Microbial analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization of well-settled granular sludge in brewery wastewater treatment plants

The characteristics of granular sludge from full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors used for the treatment of brewery wastewater were investigated. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses of settled granules from a reactor that had been treating brewery wastewater stably at COD removal rates of over 90% for more than 6 months showed that a methanogen of the genus Methanosaeta was predominant near the granule surface and that Bacteria were not abundant. The center of the granules was composed of dead or resting cells, or both, which were used as a support for active archaeal and bacterial cells near the surface. Periodic analysis of granules from full-scale plants showed that granules containing methanogens deep within them tended to float. Granules with a Bacteria layer on the surface also tended to float. On the basis of these findings, well-settled granules are considered to have methanogens that develop near the granule surface so that the gases generated during methane fermentation are readily released.     

Microbial ecology of nitrifying bacteria in wastewater treatment process examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization

The microbial ecology of nitrifying bacteria in various types of wastewater treatment processes and the dynamic response of the microbial ecology in biofilms were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Nitrifying bacteria were found to exhibit various organizational forms under different conditions of substrate composition and concentration. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were dominant in ammonia-rich inorganic wastewater, while heterotrophic bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were localized at different positions in the biofilm in organic wastewater. The dynamics of the microbial ecology in the biofilm with regard to the spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria caused by a gradual change in substrate composition was successfully monitored by FISH analysis.     

啤酒废水处理技术研究进展

介绍了啤酒废水的水质特点,从好氧处理、厌氧处理和组合处理工艺3方面综述了国内外有关啤酒废水处理技术的研究现状,并着重分析各处理系统的优缺点.展望了啤酒废水处理技术的未来研究方向,指出优化组合工艺是啤酒废水处理技术的必然趋势,为水处理产业提供借鉴和参考.     

A comparative analysis of odour treatment technologies in wastewater treatment plants

Biofiltration, activated sludge diffusion, biotrickling filtration, chemical scrubbing, activated carbon adsorption, regenerative incineration, and a hybrid technology (biotrickling filtration coupled with carbon adsorption) are comparatively evaluated in terms of environmental performance, process economics, and social impact by using the IChemE Sustainability Metrics in the context of odor treatment from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This comparative analysis showed that physical/chemical technologies presented higher environmental impacts than their biological counterparts in terms of energy, material and reagents consumption, and hazardous-waste production. Among biological techniques, the main impact was caused by the high water consumption to maintain biological activity (although the use of secondary effluent water can reduce both this environmental impact and operating costs), biofiltration additionally exhibiting high land and material requirements. From a process economics viewpoint, technologies with the highest investments presented the lowest operating costs (biofiltration and biotrickling filtration), which suggested that the Net Present Value should be used as selection criterion. In addition, a significant effect of the economy of scale on the investment costs and odorant concentration on operating cost was observed. The social benefits derived from odor abatement were linked to nuisance reductions in the nearby population and improvements in occupational health within the WWTP, with the hybrid technology exhibiting the highest benefits. On the basis of their low environmental impact, high deodorization performance, and low Net Present Value, biotrickling filtration and AS diffusion emerged as the most promising technologies for odor treatment in WWTP.     

啤酒废水处理系统中活性污泥微型生物群落结构分析

为了分析啤酒厂废水处理系统活性污泥运行状态,选取了啤酒厂污水处理系统中不同阶段的微型生物群落结构作为研究对象。本文利用16S rDNA及18S rDNA特异性引物作为分子标记,通过PCR扩增污水处理系统中的环境生物群落DNA,以变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术分离检测PCR产物获得微生物群落的DNA指纹图谱。研究结果显示,经过活性污泥处理的啤酒厂废水中细菌群落和真核生物群落结构发生了明显的改变。其中在细菌群落DGGE图谱中检测到21条特异性条带,而在真核生物DGGE图谱检测到10条。UPGMA聚类分析显示,进水与活性污泥中的细菌及真核群落结构十分相似(相似性>0.67),而与出水的差异较大(相似性<0.41),这表明了进水对活性污泥生物群落结构的重要影响。     

利用水生植物处理染料废水的研究进展

 利用水生植物修复受污染水体是一种高效、简易、低耗的污水处理技术。本文从低等水生植物和大型水生植物两个方面综述了近年来国内外关于利用水生植物处理印染废水的研究及应用现状,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

好氧堆肥法处置酿酒丢糟与废水污泥的原料配比

为同时解决白酒企业酿酒丢糟和酿酒废水污泥的污染问题,该研究设计了好氧堆肥发酵设备。设计4种不同的丢糟与污泥处理体积比例:1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1,以寻找丢糟污泥堆肥的最适原料配比。结果表明,丢糟与污泥体积比为2∶1时效果最好,pH、电导率、含水率、有机质降解率、铵氮、硝氮、总碳、总氮等多项值均处于良好水平,最终种子发芽指数(germination index,GI)达到0. 88(> 0. 8),显著高于其他3组的GI值(P <0. 05),完全满足通常认为的腐熟要求;丢糟与污泥体积比为3∶1、4∶1时效果一般,符合腐熟要求的指标参半,最终GI分别达到0. 72和0. 66,与0. 8有一定差距;而丢糟与污泥体积比为1∶1时效果较差,各项指标均处于较差水平,最终GI仅达0. 45(<0. 8)。该研究利用自主设计的好氧堆肥设备首次用好氧堆肥法同时处理丢糟与污泥,并生产丢糟有机肥,并对初始原料比例进行了探索,为切实解决白酒丢糟、污泥等固态废弃物问题提供了全新而有效的方法。     

