数据库和模式识别技术在失效分析中的应用

介绍了数据库技术和模式识别技术在压力管道、压力容器腐蚀失效分析中的两个应用.以当前最流行的数据库技术SQL Server存储各种压力管道、压力容器腐蚀案例数据,ASP(Active Server Page)技术开发应用程序,实现了一个基于WEB方式的压力管道、压力容器腐蚀失效案例库;利用Hopfield神经网络工作原理,研究适用于腐蚀失效模式识别的学习、推理机模型.在此基础上,运用面向对象的编程技术及数据库技术,开发并实现能够学习、识别腐蚀失效模式的软件系统.     

压力容器和管道失效预测模型

综合评述了压力容器与管道的失效预测模型,介绍了一些较为广泛应用的压力容器和管道部件的失效预测模型。     

电站和化工厂压力容器与管道的失效模式及防御措施

罗列了有关压力容器与管道失效的知识。根据大量的参考文献的研究结果,对压力容器与管道的失效原因及相关的防御措施进行了综合评述。     

管道失效判据简析

在外部载荷超过管道所能承受范围时管道即发生失效。通过研究管道在外力作用下的力学性能,有助于确定管道失效时的应力或应变的临界值,根据是取应力还是取应变作为衡量管道失效时的指标,分别有基于应力的失效判据和基于应变的失效判据。合理选用管道失效判据,可以节约管道投资、延长管道使用时间。简介材料应力—应变曲线的一般特征,分析管道基于应力的失效判据和基于应变的失效判据的方法。     

炼油厂制氢装置奥氏体不锈钢变径管的应力腐蚀破坏

对炼油厂制氢装置低温段奥氏体不锈钢的变径管所出现的破裂失效原因进行了分析.结果表明变径管失效是应力腐蚀引起的.应力腐蚀裂纹起源于变径管焊缝内表面热影响区,变径管加工过程中所形成的不均匀粗大组织是促进应力腐蚀的主要原因.     

某天然气管道内腐蚀问题探析

某输气管线自2006年10月投产以来,至今该段管道已经发生5起管道泄漏事件,泄漏点均在管道底部.通过对失效管道的壁厚测量、理化试验、腐蚀产物分析、防腐蚀层测试,并结合施工档案,可认定该管道是由于CO2和细菌腐蚀所造成破坏.通过清管排出管道内壁中残留积水及提高输送管输天然气的洁净度,有效地降低了管道发生内腐蚀的风险.     

天然气旁通计量管道泄漏失效分析

对天然气场站计量旁通管道泄漏事故进行了失效分析,利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和金相等方法对管道的成分、夹杂、金相组织以及管道中的腐蚀产物进行了分析检测.结果表明:该计量旁通管道天然气泄漏是由于管道内残留的积水与天然气中的硫化氢共同作用产生腐蚀并引起管道破裂所致.     

海洋石油平台井口管道腐蚀失效研究

海洋采油平台井口管道是腐蚀高发部位,一旦出现井口管道腐蚀失效现象,那么后果不堪设想。本文首先分析了海洋石油采油平台腐蚀特点,阐述了海洋石油采油平台井口管道的布置设计,同时,以某一实倒为例,就海洋石油平台井口管道腐蚀失效进行研究。     

柴油加氢装置换热器泄漏失效分析

某柴油加氢装置中高压换热器实际工作温度低于设计温度而发生了腐蚀,为了寻找其原因,对失效管道的腐蚀形貌、材料成分及金相进行了全面分析.结果表明,管板焊接位置的腐蚀类型主要是堆焊层剥离类型的失效行为;点蚀特征是由于铵盐结晶导致的垢下腐蚀;管口减薄是由于冲刷腐蚀所致.针对其失效原因,提出了相应的建议,对实际使用具有一定的帮助.     

锅炉过热器管弯头开裂失效分析

某12Cr1MoVG钢锅炉在投入使用数月后发现过热器管弯头处发生开裂.采用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪对锅炉过热器管弯头开裂进行了失效分析.结果 表明:过热器管弯头失效的主要原因为碱性环境下的应力腐蚀和氢脆,过热器管弯头在运行过程中局部存在浓缩碱溶液,浓缩碱溶液在高温和水的作用下腐蚀管道内壁并生成微量的氢,氢在残余应力的作用下侵入金属内部并在晶界处聚集引发氢脆,这是造成弯头内壁形成大量沿晶裂纹的根本原因.     

柴油加氢装置高压换热器管束断裂原因与防护

对热高分气与混氢换热器断裂管束进行了失效原因分析。结果表明,氯化物应力腐蚀开裂是管束失效的主要原因,氢的存在及管板与管束在溶液环境组成的腐蚀电池加快了该腐蚀的速度。针对腐蚀原因采取了优化设计和制造、安装和操作等腐蚀防护措施,效果良好。     

Pipeline failures in corrosive environments – A conceptual analysis of trends and effects

Pipeline corrosion is a major challenge facing many oil and gas industries today because of the enormous downtime associated with corrosion related failures. Fatigue stress initiation in pipelines has been attributed to corrosion defects whose growth is enhanced by cyclic loading caused by the operating pressure of the transported fluids. This work reviews the concept of oil and gas transmission pipeline failures in corrosive environment by highlighting the corrosion mechanisms, dominant stress corrosion cracking trends, hydrogen induced cracking and predominant models for burst pressure estimation. Fatigue stress failure trends of corroding pipelines were also explained whilst describing some pipeline manufacturing processes that increases the susceptibility to fatigue stress failure. Optimization framework for pipeline integrity assurance against corrosion fatigue failures was also shown to incorporate different steps that includes – strategic policy initiation, policy implementation, information analysis and reviews and implementation actions.     

