频率-波数域的薄铝板缺陷检测研究

文章将频率-波数域成像算法应用于薄铝板内圆形穿孔缺陷的检测。采用PZFlex软件建立多阵元线性阵列仿真模型,在薄铝板内激发出Lamb波,模拟超声相控阵全矩阵捕获功能。实验中使用M2M公司的超声相控阵仪器对带有通孔缺陷的薄铝板进行全矩阵捕获。基于全矩阵数据完成自发自收模式下的频率-波数法损伤重建,对全矩阵数据进行三维傅里叶变换,利用所有阵列的全部信息完成损伤重建。实验结果表明:频率-波数域成像法能够精确地表征出圆孔损伤的大小和形状,对单缺陷及不同大小、距离的双缺陷均具有良好的检测效果。相对于全聚焦成像法,频率-波数域成像法具有更高的分辨率。     

超声Lamb波在缺陷处的二维散射特性研究

利用散射系数周向分布图研究了超声Lamb波在缺陷处的二维散射特性。建立了超声Lamb波与缺陷交互作用的有限元仿真模型,采用双元激励法产生单一S0模态入射信号,利用吸收边界消除边界回波的影响,采集缺陷所有方向上的散射信号并产生散射系数周向分布图。此模型的计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了模型的正确性。研究了S0模态与通孔和通透裂纹两种缺陷的交互作用,并测量了S0模态以零度角入射缺陷时的周向散射系数分布图,利用其图形特征可以进行缺陷种类识别。分析了散射场中多模态信号的能量分布,指出检测中若激励单一模态,而接收多模态信号,可以防止漏检,更有效地检测缺陷。     

超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法比较分析

先进的成像算法推动了超声相控阵技术的发展,全聚焦方法(Total Focusing Method,TFM)是一种基于全矩阵捕获的虚拟聚焦后处理及缺陷图像重构算法.文章基于一维线阵相控阵纵波探头全矩阵数据模式,利用Matlab软件结合Field Ⅱ自带开源函数包编写了算法程序,比较了TFM和1/2矩阵方法成像效果并对缺陷...     

水利工程中金属焊缝缺陷的超声检测方法比较研究

为研究基于超声的无损探伤方法在水利工程金属结构焊缝缺陷识别中的应用,利用常规超声检测技术、超声相控阵技术、衍射时差法(Time of Flight Diffraction, TOFD)超声检测技术对水利工程金属结构焊接试块缺陷进行识别,分析了各种缺陷在超声无损探伤技术中的特征显示。研究结果表明:常规超声检测技术、TOFD检测技术均能对各种缺陷实现信号显示,超声相控阵检测技术对气孔和横向裂纹的显示不够明显,但对其它缺陷的检出效果较为明显;常规超声检测技术对操作人员的要求较高,对缺陷的定性困难,精度不高;TOFD检测结果中气孔和横向裂纹的显示呈现出一种特殊的弧形,有一定高度的内部裂纹和未熔合的信号由上下尖端衍射波组成,根部未焊透上下尖端信号不够明显;相控阵检测结果直观,可以较精确地测量缺陷的埋藏深度、自身高度、长度等,但在扫查点状缺陷或者与超声声束平行的裂纹缺陷时,检出率极低。     

搅拌摩擦焊焊缝未焊透缺陷的超声相控阵检测

采用A扫加S扫的超声相控阵检测模式对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝未焊透缺陷进行检测,研究了检测方向和未焊透长度对检测信号的影响,分析了不同未焊透长度超声相控阵检测图像的灰度共生矩阵纹理特性。结果表明,在返回边进行超声相控阵扫查其检测效果更佳;对于长度大于超声检测灵敏度的搅拌摩擦焊未焊透缺陷,随未焊透长度的增加,检测信号幅值相应增加;灰度共生矩阵的二阶矩参数可用来识别是否为未焊透缺陷,而对比度和相关性参数可有效判断未焊透缺陷长度。     

复合材料层压板分层缺陷相控阵超声检测参数优化方法EI北大核心CSCD

针对复合材料层压板分层缺陷的准确识别问题,通过仿真与实验提出相控阵超声检测激活孔径优化方法,研究并分析不同聚焦深度下激活孔径对声场特性和检测效果的影响。首先,针对相控阵超声接触式检测方法,推导出固固界面下的多点源三维声场模型;然后,对相控阵超声声场进行仿真,研究不同激活孔径下的声场特性;最后,采用热压工艺制备含分层缺陷的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)层压板,并搭建相控阵超声检测系统对其进行检测。实验结果表明,通过对相控阵超声激活孔径进行优化选择,能够实现CFRP层压板分层缺陷的准确识别,有效提高缺陷检测精度。     

