杆中导波声弹敏感模态与激励频率的确定方法

基于超声导波声弹性效应检测波导结构的应力水平具有潜在的优势。为实现超声导波声弹应力检测的关键技术——检测模态与激励频率的选取,提出一种基于Murnaghan超弹模型的有限元特征频率法。使用该方法计算预应力杆中的频散特性,得到反映不同激励频率应力敏感性的声弹频散曲线,与文献中的L(0,1)模态试验结果进行对比,趋势一致,说明该方法的适用性。为进一步验证该方法的可靠性,选取L(0,1)模态声弹敏感的几组频率,在自制拉伸试验平台上,对碳素钢杆进行超声导波声弹试验。试验结果表明:低应力区域误差较大,在高应力区域误差均低于10%,且声弹常数与理论结果趋势一致。研究表明该理论方法可指导超声导波声弹应力检测时频率与模态的选取。     

管道中T(0,1)模态导波检测技术的发展与应用现状

超声导波具有检测速度快、检测范围广等优点,被广泛应用于各类缺陷的检测。而扭转模态作为超声导波的一种对称模态,具有频散小、能量集中、信号单一且易于分析的特点。综述了近年来扭转模态的发展历程,从T （0,1）扭转导波的传播与检测原理入手,对比各类激励探头的激励原理与效果,并对其进行优缺点分析。通过分析导波模态的选取原则和导波在单层管道、双层管道和充液管道中传播的性质,总结激励频率、液体粘度、液体密度等因素对扭转模态导波在管道中传播的影响,进而明确扭转模态的适用范围及适用的信号处理方法,对于今后扭转模态的发展具有借鉴意义。     

基于超声导波检测管道缺陷的数值模拟

为了研究扭转模态在不同形状管道中的传播特性和缺陷的检测能力,建立了带有缺陷的管道有限元模型,利用有限元软件ABAQUS对T(0, 1)模态导波在直管、弯管中的传播过程进行数值模拟研究。导波信号采用汉宁窗调制的正弦信号,激励T(0, 1)模态信号。结果表明:最低阶的扭转模态适合于管道的缺陷检测;50 kHz的T(0, 1)模态导波对直管、弯管上的缺陷敏感,在缺陷对应的位置上,导波的回波幅值最大,能量也较集中。     

基于T(0,1)扭转波的管道纵向裂纹定位方法

针对平行于管道轴线的纵向裂纹缺陷检测,分析导波激励信号的中心频率、缺陷轴向长度等因素对反射系数的综合影响。首先,建立带裂纹缺陷管道的有限元模型;根据频散曲线特征,确定形成T(0,1)扭转模态波的激励频率;其次,在低频段取3种不同的激励信号中心频率,对纵向裂纹缺陷模拟检测的数值仿真,通过改变裂纹的轴向长度,分析其对缺陷回波特征的影响。结果表明:T(0,1)扭转波检测纵向裂纹的轴向定位误差约为5%;周向反射系数最大值出现在裂纹对应的周向位置;设置中心频率为27 k Hz时,回波反射系数随裂纹长度的增大,先增大后减小。通过以上分析可以得出T(0,1)扭转波对纵向裂纹轴向定位和周向定位的方法。     

基于神经网络的超声导波钢杆缺陷识别

利用基于BP神经网络的缺陷识别算法,从不同实验条件下获得的信号样本中抽取特征量,对钢杆中不同深度和位置的径向裂纹进行了识别。首先,采用频率为235kHz激励轴对称纵向模态导波对钢杆中的径向裂纹进行了检测。实验表明,在235kHz时获得的超声导波信号含较单一的L(0,2)模态,避免了用L(0,1)模态检测小尺寸缺陷时检测能力较弱的问题,又减少了用轴对称纵向高阶模态检测缺陷时模态较多不易分辨缺陷回波的现象。其次,利用算法对钢杆中的径向裂纹进行识别。结果表明,在已有实验样本数下,缺陷识别算法从整体上很好地识别不同深度和位置的裂纹,识别正确率稳定在87%。     

