浅谈城市设计与地方文化的结合

城市的建设与发展拥有一定的历史延续、深厚的文化底蕴,城市的建设与管理者不应该忽视这些元素的存在。城市文化如同城市的灵魂,它指引着城市以不同的面貌向世人展示着它的风采与魅力。     

Geographic information systems: Providing information for wildland fire planning

Controlling wildfires within the wildland/urban interface has proven to be the most complex challenge facing wildland fire agencies. Although program improvements to increase the efficiency of interface suppression efforts have been suggested, the availability of information about the wildfire environment remains a critical resource for wildland fire planning. Geographic Information Systems (GISs) can provide the technology to store, manipulate, analyze, and display spatially oriented information in a form necessary for efficient fire planning and incident decision making. Complex map and attribute information, including vegetation types, fuels models, weather patterns, topography, fire suppression environment, landuse characteristics, and microenvironmental features, can be rapidly summarized and integrated. This integrated information can be used to create unique polygons useful in predicting fire behavior, allocating fire suppression resources, and as an aid in planning land use. Simplified user interfaces and the portability of new hardware systems will allow GISs to be used at every level of wildland fire planning.     

南宁市相思湖湿地公园生态景观地域性设计研究

随着中国城市化进程的加快,城市发展与土地资源和水资源短缺的矛盾愈发突出,使得湿地公园成为城市绿地系统发展的一个重要建设项目。如何使公园能传承当地的地域文化特点,是当代公园景观设计的重点及难点之一。     

水资源承载力理论在城市规划中的应用

水资源是城市建设和发展的基础条件和限制因素 ,应被视为城市规划的重要方面和城市建设的重要内容 ,而当前的城市规划未对水资源给予应有的重视 ,特别是水资源的承载能力尚未得到正确的认识 ,造成某些城市的发展规模与其水资源承载力不相适应和其它各种水问题 ,反过来为城市的持续发展带来了负面影响。本文分析了水资源承载力概念的缘起和内涵 ,在此基础上探讨了水资源承载力理论在城市规划中应用的必要性及其对城市规划的影响 ,提出 :城市规划应将水资源承载力作为其指导思想之一 ,改革和完善城市规划程序 ,加强城市规划与水资源规划和管理之间的协调 ,城市规划应充分考虑城市水资源统一管理及可能采取的措施 ,并将其作为必要内容以一定形式反映出来。从水资源承载力量化指标体系和水资源承载力的多 (单 )目标模型优化两个方面展望了水资源承载力理论在城市规划中的应用     

城市规划在可持续中国城市发展中的作用

可持续发展理论讨论的基本共识集中在经济效率、社会公正、环境可持续,以及为达到前述三目标的制度安排.城市规划究竟能够在市场经济引导下的城市可持续发展中起什么作用?城市规划作为制度可以在城市土地开发竞争中起降低交易成本的功能,从而促进城市的经济效益;城市空间规划能够与生态技术结合为创建生态城市作出有效的贡献;但是规划本身不具备机制能够积极地改善社会公正.除此之外,规划完全有能力在睿智发展和紧凑城市的两个领域推动中国可持续城市发展.     

上海郊野公园单元规划编制方法初探

上海当前处于“创新驱动,转型发展”的关键时期,城乡统筹是转型发展的必经之路,也是需要规划和国土资源管理部门通过创新来重点突破的一个难题。上海郊野公园单元规划以郊野公园建设为契机,探索郊野地区域乡统筹的规划编制方法,通过5个郊野公园的规划实践,寻找主要矛盾,有针对性地提出规划思路和技术方法,形成郊野公园单元规划编制方法的初步探索,为未来实现上海郊野地区城乡统筹提供试点和经验。     

基于时间动态模型的上海城市土地可持续利用

随着中国土地市场化改革的深入,城市土地发生"资源一资产一资本"的转变,城市发展对土地资源的需求迅速膨胀.城市规划作为控制、引导城市空间发展的重要手段,是实现土地可持续利用的重要保障.土地可持续利用模型作为土地利用开发、评价与规划的辅助工具,能协助城市寻找有效利用土地资源的途径,防止过度地消耗土地资源.     