无参考Lamb波相控阵结构损伤监测成像方法

超声相控阵结构健康监测中通过计算差信号获取损伤散射信号的方法易受环境和结构变化的影响,针对这一问题,提出无参考信号的相控阵结构健康监测成像定位方法。采用窗函数截取散射信号,剔除直达波和边界反射信号。基于相控阵方法,对结构损伤状态时的传感器响应信号进行处理,无需结构健康状态时传感信号作为参考。该方法在碳纤维复合材料板结构上的实验研究证明,采用无参考信号的超声相控阵方法能够精确实时地监测并清晰表征结构损伤;同时,该方法可以大大缩短监测时间,且不受环境条件变化的影响,为该方法的工程化应用奠定基础。     

复合材料层压板分层缺陷超声相控阵检测与评估

针对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料分层缺陷的无损检测与评估问题,通过制备预埋分层缺陷的标准试样,利用超声相控阵技术对缺陷进行无损检测与定量评估,并对测量误差进行分析。首先,在层压板铺层中间埋入聚酰亚胺薄膜制备分层缺陷试样;然后,对试样进行超声相控阵检测,通过超声S扫和C扫图像对缺陷进行定性分析与定量测量,并结合声场仿真对检测误差进行分析。结果表明:所制备试样内分层缺陷形状规则、埋深及大小与预设一致;超声相控阵步进方向检测尺寸比较准确,而扫查方向尺寸误差较大;超声相控阵技术能够准确识别分层缺陷的形状、尺寸及位置,具有很高的检测精度,对较小缺陷具有很好的检测效果。     

超声相控阵全聚焦成像技术倾斜裂纹定量模拟

利用超声B扫描图像对裂纹长度定量时,由于采用整体发射-接收的方式从单侧接收缺陷回波信号,导致图像中裂纹上、下端回波的时间差随裂纹倾角变化,引起较大的定量误差。为克服上述不足,该文采用一种基于全阵列信号采集(full matrix capture,FMC)的超声相控阵成像技术。该技术利用独立发射-接收阵元组合从多个方位采集包含更多缺陷特征的全阵列信号,借助全聚焦(total focusing method,TFM)成像算法实现成像区域中每一个点的虚拟聚焦,进而通过高分辨率图像显示裂纹上、下尖端的实际位置,以直观、准确地确定裂纹的长度和倾角。对厚度25 mm碳钢中长度3.0 mm的–75°、–60°、–45°、–30°、–15°、0°底面开口裂纹进行TFM成像和定量数值模拟。结果表明,TFM成像的倾斜裂纹定量精度优于B扫描成像。     

基于置信规则和证据推理的超声检测缺陷识别

为解决超声检测缺陷精确识别问题,综合运用检测数据和专家知识,研究一种基于置信规则库(belief-rulebase,BRB)和证据推理(evidential reasoning,ER)进行超声检测缺陷识别的方法。提出一种融合多种特征信息的BRB-ER缺陷识别模型,利用最小均方误差算法进行模型初始参数的优化,从而提高缺陷识别的准确性。通过超声检测手段获取某航空材料的缺陷数据,并对所提出识别方法进行验证。试验结果显示:该方法能够准确地进行缺陷识别,并可根据已有的产品缺陷类型进行训练,建立更加准确的缺陷识别模型。     

相控聚焦超声与圆孔交互作用的散射特性研究

相较于传统超声检测,相控阵技术的声束聚焦控制能力使得相控超声检测的分辨率、信噪比和灵敏度等性能得到有效提升。但针对相控超声与缺陷的交互作用认识不足,导致目前检测技术无法对缺陷进行准确定性和精确定量。为此,建立了一维线阵相控超声检测圆孔缺陷的有限元模型,重点研究相控聚焦波束与圆孔缺陷交互作用的声场散射特性。结果表明,圆孔散射L模态的能量主要集中于正反射区和正透射区,且在透射区的能量大于反射区的能量,而在与入射声束垂直的方向上能量极其微弱,几乎没有散射能量;散射L模态沿入射方向呈轴对称分布;对于不同直径的圆孔缺陷,直径越大,在相同方向上散射波的能量越大;对于相同直径的圆孔,聚焦波与平面波入射时,散射波的分布规律相同,但聚焦波散射的能量明显高于平面波入射时散射的能量。     