悬索桥缆索钢丝损伤超声导波检测数值模拟

为了实现对大跨悬索桥缆索钢丝损伤的有效检测,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,对超声导波无损检测技术进行研究。通过理论求解钢丝中导波的频散曲线,分析频散特性和波结构,选取中心频率为200 kHz的L(0,1)模态进行钢丝断丝损伤检测;利用有限元软件,研究了钢丝中导波的频散特性和波结构,通过二维傅里叶变换技术对钢丝中的低阶导波模态进行识别,进一步分析了缺陷尺寸和角度对L(0,1)模态缺陷反射系数的影响;最后,对L(0,1)模态在两根钢丝和七根钢丝的断丝处的缺陷回波进行了数值模拟。数值模拟与理论分析结果相吻合,说明低频L(0,1)模态可以有效地对缆索钢丝断丝损伤进行远距离检测。     

锚固条件下矿用锚索中纵向导波传播特性的实验研究

实验研究了矿用锚索的锚固段长度对纵向超声导波L(0,1)模态的衰减与群速度的影响。首先,通过简化为细直杆的钢丝中纵向超声导波的频散曲线分析了无锚固矿用锚索中该模态的传播特性。然后采用厚度振动型压电陶瓷片在水泥锚固条件下的矿用锚索中进行穿透法的实验,得出频段20-500 kHz内L(0,1)模态的幅值,确定了该压电陶瓷片对水泥锚固条件下的锚固矿用锚索的最佳导波检测频率为280 kHz。在此基础上,研究了280 kHz附近频率点下L(0,1)模态的幅值与群速度随水泥锚固段长度增加的变化规律。最后,对矿用树脂锚固条件下的矿用锚索进行了穿透法的实验,该实验结果与水泥锚固条件下的锚固矿用锚索的实验结果相符合。这些实验为利用纵向超声导波测量锚固条件下矿用锚索的长度奠定了基础。     

钢花管中低频纵向超声导波传播特性的试验研究

钢花管是管棚支护结构中的核心承力构件。将超声导波技术应用于钢花管的无损检测显得十分重要。首先优化选取了适用于钢花管检测的压电陶瓷片尺寸以及激励频率为30kHz的L(0,2)模态。为研究钢花管管体上的孔对低频纵向超声导波检测能力的影响,试验研究了钢花管孔数与检测信号特征之间的变化关系。结果表明:钢花管孔数的增加对频率为30kHz的L(0,2)模态回波信号幅值几乎没有影响,表明低频纵向超声导波具有对长距离钢花管无损检测的潜力;而频率为30kHz的L(0,2)模态的群速度随钢花管管体中孔的增加呈线性下降的趋势。该研究结果为基于低频超声导波技术的钢花管无损检测奠定了一定的基础。     

基于超声导波技术对钢杆表面缺陷的无损检测研究

研究了圆柱钢杆内导波的传播及其频散特性。通过实验验证了杆中“直达纵波”这一现象并对其进行了分析,同时利用所建立的实验系统,对2320mm长圆柱钢杆表面的人工缺陷进行了检测。结果表明,在特定频率处,选择L(0,1)模态的超声导波检测钢杆中的缺陷是可行的。     

火炮身管超声导波频散特性及传感器配置

超声导波检测技术具有检测距离远、效率高的优点,适用于检测火炮身管等圆管类结构,具有突出的军事应用价值和前景。首先对圆管超声导波理论进行推导,并对身管损伤的几种常见类型进行分析研究。采用数值计算的方法绘制频散曲线,通过分析其频散特性对导波检测频率进行优选,初步得到了最佳的检测频率范围;其次着重对传感器种类选择、数量及分布方式与导波传播特性的关系进行研究。实验表明,导波检测的最佳频率范围为0～300 kHz,且导波弯曲模态一般不宜作为检测模态;传感器数量的增加不仅增强了激励信号的强度,还有效抑制了身管中导波的频散。     

The Effect of Bends on the Long-Range Microwave Inspection of Thermally Insulated Pipelines for the Detection of Water

