非酿酒酵母菌的分离鉴定及产酯关键酶活性的研究

采用传统培养分离法从新疆葡萄表皮分离酵母菌，结合形态观察及WL培养基鉴定，选取代表性菌株进行分子生物学鉴定，并测定筛选菌株的产酯含量及产酯关键酶活性。结果表明，共分离出72株酵母菌株，筛选出33株代表性菌株，其中非酿酒酵母31株，归属于10个属，分别为红酵母属（Rhodotorula）、隐球酵母属（Cryptococcus）、有孢圆酵母属（Torulaspora）、克鲁维酵母属（Kluyveromyces）、有孢汉生酵母菌属（Hanseniaspora）、洛德酵母属（Lodderomyces）、梅奇酵母属（Metschnikowia）、棒孢酵母属（Clavispora）、毕赤酵母属（Pichia）和锁掷酵母属（Sporidiobolus），且Rhodotorula（16.13%）、Hanseniaspora（16.13%）和Pichia（19.35%）为主要非酿酒酵母。非酿酒酵母中Torulaspora XM2（5.22 g/L）、Pichia K3（4.91 g/L）、Hanseniaspora HE3（4.63 g/L）和Pichia ML3（4.57 g/L）总酯含量较高。通过对其产酯关键酶活性的测定推测乙酸酯水解酶及醇乙酰基转移酶对酯类物质的生成可能有极大地影响。     

Yeast involved in fermentation of Coffea arabica in East Africa determined by genotyping and by direct denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis

Samples of Coffea arabica were collected during the different stages of the fermentation from two production sites in Tanzania. The yeasts community was identified by genotyping using ITS-PCR and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene. For confirmation, denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 26S rRNA gene was performed to detect yeast directly from coffee samples without cultivation. Yeast counts were in the range 4.0 x 10(4) - 5.0 x 10(7) CFU/g with an increase during fermentation. Three yeasts species were dominant. The predominant yeast found during fermentation and drying was Pichia kluyveri. Pichia anomala was found in high numbers during drying of coffee beans. Hanseniaspora uvarum was the predominant yeast during fermentation but decreased during drying. Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida pseudointermedia, Issatchenkia orientalis, Pichia ohmeri and Torulaspora delbrueckii occurred in concentrations of 10(3) CFU/g or below in coffee samples. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida xestobii were not isolated by cultivation, but by the DGGE technique. A good agreement was found between the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and sequencing of the DGGE bands.     

老白干酒曲中酵母菌多样性分析

采用微生物分离培养与分子鉴定相结合的方法,在对酒曲中的酵母菌进行分离、纯化和形态学鉴定基础上,进行菌株核糖体26S rDNA聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析技术结合的分子鉴定。并采用非培养方法,直接提取酒曲中的总DNA进行聚合酶链式反应扩增、电泳和切胶与回收,通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）法鉴定酵母菌。结果表明,采用培养方式分离到57?株6?种不同形态的酵母菌,经鉴定为5?种分子类型,分别为奥默毕赤酵母（Pichia kudriavzevii）、葡萄牙棒孢酵母（Clavispora lusitaniae）、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）、胶红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）、阿氏丝孢酵母（Trichosporon asahii）。经PCR-DGGE法鉴定得到10 株酵母菌,分别为W. anomalus、Wickerhamomyces sp.、T. asahii、热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis）和Candida sp.各1 株,Hyphopichia burtonii 2?株,另有uncultured Saccharomycopsis 3?株。培养与非培养两种方式共鉴定得到10 株酵母菌,分别属于8?个属,包括P. kudriavzevii、C. lusitaniae、W. anomalus、R. mucilaginosa、T. asahii、uncultured Saccharomycopsis、H. burtonii、Wickerhamomyces sp.、C. tropicalis、Candida sp.,该研究结果可为进一步研究酒曲的发酵能力提供参考。     