锅炉水冷壁爆管分析

锅炉水冷壁发生了钝边和无明显塑性变形爆管。通过对失效的锅炉水冷壁管进行宏观检查、化学分析和金相试验以及X射线衍射分析，发现该管向火侧外壁(烟气侧)发生了导致管壁严重减薄的高温硫腐蚀和内壁(水侧)垢下酸性腐蚀，而垢下腐蚀产物为氢原子渗入基体与Fe3C反应生成的CH4，由它引发沿晶微裂纹，最终由氢致裂纹引起管材失效。     

Degradation of stainless steel grids in chemically aggressive environment

The present study concerns the failure analysis of a perforated austenitic stainless steel grid, operating in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger of a petrochemical industry. Macroscopic examination of the grid indicated extensive friability and severe cracking in a direction perpendicular to its normal loading, while both grid surfaces as well as the interior of the filtration holes were covered significantly by decayed deposits. Microscopic examination of selected grid areas, after the surface deposits removal, indicated severe cracking exhibiting multiple branching, which advocates for stress corrosion cracking. Besides the extensive cracking areas, voids surrounded by twinning and slip bands were observed. Elemental microanalysis carried out in the areas around voids indicated the presence of iron and chromium at proportions that can be correlated to the formation of σ-phase. The detection of oxygen, iron and chromium within the cracks is attributed to corrosion products consisting of a mixture of iron and chromium oxides. The premature catastrophic failure of the stainless grid occurred as a synergistic effect of these distinct root-causes. Potential substitution of the currently used stainless steel with another alloy of higher resistance in stress corrosion cracking and microstructure stability at high temperatures is suggested.     

A study on axial cracking failure of drill pipe body

Frequently happening drill pipe failure accidents in oil and gas wells not only affect drilling speed, but cause enormous economic losses and many safety issues. Most of these accidents are transverse cracking of drill pipe body and pin thread or axial cracking of box thread. Based on the axial cracking failures of drill pipe body in an ultra-deep well in China, this paper give a systematic analysis of axial cracking failure in consideration of service condition, material quality and stress corrosion mechanism. Measurement and inspection are performed on macroscopic and microscopic morphology of crack surface, corrosion products and circumferential residual stress. Then stress corrosion cracking experiments against hydrogen sulfide is conducted. Finally, the critical stress value for sulfide stress corrosion cracking of the drill pipe material is obtained, and the mechanisms of axial cracking failure and corresponding preventive measures are proposed.     

Hydrogen-Induced Crack Formation in the low-alloy steel 26 NiCrMoV 145 with a yield strength of approx. 850 N/mm

In recent years intergranular stress corrosion cracking has occurred worldwide in the shrink-fitted discs of low-pressure turbine rotors made of low-alloy steels. Both anodic stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen-induced crack formation have been mentioned in the literature as possible failure mechanisms. Clarification of the role of hydrogen induced cracking was sought by carrying out a variety of tests with the low-alloy steel 26 NiCrMoV 145. The results indicate that hydrogen plays a decisive role in the failure mechanism, provided it is available in sufficiently high quantities.     

合成氨废热锅炉换热管开裂分析

对某石化厂合成氨废热锅炉换热管开裂进行失效分析,结果表明:换热管材料在该使用工况条件下产生高温氢腐蚀,进而引起沿晶开裂,此为锅炉换热管开裂的失效主要原因。并相应提出了防止产生类似失效情况的预防措施。     

Effect of hydrogen in aluminium and aluminium alloys: A review

Susceptibility of aluminium and its alloys towards hydrogen embrittlement has been well established. Still a lot of confusion exists on the question of transport of hydrogen and its possible role in stress corrosion cracking. This paper reviews some of the fundamental properties of hydrogen in aluminium and its alloys and its effect on mechanical properties. The importance of hydrogen embrittlement over anodic dissolution to explain the stress corrosion cracking mechanism of these alloys is also examined in considerable detail. The various experimental findings concerning the link between hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking are also discussed.     

奥氏体不锈钢波纹膨胀节失效分析

采用化学成分分析、硬度测试和金相检验等方法对某电厂多次发生泄漏的膨胀节进行了检测,对其形成原因进行分析。结果表明：膨胀节在服役环境下,其内侧蒸汽中携带的氯化钠,在膨胀节的波峰内侧部位发生富集和浓缩,并在工作条件下,腐蚀裂纹从膨胀节内侧启裂,以沿晶状特征逐渐向外壁延伸穿透,最终形成穿透裂纹和点蚀坑,使波峰处材质发生应力腐蚀开裂而导致泄漏。     

Marine Atmospheric SCC of Unsensitized Stainless Steel Rock Climbing Protection

A failure investigation into the root cause of fixed austenitic stainless steel climbing anchor hardware in tropical marine climates has been presented. The incident 316L climbing anchor was fixed in a seaside limestone cliff in southern Thailand and underwent transgranular chloride stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) after 10 years of service. Since stainless steel does not normally undergo stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at ambient temperatures, the conditions known to promote ambient temperature TGSCC of austenitic stainless steel are reviewed. A mechanism that may give rise to TGSCC in limestone climbing anchors in warm marine environments is postulated.