The detection of corrosion under insulation is an ongoing challenge in the oil and gas industry. An early warning of areas of pipe at risk of corrosion can be obtained by screening along the length of the pipeline to inspect the insulation layer for the presence of water, as water is a necessary precursor to corrosion. In a recent paper [Jones et al. in J. Nondestruct. Eval. 2011] we have shown that long-range detection of water volumes can be achieved with microwave signals, using the structure of the clad and insulated pipeline as a coaxial waveguide, with water volumes presenting an impedance contrast and producing reflections of the incident microwave signal. To achieve long-range inspection of complex pipe networks it is essential that the selected guided wave signal can transmit through structural features such as bends and supports whilst retaining a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. This paper therefore presents a study on the effects of bends on the propagation of the fundamental Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode. First, numerical simulations are used to study the amplitude of the TEM mode transmitted through a bend, as a function of bend radius and angle. It is found that for typical industrial bends with a bend angle of 90^∘ and bend radii between three and five times the pipe diameter, the transmission coefficient varies between 96% and 93%, respectively. As the bend angle varies from 0 to 180^∘ the transmission coefficient oscillates with maxima around 0, 90 and 180^∘ and minima at around 45 and 130^∘. Moreover, the amplitude of the oscillation decreases as the bend radius increases. Then, experimental results on a 12′′ diameter waveguide with a length of 7 m are used to validate the simulated results and are found to be in excellent agreement.     

Computational model considerations of defect detection in pipes with bends using focused guided wave

This paper investigates the propagation of guided ultrasonic wave in pipes with bends using finite element simulation. The defect detectability in pipes with bends, using time delay focusing and synthetic focusing by common source method (CSM) are studied. Results show that the time delay focusing technique improves the confidence in detecting a small defect (3.8% cross-sectional area) beyond the bend, but it is unable to detect defects close to other features like welds or bends. Meanwhile, CSM is able to improve defect detection beyond and close to welding and bends. However, a reference image of a defect-free pipe is needed to detect defects near welds.     

Elastic wave and energy propagation in angled beams

This investigation comprises an experimental and numerical study of elastic wave propagation in angled beams. Axial impact by two strikers of different lengths was applied to three steel beams, each bent to incorporate a “V” section of different angle in the middle. Finite element simulation using ABAQUS was employed to examine details of the elastic waves generated in the impact tests. The numerical results correlated well with experimental data, and computational simulation was utilized to analyse the propagation of energy associated with the elastic waves. This demonstrated that after several reflections from and transmission across the bends energy is progressively smeared throughout the entire beam and does not concentrate at any particular segment; the bulk of the energy is conveyed via flexural waves. Numerical simulation of wave propagation in a beam with a single angle was also undertaken to study the energy associated with waves reflected from and transmitted across the bend, and how these are affected by the bend angle. The effects of input pulse duration, beam thickness and beam material properties on energy reflection and transmission at a bend are also discussed; this leads to the conclusion that when a longitudinal pulse of a particular frequency impinges on a bend, the ratio between its wavelength and the beam thickness governs the energy reflected from and transmitted across the bend. Moreover, the bend junction geometry (curvature) is found to have a significant influence on the energy reflected and transmitted, especially for obtuse bend angles.     

Design of curved waveguides: the matched bend

A new criterion for the optimum design of curved dielectric waveguides is proposed. The bends designed according to this model are named matched bends. In the matched bend, the suitable choice of both bending radius and bending angle reduces the total losses of the bend and avoids the leaky-mode excitation at the end of the bend. For a given angle, a discrete number of bending radii that satisfy the matched bend criterion can be analytically determined. With respect to the lateral offset, matched bends are more robust to both fabrication tolerances and wavelength and can be realized in every technology. The reduction of the leaky-mode excitation at the output of the bend is a fundamental property when two or more components are cascaded. Ghost images in the spectral response, cross talk, and asymmetries of the transfer function are successfully reduced. Some examples that use buried, rib, ridge, and diffused waveguides are presented and discussed.     

Detection of Axial Cracks in Pipes Using Focused Guided Waves

The implementation of synthetic guided wave focusing to locate axially aligned defects in pipes has been investigated. Results from both finite element computer models and experiments on real pipes are presented and the data show good agreement. Focusing is necessary to improve the reflection coefficient from axially aligned defects, as the signals are very weak. The Common Source Method (CSM) of synthetic focusing has been applied which makes it possible to apply focusing via post processing to previously collected data. The dependence of reflection coefficient on crack length was measured for both through thickness and part depth axially aligned defects, at a range of frequencies, using the torsional guided wave family. The results show that the reflection coefficient is approximately doubled when focusing is employed, compared to the sensitivity for unfocused fundamental torsional waves. However the sensitivity is still very low, so in practise this approach could only be used to find severe defects.     