新疆石河子地区酵母菌的生物多样性及系统发育研究

通过对石河子地区酵母菌的筛选,了解石河子地区酵母菌的生物多样性。采用YPD培养基分离纯化菌株,通过26SrDNA基因D1／D2区序列分析确定菌种的系统进化地位。分离筛选出6个属天然酵母菌,分别为：假丝酵母属（Candida）、Meyerozyma属、红酵母属（Rhodotorula）、孢汉逊属（Hanseniaspora）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomycescerevisiae）和毕赤酵母属（Pichia）,共10个种,其中包括6个疑似种。     

传统发酵牦牛酸乳中酵母菌的分子生物学鉴定

通过提取羊八井地区传统发酵牦牛酸乳中分离到的36 株酵母菌的基因组DNA,经聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增其26S rDNA并测定序列,将序列输入GenBank中通过基本局部序列检索工具（Basic Local Alignment Search Tool,BLAST）检索确定种属（同源性≥99%）。结果表明：传统发酵牦牛酸乳中酵母菌主要为马克斯克鲁维酵母17 株（47.2%）、酿酒酵母6 株（16.7%）、平常假丝酵母5 株（13.9%）、喜仙人掌毕赤酵母4 株（11.1%）、发酵毕赤酵母3 株（8.3%）,1 株鉴定失败。并构建系统发育进化树结合分子鉴定结果分析酵母菌的遗传多样性。     

赊店老酒大曲中可培养真菌的分离和鉴定

该研究采用传统分离培养方法,对赊店老酒大曲中的真菌进行分离纯化并通过形态学观察及分子生物学鉴定确定所获菌株的分类地位。结果表明,老酒大曲样品中共计分离得到45株酵母菌和103株霉菌。共鉴定出6株酵母菌,分别为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）、异常威克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces anomalus）、扣囊复膜酵母（Saccharomycopsis fibuligera）、发酵毕赤酵母（Pichia fermentans）、胶红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）及光滑假丝酵母（Candida glabrata）;酵母的优势菌属为酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）（相对含量71%）、光滑假丝酵母属（Candida glabrata）（相对含量11%）。共鉴定出4个霉菌属,分别为根霉属（Rhizopus）、横梗霉属（Lichtheimia）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）和毛霉属（Mucor）;霉菌的优势菌属为根霉属（Rhizopus）（相对含量37%）、横梗霉属（Lichtheimia）（相对含量33%）。     

浓香型白酒发酵旺盛期糟醅中酵母菌菌群研究

充分解析并挖掘浓香型白酒糟醅中的酵母菌株资源,对五粮液发酵旺盛期中的糟醅进行高通量测序以及纯培养。其中通过高通量测序技术共检测出11个种属的酵母菌群,包括:Kazachstania exigua、Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Kazachstania humilis、Pichia kudriavzevii、Zygosaccharomyces bailii、Saccharomycopsis fibuligera、Trichosporon ovoides、Debaryomyces hansenii、Naumovozyma castellii、Pichia manshurica、Geotrichum silvicola。利用7种培养基筛选五粮液发酵旺盛期糟醅中的酵母菌株,通过合并共获得57株纯培养酵母菌株,通过26S rDNA序列鉴定,发现其分属于Pichia kudriavzevii、Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida glabrata和Candida rugosa。结果表明:浓香型白酒发酵旺盛期糟醅中的酵母群体多样性丰富,但与高通量测序相比,纯培养法仅能分离到糟醅酵母群体中的少数种属,因此要充分挖掘浓香型白酒糟醅中的酵母菌株资源,还需进一步优化分离、培养方法。     

传统四川泡菜发酵过程中酵母菌分离鉴定

以红皮萝卜为原料,分别用自然发酵法、老泡菜水发酵法泡制四川泡菜,采用传统的分离培养方法、26S r DNA序列测定技术,研究不同发酵时期各泡菜水中的酵母菌群分布及动态变化。研究结果表明,发酵过程中共存在5种酵母菌,经鉴定其依次为清酒假丝酵母菌(Candida sake)、掷孢酵母(Sporisoriu camicdor)、胶红酵母(Rhodotorula mucilaginosa)、毕赤酵母属galeiformis(Pichia galeiformis)、酒酵母(Kazachstania exigua)。对发酵过程中动态分析表明:Pichia spp.、Kazachstania spp.为传统发酵泡菜中主要的酵母菌。此外,两种不同发酵方式发酵过程中出现的酵母菌种类不同,但动态变化趋势大致相同。      

