无线Mesh网络可靠多播路由

无线Mesh网络多播路由是无线路由必须解决的关键技术。部分研究者对网络资源和服务质量（QoS）进行研究,提出了建立最短路径树、最小开销树、负载感知、信道分配多播等多播算法;有的算法考虑链路可靠性,建立备用路径。将结合网络资源和可靠性对多播路由算法进行研究,提出了建立可靠多播树（RT,Reliable Tree）的多播路由算法：可靠多播树是一个多树结构,由一棵首选多播树和一棵多径树构成,多径树提供可靠多路径,以提高网络吞吐量。     

基于保护环的ATM多播树自愈机制

本文提出了一种采用预设计的方法生成可恢复ATM多播树的自愈机制,该机制考虑了多播树的任何单链路和单节点失效两种情况.多播树的所有链路都包含在不同的保护环中,点相邻的保护环通过不经过公共点的接通路径相连.节点检测到失效时,只需激活相应的保护环和接通路径即可.仿真结果验证了该机制的有效性和可靠性.     

基于保护环的ATM多播树自愈机制

本文提出了一种采用预设计的方法生成可恢复ＡＴＭ多播树的自愈机制,该机制考虑了多播树的任何单链路和单节点失效两种情况,多播树的所有链路都包含在不同的保护环中,点相邻的保护环通过不经过公共点的接通路径相连,节点检测到失效时,只需激活相应的保护环和接通路径即可。仿真结果验证了该机制的有效性和可靠性。     

基于SimCT的多播路由及故障恢复研究

在数据交换网络中,颜色树是一种通过节点不相交的多路径路由数据报文的有效方法。这种方法中组建两棵以某一节点为根节点的颜色树,即Red树和Blue树,网络中各节点到根节点的路径是节点不相交的。本文在分析和研究SimCT算法的基础上,提出了一种基于颜色树的多播树生成方法及单节点/链路故障的多播通信恢复方案。该方法根据SimCT算法构造的颜色树来组建一棵多播转发树,在多播树中单节点或单链路故障后,故障检测节点本地执行故障恢复方案,将受影响的故障节点的下游子树重新连接到多播树。仿真实验表明,本文所提出的多播树生成方案相比现有方案可以减少网络资源的浪费,并且故障恢复后的代价与原多播通信树相当。     

WANET网络多播路由协议MAODV的能量改进算法

无线自组织网络(WANET)是一种由固定或者移动的主机通过无线链路构成的自治系统.由于在无线自组织网中,节点运行时所需要的能f来自于电池的有限供给,因此针对节能目的对WANET网络的组播路由算法进行改进很有必要.本文在MAODV的基础上从组播树构建的机理出发,提出了基于RREQ发送数据包、多播路由选择及激活的改进方案.     

无线传感器网络中联合路由优化的高能效链路调度

链路调度技术是提高无线传感器网络数据传输可靠性的重要途径.传统的链路调度算法主要关注如何寻找无干扰传输条件下的最小调度帧,而忽视路径选择对链路调度的影响,会导致部分链路的干扰集过大,降低了时隙复用性.针对这一难题,系统分析了链路调度与路径选择及网络能耗的关系,提出联合路径优化的高能效链路调度模型.为加快求解速度,首先通过变量删减及模型转化,提出基于整数规划的最优路由树构建算法;进一步,根据整数规划求解的路由树与链路需求,提出基于最大干扰度优先的启发式链路调度算法.大量仿真实验验证了本文算法的有效性.     

基于链路共享度的网络编码多播路由算法

针对网络编码中最小编码子图的构造问题,提出了一种基于链路共享度的网络编码多播路由算法.该算法利用各条链路的共享度不同,依次选择共享度最大的链路加入到多播传输路径中.实验仿真结果表明,该算法与传统的最短路径多播树算法相比,可节省网络资源约6%～15%,能更好地均衡网络负载,结合随机网络编码算法,能够有效提升多播传输的性能...     

基于关键节点和多播节点的多播路由算法

在视频会议等多播应用中，降低多播树网络费用非常重要。本文提出了基于关键节点和目的节点的多播路由KDDMC算法。由于在算法中优先考虑采用关键节点，实现更多链路的共享，从而降低网络费用。在随机网络上的仿真结果表明，KDDMC算法的多播树网络费用优于SPH算法。同时证明了KDDMC算法的复杂度为O(n^3)，且利用所提出的路由表算法易于分布式实现。     

一种传感器网络的分布式多播路由优化算法

传感器感知的信息需要通过网络传送给感兴趣目标节点,传统网络中的多播技术往往能耗高、实时性不够理想,不利于在传感器网络中使用。针对 WSN中节点对网络拓扑未知,该文先将多播路由问题演化为最优多播路径问题,通过启发式算法求解分布式最优路径,并通过一种基于贪婪思想的裁剪合并策略优化多播路由树,直至整个网络得到最优路径,最后并结合了节点区域集中以及无线多播特性,提出了 DCast 路由算法。最后通过仿真实验与uCast, SenCast等经典的传感器网络的多播路由算法仿真比较,可以得出其算法在时延性以及能耗等方面性能有优势。     