正交各向异性空心圆柱体中的周向超声导波

周向导波适于大直径管道纵向缺陷的超声无损检测。基于三维弹性理论,采用一种正交多项式法研究正交各向异性无限长管道中的周向导波。为验证方法的正确性与适用性,首先计算了各向同性和横观各向同性管道中的周向导波并与已有数据相比较。其次,计算了单向复合材料中不同纤维增强强度下的频散曲线,论证了纤维增强强度变化对于频散曲线的影响。最后,求解了不同径厚比下正交各向异性管道的周向导波的频散曲线,论述了径厚比的变化对频散曲线的影响。     

Lamb wave scattering analysis for reflector characterization

The potential use of guided waves for defect characterization is studied. The influence of defect shape and size on transmitted and reflected fields is considered. Using the hybrid boundary element technique, the reflection and transmission coefficients for selected guided wave modes are numerically calculated and compared to experimental data. Selecting the aspect ratio as a shape parameter for various defects, the transmission and reflection coefficients are measured for certain guided wave modes input to the defect. The influence of defect size is then studied by monitoring the transmission and reflection coefficients for defects of various shapes and depths. The studies presented indicate that defect characterization is possible if a proper mode selection criteria can be established. The suitable features related to transmission and reflection coefficient data can also be used for algorithm development and implementation purposes of defect characterization.     

利用波动法研究曲梁结构中的波形转换和能量传递

基于Flugge理论,建立了薄壁均质常曲率曲梁面内运动的6阶微分控制方程,得到了曲梁的频散特性曲线和6种波的轴向位移和径向位移的比值,推导了位移和内力响应的表达式以及物理域和波数域的变换矩阵。利用波的传递和反射矩阵对曲梁和半无限长直梁耦合时的能量传递系数和反射系数进行了求解分析。对于半无限长直梁中给定的拉伸波或弯曲波入射,得到了和频率,曲率半径和伸展角度相关的各种波传递和反射的能量系数表达式。数值结果表明,纵波和弯曲波在经过曲梁结构之后发生了波形转换,并研究了能量传递和反射系数随频率,伸展角度,曲梁曲率半径和截面尺寸比的变化。结果表明,无限长直梁和曲梁耦合系统中,低频时,经过曲梁反射和传递后的弯曲波和纵波会相互转化;高频时弯曲波和纵波都能够没有散射地通过曲梁而进行传播。为改善高频时曲梁中的能量衰减效果,研究了在曲梁结构中插入单个、多个中间支撑或阻振质量块时的能量传递和反射系数。结果表明,阻振质量块能够很好地阻止高频时曲梁中能量的传递,对于周期分布的多个阻振质量块,能量传递系数随频率的变化存在周期结构的阻带特征。这些研究结果为曲梁结构的设计提供定性的理论基础。     

Efficiency of percussive drilling of rock with a bent drill rod

Wave propagation and efficiency in percussive rock drilling with a bent rod is studied theoretically using a combined approach of FFT and matrix method. The bent drill rod is represented by straight uniform elements. The extensional and flexural stress waves in the drill rod are described by the one-dimensional wave equation and by Euler-Bernoulli theory, respectively. The conditions at the bit and rock during loading are represented by a penetration resistance, a lateral stiffness and a rotational stiffness. Numerical results are given for two cases; the first involves a drill rod with a constant radius of curvature through a certain bend angle, and the second a drill rod with a sharp bend defined by the same bend angle. It is found that for slightly bent rods the efficiency is practically the same as for straight rods. Thus, slight bends, which are always present in real drill rods, do not appear to be significant from the point of view of efficiency. Furthermore, it is found that the efficiency can remain high even if the rod is significantly bent. Thus, percussive rock drilling systems with special designs for drilling in curved paths are feasible from the point of view of efficiency.     

Limits on a bent waveguide for a wedge display

Wedge displays seem immune to slight bends even though they are likely to be introduced by the physical limits of the tools used for wedge manufacture. We show how the maximum angular error which can be introduced by a bend of constant curvature is determined by its thickness, radius of curvature, and the angle of the ray before entry into the bend. The maximum change in angle therefore depends on the number of bounces through the bend, not on how the ray enters. For a 500 lines VGA image of 20 mm thick curved part, the minimum acceptable radius of curvature is about 51.6 m. That Wedge panels seem able to tolerate more than this is probably because through a real bend, the radius of curvature varies.