Screening of non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts for the production of beta-D-xylosidase activity

Fifty-four yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida, Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces, mainly isolated from grapes and wines, were screened for the production of beta-D-xylosidase activity. Beta-D-xylosidase activity was only detected in eight yeast strains belonging to the genera Hanseniaspora (H. osmophila and H. uvarum) and Pichia (P. anomala). Beta-D-xylosidase preparations active against p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside were characterised with respect to their optimal pH and temperature conditions. H. uvarum 11105 and 11107 and P. anomala 10320 beta-D-xylosidase preparations were active at pH and temperature ranges and at concentrations of glucose and ethanol usually found during winemaking processes.     

祁连葡萄酒产区葡萄酒相关野生酵母菌株的分离及初步分类

取祁连葡萄酒产区葡萄园原料自然发酵筛选葡萄酒相关野生酵母菌株68株,利用YEPD培养基的形态观察以及WL营养培养基的聚类分析,并结合生理生化实验对其进行初步分类,结果表明,与葡萄酒相关的野生酵母菌株有假丝酵母、有孢汉逊酵母、酒香酵母、毕赤氏酵母、红酵母以及酿酒酵母,其中有孢汉逊酵母属和酒香酵母属为优势菌株。      

Yeast populations associated with Ghanaian cocoa fermentations analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)

The yeast populations associated with the fermentation of Ghanaian cocoa were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Samples were collected at 12-24 h intervals from heap and tray fermentations, at three different fermentation sites and different periods during the season. Eukaryotic universal primers were used to amplify a fragment of the 26S rRNA gene. The DGGE profiles were relatively complex, underlining that the fermentation of cocoa is a complex microbial process. The identities of selected fragments in the denaturing gels were revealed by sequencing. Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Candida krusei and Pichia membranifaciens were detected from most fermentations, indicating their possible important role in the fermentation of Ghanaian cocoa. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida zemplinina were almost exclusively detected during tray fermentations. The developed DGGE protocol was compared with traditional culture-based isolations. The results were comparable but slightly different, as one yeast species (C. zemplinina) was only detected using DGGE. On the other hand, Trichosporon asahii yielded only faint bands in the denaturing gels, despite the fact that it was detected using culture-based methods. Analysis of pure cultures showed that the targeted region of the 26S rRNA gene was poorly amplified in T. asahii, whereas all other investigated isolates were amplified efficiently using the chosen PCR approach. Cluster analysis revealed that the DGGE profiles clustered according to fermentation method and fermentation site. Furthermore, clustering according to progress in the fermentation was observed. The DGGE technique therefore seems to offer a relatively fast and reliable method for studying yeast population dynamics during cocoa fermentations.     

Significance of yeasts in the fermentation of maize for ogi production

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida krusei, C. tropicalis, Geotrichum candidum, G. fermentans and Rhodotorula graminis were isolated during the fermentation of maize for ogi production. All the isolates except Geotrichum fermentans and Rhodotorula graminis were able to degrade phytate. All the yeasts strains exhibited lipase and esterase activities. Only S. cerevisiae (2.60%) and C. krusei (7.41%) exhibited amylase activities. Candida sp. produced wider zone of inhibition than the other yeasts strains tested during lipase activity while S. cerevisiae strains produced significantly wider zone of clearing as compared to the other yeasts for esterase activities. The study of inter-relationships between Lactobacillus plantarum and yeasts (C. krusei and S. cerevisiae) showed that the growth of the yeast strains were enhanced during fermentation by the presence of the lactic acid bacteria, but the growth of the L. plantarum strain was significantly enhanced especially by the C. krusei.     