一种提高Ad hoc网络中多播可靠性的算法和模型

在Ad hoc网络中,低可靠性的无线链路使多播应用网络扩展性较差,然而有线网络多播应用中FEC(Forward Error Correction)技术和NACK(Negative ACKnowledgement)重传机制不适于Ad hoc网络。该文旨在提高Ad hoc网络中多播可靠性,提出由PDA(Packet Dispersal Algorithm)算法和ARM(Active Retransmission Model)重传模型相结合的可靠多播传输方案(RMTS)。理论分析和仿真结果都表明该方案具有效率高、复杂度低、资源占用少和开销小等优点。     

Maximizing multicast lifetime in unreliable wireless ad hoc network

Multicast is an efficient method for transmitting the same packets to a group of destinations. In energy-constrained wireless ad hoc networks where nodes are powered by batteries, one of the challenging issues is how to prolong the multicast lifetime. Most of existing work mainly focuses on multicast lifetime maximization problem in wireless packet loss-free networks. However, this may not be the case in reality. In this paper, we are concerned with the multicast lifetime maximization problem in unreliable wireless ad hoc networks. To solve this problem, we first define the multicast lifetime as the number of packets transmitted along the multicast tree successfully. Then we develop a novel lifetime maximization genetic algorithm to construct the multicast tree consisting of high reliability links subject to the source and destination nodes. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

链路可靠的无线传感器网络组播路由协议

在无线传感器网络实际应用中,组播正在发挥着越来越重要的作用.但由于能量等多方面的因素,使得为无线传感器网络设计一个有效的组播路由是非常困难的.针对无线传感器网络中节点的能量限制,通过寻求节点间最短路径,提出一种能量有效的链路可靠组播路由协议(RLMR).该协议充分考虑到网络中节点的能耗因素和两节点间的链路可靠性等,通过对这两个因素的综合考虑,让能量较多并且以发送节点更靠近的节点承担更多传输任务的方式,为数据流优化路由选择,均衡无线传感器网络节点的能量消耗,以延长网络的生存时间.仿真结果证明了RLMR的有效性和可靠性.     

基于链路可靠性的无线虚拟网络分配方法

针对无线网络链路可靠性差影响无线虚拟网络的分配这一问题,提出了一种基于链路可靠性的无线虚拟网络分配算法（WVNEA-LR）。该算法通过物理网络拓扑预处理和允许同一个虚拟请求中的多个虚拟节点映射到同一个物理节点上的方法,提高了Vn构建成功率和节约了物理链路资源。利用Q因子改善了因拓扑分配稀疏时Vn构建成功率低的问题。此外,WVNEA-LR的节点分配为链路分配作了准备,并通过选择可靠性高的承载路径保证了分配后的Vn具有高可靠性。仿真结果表明, WVNEA-LR获得较好的虚拟网络构建成功率、较高的收益成本比和资源利用率。     

Cross-Layer-based Local Repair for Maximizing Goodput and Minimizing Control Messages in Multicasting MANET

The Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) protocol achieves multicast routing in self-organizing wireless mobile on-demand networks, e.g., Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, unreliable wireless links degrade network reliability and network goodput, and the unreliable link problem becomes worse in multicasting because a multicast tree consists of more number of wireless links. MAODV adopts a broadcast-type local repair, and thus yields a large number of broadcast-type repair messages, increases extensive control overhead, and involves largely power consumption. Thus, a cross-layer unicast-type multihop local repair approach is proposed to recover broken links in multicasting MANETs. Additionally, the cross-layer mechanism provides mobile nodes to send a cross-layer message to the TCP sender to keep current congestion window (cwnd) and slow start threshold (ssthresh) when downstream links are temporarily broken, and then increases network goodput. Finally, the optimal number of neighbor-tiers is analyzed and the optimal substitute node is identified. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms other approaches in successful repair rate, control message overhead, packet delivery ratio, and network goodput.     