基于移动GIS的建设用地现状信息快速采集技术研究

开展城市建设用地现状调查可以发掘城市土地利用的特点和利用的合理程度,为改良土地利用方式和进一步挖掘土地潜力,做好城市总体规划、旧城改造和新区规划提供了科学依据。本文介绍了基于GIS终端的建设用地现状信息快速采集技术,通过统一的内外业调研平台改变了以往内外业工作割裂的模式,依据统一的数据标准,外业现场调研的数据可以直接导入到最终的内业数据生产平台,尽可能减少中间环节,实现内外业一体化,生产出高质量的现状用地数据。     

Building a GIS Platform for Sustainable Land Management: A Case Study of the City of Čačak,Serbia

The general aim of this research is to contribute to sustainable land management and urban planning practices. An approach for building an urban planning-oriented information platform that could support a sustainable (i.e. environmentally sustainable), socially responsible and economically efficient decision-making process in the future at the municipal level is proposed. The proposed information platform approach relies on and is built for the Geographic Information System (GIS) but includes basic data management principles and the standards of the Spatial Data Information (SDI) concept, namely, INSPIRE. Thus, a model with the two following technical elements for building land management and urban planning based on a general platform or database is proposed in this article: (1) a conceptual Unified Modeling Language (UML) data model for urban planning metadata and data for different types of urban plans and (2) lists of land-use classes and types at the municipal level (included in the UML data model). The proposed approach includes a land-use model and the standardization of urban planning data to build a GIS platform to better integrate various types of data (social, economic, environmental, etc.) and is based on general and detailed urban regulation plans and land governance practices in the City of ?a?ak, Republic of Serbia. Once implemented, the proposed approach is expected to create preconditions for decision making regarding future sustainable land development in ?a?ak and other municipalities in Serbia.     

Towards Effective City Planning—The Case of Cape Town in Identifying Potential Housing Land

Vacant land in cities is an important resource as it presents opportunities for urban renewal and revitalisation and can contribute to municipal revenue. In a context of growing informality and homelessness in cities of the South, the presence of large tracts of vacant land is a sign of inefficient urban planning and a dysfunctional land market. It is therefore critical for local governments to have reliable data of the extent of vacant land parcels in cities and their potential for housing development, particularly affordable housing for the poor. This paper will detail and discuss the “Potential Housing Land Model” developed by the Cape Urban Observatory, part of the African Centre for Cities, based at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. South African cities, and in this case the city of Cape Town in particular, face huge constraints in terms of suitable, well-located and affordable land for low-cost housing development. A tool like the “Potential Housing Land Tool” is one tool which could assist decision-makers in identifying such land parcels. Besides identifying land that can potentially be used for housing; the model can also allow officials to pin-point areas that are not well-serviced. The deployment of the model on the World Wide Web makes the tool available to a range of users including municipal officials, academic researchers and organised sectors of civil society who might benefit from this kind of information. The responsible and strategic use of this model and the information it provides, can facilitate a broad-based discussion about vacant land and its potential use in the city, allowing for more transparent and participatory planning. The application of tools like the “Potential Housing Land Tool” can therefore greatly assist in improving urban governance and can contribute towards more efficient and sustainable urban planning and management systems.     

控制性详细规划与房地产开发项目的对比研究——以长沙市为例

房地产开发项目在城市中愈演愈烈,"突破"成为各个房地产开发商与城市规划博弈的关键词,控制性详细规划究竟如何控制?房地产开发项目的"突破"又具有什么样的规律?从宏观调控到微观措施,如何更加有效的调控房地产市场?本文以长沙市为例,通过控规指标与开发实际指标的对比研究,希望能从中探索控规的合理调控措施。     