Analysis of yeast and archaeal population dynamics in kimchi using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Kimchi is a traditional Korean food that is fermented from vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and radish. Many bacteria are involved in kimchi fermentation and lactic acid bacteria are known to perform significant roles. Although kimchi fermentation presents a range of environmental conditions that could support many different archaea and yeasts, their molecular diversity within this process has not been studied. Here, we use PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting the 16S and 26S rRNA genes, to characterize bacterial, archaeal and yeast dynamics during various types of kimchi fermentation. The DGGE analysis of archaea expressed a change of DGGE banding patterns during kimchi fermentation, however, no significant change was observed in the yeast DGGE banding patterns during kimchi fermentation. No significant difference was indicated in the archaeal DGGE profile among different types of kimchi. In the case of yeasts, the clusters linked to the manufacturing corporation. Haloarchaea such as Halococcus spp., Natronococcus spp., Natrialba spp. and Haloterrigena spp., were detected as the predominant archaea and Lodderomyces spp., Trichosporon spp., Candida spp., Saccharomyces spp., Pichia spp., Sporisorium spp. and Kluyveromyces spp. were the most common yeasts.     

几株酵母菌的分子系统学鉴定

通过对酵母菌5.8S核糖体RNA的ITS区域PCR扩增及限制性酶切片段多态性(RFLP)的图谱分析以和26S rDNA D1/D2区及5.8S-ITS区的序列分析,共鉴定13株分离自新疆鄯善地区的葡萄酒相关酵母菌。5.8S-ITS区的4种内切酶(HaeⅢ、Hin6Ⅰ、HinfⅠ、AluⅠ)的酶切分析产出4种特异性图谱。根据26S rDNA D1/D2区的序列分析和BLAST比对,将供试菌株鉴定为4个属4个种,分别为Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida zemplinina、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Pichia kluyveri var. kluyveri;而根据5.8S-ITS-RFLP及5.8S-ITS序列分析,将供试菌种鉴定为Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Candida zemplinina、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Issatchenkia terricola 4个属4个种。3种方法对供试的10个菌株的鉴定结果一致,而对另外3株的鉴定结果不同。     

神农架地区酒曲驯养酵母的多样性与特性研究

神农架地区有着悠久的酿酒历史,酿酒酵母的生物多样性丰富。通过收集神农架及周边地区酿酒作坊的9种不同的酒曲,从中分离获得19株酵母菌,通过形态学观察,产子囊孢子情况及抗逆性能探究,并根据对其rDNA-ITS序列构建的系统发育树进行分析。结果表明,此19株驯养酵母菌可归为5个属,分别为Wickerhamomyces sp.,Pichia sp.,Saccharomyces sp.,Saccharomycopsis sp.和Candida sp.。从酒曲中分离出来的Wickerhamomyces sp.有8株,占菌种总数的42.1%,Saccharomyces sp.有6株,占总数的31.6%,均为优势菌株。     

Characterization of some yeasts isolated from foods by traditional and molecular tests

In this study, 22 yeast strains isolated from foods were characterized by traditional and molecular techniques. With the help of traditional identification tests, yeast strains were grouped in 12 species belonging to 11 genera as follows: Candida parapsilosis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Debaryomyces hansenii, Cryptococcus humicolus, Cryptococcus albidus, Aureobasidium spp., Hanseniaspora valbyensis, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Lachancea thermotolerans, Pichia anomala, Geotrichum candidum and Yarrowia lipolytica. The patterns obtained by the digestion of ITS-18S rRNA gene with MspI and HaeIII restriction endonucleases were similar among strains belonging to the same species. With the help of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis performed within the same species, discrimination of M. pulcherrima strains could be achieved.     

