有优越的动态和稳态性能,用于高速公路入口匝道控制中效果良好。     

基于有序神经网络的神经模糊预测控制

本文使用有序神经网络和改进的模糊控制器构成了一种新型的神经模糊预测控制方法，有序网络学习速度快，所需神经数目少，用事先训练好的有序网络代替传统的预测模型，以期增强输出预测的准确性；同时，用一种改进的模糊控制器原有的PID控制器，增强系统的鲁棒性。仿真结果表明，所提出的神经模糊预测控制方法可以获得理想的控制效果。     

基于小波神经网络的板形板厚综合系统逆控制

针对板形板厚综合系统具有强耦合、非线性、含纯滞后环节的特点,提出一种基于小波神经网络的逆控制方案.利用两个结构相同的小波神经网络构造Smith预估器,预估器的输入参数与时延阶次无关,能较好地解决小波神经网络对维数较为敏感的问题.采用神经网络逆控制的思想设计小波神经网络控制器,引入多步预测性能指标函数对控制器权值进行在线训练.仿真研究表明,该控制方案具有较快的响应速度和良好的动态性能.     

基于遗传神经网络的自适应PID控制器的设计

提出了一种基于遗传算法和神经网络的自适应PID控制器的设计方法。该控制器主要由三个部分组成:利用遗传算法优化PID参数,和RBF神经网络结合,对被控对象逼近,搜索出一组准优的初始参数;RBF神经网络完成对被控对象Jacobian信息辨识;基于单神经元的自适应PID控制器,在线调整PID参数,以确保系统的响应具有最优的动态和稳态性能。仿真结果表明,控制器具有响应速度快,稳态精度高等特点,可用于控制不同的对象和过程。     

An inverse kinematics algorithm for interaction control of a flexible arm with a compliant surface

This paper deals with the problem of controlling the interaction of a multilink flexible arm in contact with a compliant surface. For a given tip position and surface stiffness, the joint and deflection variables are computed using a closed-loop inverse kinematics algorithm. This is based on a suitable Jacobian matrix which includes terms accounting for the static deflections due to gravity and contact force. The computed variables are used as the set-points for a simple joint PD control, thus achieving regulation of the tip position and contact force via a joint-space controller. The scheme is tested in a simulation case study for a planar two-link manipulator.