紧凑城市理念及其在中国城市规划中的应用

紧凑城市是针对城市无序蔓延发展而提出来的城市可持续发展理念。紧凑城市的形态取决于城市中人口和建筑的密度,强调土地混合使用和密集开发的策略,主张人们居住在更靠近工作地点和日常生活所必须的服务设施的地方,是一种基于土地资源高效利用和城市精致发展的新思维,具体体现在三个方面：功能紧凑、规模紧凑和结构紧凑。在中国,紧凑城市理念在城市规划中的应用主要体现在节约和集约利用土地资源、集中布局城市功能要素、加强城市空间增长管理、促进城市土地的高密度、混合利用、加强城市规划管理等。     

城市建设用地规模预测研究——以新乡市为例

城市建设用地规模预测既是编制土地利用总体规划的重要内容,又是编制城市总体规划的关键.科学合理的预测城市建设用地规模对于城市经济、社会的快速发展和土地资源的可持续利用都起着至关重要的作用.本文将分别采用灰色系统模型和双因素模型对新乡市城市建设用地进行预测,并对两种模型预测结果进行分析,最终确定新乡市城市建设用地的合理规模...     

土地储备规划编制的实践思考——以上海宝山区土地储备规划为例

土地储备作为土地市场管理的重要环节和组成部分,已成为上海土地管理部门关注的热点和工作重心。土地储备规划是根据经济社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划和城市规划,针对收储城市可开发建设用地资源编制的土地储备总体规划,也是制订土地储备年度计划的一种方式。通过比较分析宝山区2006年和2010年两次土地储备规划的编制背景和成果内容,并结合上海郊区当前发展的现状实际和未来预期,重点对土地储备规划与控制性详细规划及其与城市近远期发展的关系提出基于管理实践的规划思考。     

Integrating socio-environmental spatial information to support housing plans

The current challenge of promoting the sustainable provision of social housing for the global population requires an integrated evaluation of the infrastructure and service availability across a territory. Few applications are recognized for supporting social housing plans with spatial information, especially regarding the ability to provide room for new initiatives. The aim of this research is to propose a Social Housing Index (SHI) for integrating and quantifying urban spatial socio-environmental information to support social housing plans. To this end, data about land use and sectoral activities are integrated using a standardizing methodological framework. The SHI supports studies on location alternatives for new housing projects and the availability of infrastructure and services for the implemented housing complexes. The proposed index also harmonizes the development of housing plans by making different demands compatible for supporting urban sustainability.     

An integrated strategy for sustainable development of the urban underground: From strategic,economic and societal aspects

Underground urbanization aids sustainability by contributing to the optimization of land use plans, diversification of urban functions, safeguarding of utility supplies and enrichment of social life. Underground space as a valuable land resource can be integrated into a general urban resources management scheme and development policy, by rationalizing resource supply according to economic demand, and by coordinating stakeholders from the public administration, private developers and users. After benchmarking best practices in administration and management, from seven cities (Helsinki, Singapore, Hong Kong, Minneapolis, Tokyo, Shanghai and Montreal), critical success factors are extracted to guide a pilot project implementation.The way to incorporate underground space planning into conventional urban planning process is exemplified by a pilot project of Suzhou City in China, which investigated thoroughly the supply potential of its underground space resource as well as the demand potential of the urban economy on underground space development. The core value of the case study in Suzhou City is based on active involvement of provincial and municipal governments, who supported territorial data collection, administrative consultation and the development of GIS-based decision-making tools. The typicality of the present case study refers to an old Chinese city with a modern Central Business District owning important economic functions for the Yangtze region. Underground Space in Suzhou City is considered as a new land resource manageable with a quantitative and spatial inventory for future allocation. An economic model putting forward a “3D land value” index will be illustrated for underground building projects. This index helps to regulate underground space development according to the resource supply potential and economic demand potential.This strategic framework including potential analysis, local implementation and instrumental innovation was developed from an international cooperation program named “Deep City project” between Switzerland and China. Further discussions on considering societal impacts affected by underground space use indicate future research directions for underground space operations management.     