Stable routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks using mobile agent

Wireless ad hoc networks are growing important because of their mobility, versatility, and ability to work with fewer infrastructures. The mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous system consisting of mobile nodes connected with wireless links. Establishing a path between two nodes is a complex task in wireless networks. It is still more complex in the wireless mobile ad hoc network because every node is no longer as an end node and an intermediate node. In this paper, it focuses on design of connectionless routing protocol for the wireless ad hoc networks based on the mobile agent concept. The proposed model tries to discover the best path taking into consideration some concerns like bandwidth, reliability, and congestion of the link. The proposed model has been simulated and tested under various wireless ad hoc network environments with the help of a different number of nodes. The results demonstrate that the proposed model is more feasible for providing reliable paths between the source and destination with the minimum control message packets over the network. It has delivered more number of packets to the destination over the network. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

可靠性约束下的无线Mesh网络拓扑控制优化方法

为合理规划无线Mesh网络,确保在节约无线资源前提下网络长期可靠地运行,该文定义了无线Mesh网络不同节点之间的归一化相对可靠性约束条件计算公式,建立了网络拓扑控制优化的模型,并配套研究了可靠性约束下拓扑控制的计算方法。该方法把Prim最小生成树方法融入到最大流最小割算法过程中,计算节点间每跳链路距离最短的不相交路径,通过不相交路径数与网络拓扑可靠性的相关性,得到可靠性约束下的拓扑优化。阐述了计算方法的正确性,并给出时间及空间复杂度。通过仿真验证及对比分析,在指定2×sqrt(N)对节点间为4条不相交路径及其他节点间2条不相交路径的可靠性约束条件下,不同网络规模的吞吐量及时延平均性能分别提升15.3%及20.1%,表明了可靠性约束下的拓扑控制方法更加合理性与灵活性,更能满足实际无线网络拓扑控制的要求。     

Lifetime optimization for reliable broadcast and multicast in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we consider the reliable broadcast and multicast lifetime maximization problems in energy‐constrained wireless ad hoc networks, such as wireless sensor networks for environment monitoring and wireless ad hoc networks consisting of laptops or PDAs with limited battery capacities. In packet loss‐free networks, the optimal solution of lifetime maximization problem can be easily obtained by tree‐based algorithms. In unreliable networks, we formulate them as min–max tree problems and prove them NP‐complete by a reduction from a well‐known minimum degree spanning tree problem. A link quality‐aware heuristic algorithm called Maximum Lifetime Reliable Broadcast Tree (MLRBT) is proposed to build a broadcast tree that maximizes the network lifetime. The reliable multicast lifetime maximization problem can be solved as well by pruning the broadcast tree produced by the MLRBT algorithm. The time complexity analysis of both algorithms is also provided. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms can significantly increase the network lifetime compared with the traditional algorithms under various distributions of error probability on lossy wireless links. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient Resource Allocation for Wireless Multicast

In this paper, we propose a bandwidth-efficient multicast mechanism for heterogeneous wireless networks. We reduce the bandwidth cost of an Internet protocol (IP) multicast tree by adaptively selecting the cell and the wireless technology for each mobile host to join the multicast group. Our mechanism enables more mobile hosts to cluster together and leads to the use of fewer cells to save the scarce wireless bandwidth. Besides, the paths in the multicast tree connecting to the selected cells share more common links to save the wireline bandwidth. Our mechanism supports the dynamic group membership and offers mobility of group members. Moreover, our mechanism requires no modification to the current IP multicast routing protocols. We formulate the selection of the cell and the wireless technology for each mobile host in the heterogeneous wireless networks as an optimization problem. We use integer linear programming to model the problem and show that the problem is NP-hard. To solve the problem, we propose a distributed algorithm based on Lagrangean relaxation and a network protocol based on the algorithm. The simulation results show that our mechanism can effectively save the wireless and wireline bandwidth as compared to the traditional IP multicast.     

PPMA, a probabilistic predictive multicast algorithm for ad hoc networks

Ad hoc networks are collections of mobile nodes communicating using wireless media without any fixed infrastructure. Existing multicast protocols fall short in a harsh ad hoc mobile environment, since node mobility causes conventional multicast trees to rapidly become outdated. The amount of bandwidth resource required for building up a multicast tree is less than that required for other delivery structures, since a tree avoids unnecessary duplication of data. However, a tree structure is more subject to disruption due to link/node failure and node mobility than more meshed structures. This paper explores these contrasting issues and proposes PPMA, a Probabilistic Predictive Multicast Algorithm for ad hoc networks, that leverages the tree delivery structure for multicasting, solving its drawbacks in terms of lack of robustness and reliability in highly mobile environments. PPMA overcomes the existing trade-off between the bandwidth efficiency to set up a multicast tree, and the tree robustness to node energy consumption and mobility, by decoupling tree efficiency from mobility robustness. By exploiting the non-deterministic nature of ad hoc networks, the proposed algorithm takes into account the estimated network state evolution in terms of node residual energy, link availability and node mobility forecast, in order to maximize the multicast tree lifetime, and consequently reduce the number of costly tree reconfigurations. The algorithm statistically tracks the relative movements among nodes to capture the dynamics in the ad hoc network. This way, PPMA estimates the node future relative positions in order to calculate a long-lasting multicast tree. To do so, it exploits the most stable links in the network, while minimizing the total network energy consumption. We propose PPMA in both its centralized and distributed version, providing performance evaluation through extensive simulation experiments.