Effect of roughness on imaging and sizing rough crack-like defects using ultrasonic arrays

All naturally occurring crack-like defects in solid structures are rough to some degree. Based on simulated array data for incident and scattered longitudinal waves from various rough cracks and the total focusing method (TFM) imaging algorithm, the effect of roughness on defect imaging and characterization is examined. The array data are simulated by using a previously validated model based on the Kirchhoff approximation to predict the rough crack scattering matrix. The scattering matrix describes the scattered field for all possible incident and scattering directions. The performance of TFM imaging for detecting rough crack-like defects is investigated by considering the averaged scattering coefficient over specified angular coverage ranges and the maximum scattered amplitude in the final image. It is shown that roughness can be either beneficial or detrimental to the detectability of a crack-like defect, depending on the defect characteristics, such as length, roughness, correlation length, orientation angle, and array inspection configuration. It is also shown that roughness can cause underestimation of the crack length if using an image-based approach for sizing.     

Defect characterization using an ultrasonic array to measure the scattering coefficient matrix

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation is used for detection, characterization, and sizing of defects. The accurate sizing of defects that are of similar or less size than the ultrasonic wavelength is of particular importance in assessing structural integrity. In this paper, we demonstrate how measurement of the scattering coefficient matrix of a cracklike defect can be used to obtain its size, shape, and orientation. The scattering coefficient matrix describes the far field amplitude of scattered signals from a scatterer as a function of incident and scattering angles. A finite element (FE) modeling procedure is described that predicts the scattering coefficient matrix of various cracklike defects. Experimental results are presented using a commercial 64-element, 5 MHz array on 2 aluminum test samples that contain several machined slots and through thickness circular holes. To minimize the interference from the reflections of neighboring defects, a subarray approach is used to focus ultrasound on each target defect in turn and extract its scattering coefficient matrices. A circular hole and a fine slot can be clearly distinguished by their different scattering coefficient matrices over a specific range of incident angles and scattering angles. The orientation angles of slots directly below the array are deduced from the measured scattering coefficient matrix to an accuracy of a few degrees, and their lengths are determined with an error of 10%.     

Detection of Fibre Waviness Using Ultrasonic Array Scattering Data

Composite materials owe their success to the ability to favour mechanical properties in specific directions whilst minimising the weight of components. Although the composite manufacturing process has been progressively improved, subtle defects such as fibre waviness are still commonplace. Any localised departure of a ply from the desired lay-up direction is known to adversely affect strength. Therefore, manufacturers and end users are interested in detecting defects such as fibre waviness at various stages during prototyping and as part of the manufacturing process. In this paper, an ultrasonic array is used to both image the composite and extract information that characterises the scattering of the interior structure. The scattering information is encoded in the scattering matrix: defined as the far field amplitude of scattered signals from a defect as a function of the incident and scattering angles. A method for extracting the scattering matrix from experimental array data over a spatially localised region is presented. Ultimately this could lead to the ability to map the distribution of scattering behaviour within the composite. The method is demonstrated on composite samples containing various levels of waviness. It is also shown that use of the differences in the scattering matrices can offer the possibility to statistically differentiate wavinesses of different nature and severity.     

汽轮机轮缘超声相控阵检测中缺陷方向识别

利用超声相控阵检测系统对含有裂纹缺陷的外包菌型低压汽轮机叶轮圆盘实验试块进行检测.针对超声波脉冲反射法中缺陷方向难以确定,尺寸容易误判等问题,提出一种频谱分析方法,研究线状缺陷方向变化对于超声回波的影响.对于3种倾斜角度的裂纹缺陷回波信号,分析其功率谱并进行小波包的分解和重构,用"频率-能量"的方法提取各方向缺陷回波信号的能量特征.实验结果表明,各方向缺陷回波信号的能量特征差别明显,并绘制出声束轴线与缺陷的夹角和高频带所占能量之间关系曲线.该方法实现了缺陷方向的识别,并为后续线状缺陷的准确定量提供依据.