Complex twist of fate: The geopolitics of flood management regimes in Accra,Ghana

Accra, the capital of Ghana, has been experiencing severe flood events since 1939, with the most affected often being the people living in vulnerable communities. Unfortunately, the flood management regimes by state agencies² have been limited to weak urban planning response in terms of demolition exercises, forced evictions or distribution of relief items. How successful have these regimes been? How have affected communities responded? What should be the urban planning response? These questions remain unanswered. This paper responds to these questions using cities as complex systems theory, and Agbogbloshie and Old Fadama communities in Accra as case studies. This study used a qualitative research approach comprising agency and community interviews, and document reviews. Findings indicate that flood management regimes have been ineffective due to city planning authorities³ and state agencies' limited recognition of the urban space as a complex system. As a result, constructs, responses and contexts of urban floods are determined based on land use legality and acknowledgment of urban communities by city planning authorities, evidence of urban planning, and community initiatives. Recommendations to improve the situation are proffered.     

低丘缓坡开发利用的规划实践探索——以福州桂湖森林温泉小镇控制性详细规划为例

在当前土地资源稀缺和严控耕地红线的背景下,低丘缓坡开发利用是中国城镇化中缓解用地供需矛盾、拓展城镇发展空间的可探索途径。因生态敏感性高、资金成本大、利用技术复杂等原因,低丘缓坡开发的规划设计面临较大挑战。本文试图通过福州桂湖森林温泉小镇控制性详细规划的实践,探索低丘缓坡地的规划方法和规划重点。     

Low Carbon,Low Risk,Low Density: Resolving choices about sustainable development in cities

Urban areas face a conundrum, they need to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of resources, whilst also increasing their resilience to climate change and extreme weather, and improving wellbeing. However, it is widely recognized that well intended intervention to address one of these sustainability objectives in isolation can undermine other objectives. This paper presents a framework to efficiently identify spatial development strategies that provide the best outcomes against multiple objectives. The framework has been applied to London (UK) to identify strategies that can simultaneously: (i) minimize exposure to future heat wave events; (ii) minimize the risk from flood events; (iii) minimize transport emissions; (iv) minimize urban sprawl; (v) maximize brownfield development; and, (vi) prevent development of greenspace that is recognized as important to wellbeing. Prioritizing each objective in isolation leads to considerably different spatial planning structures, exposing conflicts between many objectives. These include tradeoffs between urban heat risk and transport emissions; and also previously undocumented conflicts between minimizing flood and heat risks. Allowing greater flexibility in development density is shown to provide benefits in terms of heat risk reduction, whilst not significantly affecting mitigation objectives. The framework is shown to significantly improve upon the London Spatial Development Strategy for the objectives analyzed. Further analysis identifies optimal spatial strategies to achieve a Low Carbon, Low Risk or Low Density city - however, these cannot be simultaneously maximized. This work shows there are difficult, and often irreconcilable, choices to be made in the spatial planning of sustainable cities. Spatial search and optimization tools strengthen the evidence-base for planning. Rapid identification of development strategies that satisfy, and minimize conflicts between, multiple objectives helps planners to develop strategies that simultaneously improve urban sustainability and reduce the risks from natural hazards.     

北京新总规建设用地减量调控的思考与探索

建设用地是规划部门对接国家转型战略的重要抓手。北京新一轮城市总体规划编制中对于建设用地的管理,坚持以资源环境承载力为刚性约束条件,确定人口总量上限,提出了城乡建设用地减量发展总体战略,实现由数量扩张性规划转向质量提升性规划。减量发展,减量是更刚性的底线约束,发展是更科学的资源配置,在总体规划层面,从用地规模、建筑规模、空间边界、城乡结构、用地结构、空间协同为北京长远发展构建了综合调控框架与约束性指标,在实施中建立起以拆占比、拆建比、职住用地比、两线三区为核心的严格管理手段,探索了面向存量、减量总规的建设用地规划管理方法。减量发展是重大改革,规划实施挑战非常大,对于建设用地的实施管理,北京总规在规划管理的方式、土地政策、事权划分、评估监管等方面进行了改革探索。