夏黑葡萄附生酵母菌分离及多相分类鉴定

葡萄野生酵母是酿造优质葡萄酒的重要菌种来源,为发现有价值的野生葡萄酵母,本研究以夏黑葡萄为研究对象,采用平板划线分离的方法得到3株葡萄野生酵母YYMPT-1、YYMPT-2和YYMPT-3,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）进行形态观察,PCR扩增26S核糖体DNA的D1/D2区（26S r DNA D1/D2）、核糖体内转录间隔区（ITS1-5.8SITS2）和肌动蛋白基因（Actin gene）区域,并构建系统发育树,将3株酵母菌分别鉴定为有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）、近玫色锁掷酵母（Sporidiobolus pararoseus）和假丝酵母（Candida zemplinina）。本研究结果为优质葡萄酒酿造和改善葡萄酒风味提供了3株具有潜在工业化应用价值的资源菌。      

新疆传统馕发酵面团中酵母菌的多样性分析

采用平板分离与纯化、26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列测定和系统发育分析方法,对新疆乌鲁木齐、阿勒泰、伊犁、喀什、阿克苏及和田6 个地区民间传统馕面团发酵酵母菌多样性进行了研究。从中分离得到227 株酵母菌,它们隶属于10 个属14 个种：Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Saccharomyces servazzii、Pichia fermentans、Pichia membranifacies、Pichia kudriavzevii、Pichia anomala、Candida humilis、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Torulasporadelbrueckii、Wickerhamomyces anomalus、Cladosporium ramotenellum、Cryptococcus albidus、Kodamaea ohmeri、Issatchenkia orientalis;其中Saccharomyces cerevisiae为优势种,占总分离株的55.51%（126 株）,在系统发育树上形成2 个大分枝4 个小分枝,A1-1分枝由115 株菌株构成,是馕面团发酵的优势品系菌群。研究结果阐明了新疆民间传统馕面团中酵母菌的多样性,为开发利用传统馕面团的酵母菌资源提供了理论依据。     

Distribution of phenolic yeasts and production of phenolic off-flavors in wine fermentation

The activity of wine yeasts to decarboxylate ferulic and p-coumaric acids is one of their biological properties related to the production of phenolic off-flavors (POF) in wine-making. We examined POF productivity in 116 strains of wine yeast, 74 strains of wild yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 23 strains of non-Saccharomyces yeast, and found that a majority of these yeasts were POF-producing strains. The frequency distribution of POF-producing strains was 81 to 95% in wine yeasts, 85 to 97% in wild yeasts and 78 to 83% in non-Saccharomyces yeasts based on the POF test with addition of ferulic and p-coumaric acids to grape juice medium. The Rhodotorula, Candida, Cryptococcus, Pichia, Hansenula, and Brettanomyces strains had high or moderate POF productivity among the 20 non-Saccharomyces species. The decomposition rate of ferulic acid correlated with POF production and the critical concentration of phenolic acid (free form) in grape must was estimated to be more than 10 mg/l. Segregation of POF phenotype and Southern blot analysis of phenolic wine yeasts suggest that POF production is controlled by the POF gene (PAD1). The results showed the frequent distribution of phenolic yeasts in the wine-making environment. These suggest the importance of controlling POF production by using wine yeast strains of low POF productivity. The grapes must be prepared by a suitable process to prevent the increase in phenolic acid content.     

Orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis banding patterns of DNA from yeasts

Chromosomal DNAs from various yeast species were separated by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis (OFAGE). To this end we developed a spheroplasting and lysis method to obtain intact DNA from both ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeasts. The OFAGE banding patterns of 22 ascomycetous and four basidiomycetous yeast strains were compared. The strains represented species from the genera: Brettanomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, Filobasidiella, Geotrichum, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces, Pachysolen, Pichia, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Saccharomycodes, Saccharomycopsis, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces. Variations occurred in the number of bands and their positions in the gel, not only among strains of different genera but also among species from the same genus and even between varieties of the same species. The ascomycetous yeasts, with the exception of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, only showed one to five bands of DNA larger than 1000 kilobase pairs (kb) in general none smaller. The patterns of the four basidiomycetous yeasts revealed also a few large DNA bands but in addition one to six bands ranging in size from 500 to 1000 kb, with the exception of a single smaller chromosome in Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. From the OFAGE banding patterns of strains studied here it appears that in Sacch. cerevisiae the partitioning of DNA over chromosomes is unique. But rather than the large number of chromosomes, the presence of four chromosomes with less than 500 kb of DNA is characteristic for Sacch. cerevisiae.