生化法处理制糖工业废水的实践

制糖废水经厌氧池（ABR）、接触生物氧化池、曝气生物滤池（BAF）三级生化处理后,其COD含量由1148．75mg／L～2250mg／L降到44．75mg／L,COD去除率96．1％～98．％,COD值低于国家允许的排放标准（100mg/L）。     

Open L-lactic acid fermentation of food refuse using thermophilic Bacillus coagulans and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of microflora

In the production of commercially useful poly-L-lactic acid plastic from biomass wastes, a feasible fermentation process to produce optically active L-lactic acid would be required. Here, model kitchen refuse (MKR) was inoculated with Bacillus coagulans NBRC12583 under nonsterilized openculture conditions. At temperatures below 45 degrees C, a racemic mixture of D- and L-lactic acids was accumulated, whereas only L-lactic acid was selectively accumulated by incubation at 50-65 degrees C. At 45 degrees C, the results of fermentation could not be consistently reproduced. To analyze microflora in this type of mixed culture system, whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes for B. coagulans, Bcoa191, and LAC722(L), a group-specific probe for a wide range of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria was applied. The dominancy of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria at lower temperatures, and that of B. coagulans at higher temperatures were confirmed. By using a saccharified liquid of collected kitchen refuse, 86 g/l of L-lactic acid was accumulated under nonsterile conditions by a 5-d incubation at 55 degrees C, pH 6.5, with 53% carbon yield and 97% optical purity. To conclude, high temperature open lactic acid fermentation is a simple and promising method for producing high-grade L-lactic acid from biomass waste, and FISH analysis of such mixed-culture systems is helpful for monitoring the microflora in these cultures.     

纯培养微生物荧光原位杂交技术检测的影响因素探究

为了研究纯培养微生物荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）检测的影响因素,该实验以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）及植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus planetarium）为研究对象,研究不同种属、不同生长期菌株、菌体预处理方式及杂交条件对基于探针EUB338的FISH检测结果的影响。结果表明,菌体种类及菌体生长阶段均较明显影响FISH计数的准确性;确定超声分散菌体时间60 s（100 W、每30 s间歇）、溶菌酶处理60 min可较大幅度提高FISH对菌体的检出率;杂交时间和洗脱液中NaCl浓度对FISH检测结果影响小,杂交温度、杂交液中甲酰胺浓度对大肠杆菌影响小而对植物乳杆菌有一定影响。     

Quantification of cell specific uptake activity of microbial products by uncultured Chloroflexi by microautoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization

We, for the first time, quantitatively determined cell specific uptake activities of microbial products (bacterial cell detritus and extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) by the member of uncultured Chloroflexiby using a microautoradiography combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH) technique. For this MAR-FISH analysis, we prepared [14C]-labeled microbial products from biomass sludge obtained and bacterial strains (Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp.) isolated from our pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) as tracer substrates, which probably represent the more realistic food source in the MBR. The quantitative MAR-FISH analyses clearly showed that most of the uncultured Chloroflexi could indeed uptake the bacterial detritus of the two isolated strains with rates of 1.7-3.5 x 10(-7) g-C microm-2-surface area h(-1) (corresponding to 1.2-1.7 mg-C-bacterial detritus L(-1) h(-1)) in the cultures, which were, however, about 2 orders of magnitude lower than the uptake rates of simple monosaccharides (mannose, arabinose, fucose, and galactose). Based on these results and their high abundance (more than 20% of total bacteria detected with EUB338-mixed probes), it could be estimated that the uncultured Chloroflexi contributes 38-51% of the total degradation of microbial products occurred in the MAR-FISH cultures.     

采用生物滤池--活性污泥法处理啤酒废水

某啤酒厂废水处理站设计规模为2100m3/d;进水CODcr=800～1500mg/L,BOD5=400～800mg/L,SS=300～600mg/L.采用高负荷生物滤池-活性污泥法处理工艺,运行表明出水水质达到GB8978-1988污水综合排放标准中规定的一级标准.     

Fast method for multielemental analysis of plants and discrimination according to the anatomical part by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Fast and reliable analytical methodologies are required for quality control of plants in order to assure human health. Ultrasound-assisted extraction in combination with total reflection X-ray fluorescence is proposed as a fast and simple method for multielemental analysis of plants on a routine basis. For this purpose, five certified reference materials have been analysed for the determination of P, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb. Different extractant media (acids and oxidants) were tried. A mixture of diluted HNO₃ + HCl + HF, was selected as the best option for the achievement of complete extractions. Accurate and precise results can be reached in most cases along with a high sample throughput. Different plants (i.e., herbs, spices and medicinal plants) were analysed. Linear discriminant analysis together with the elemental concentrations allowed the differentiation of commercial preparations corresponding to flower, fruit and leaf.     

CQJ型气浮技术在思茅松制浆废水处理中的应用

介绍云景林纸废水处理工艺“物理化学处理法＋好氧生物处理法＋化学处理法”的原理,以及CQJ型超效浅层气浮在处理思茅松制浆废水中的应用及特点。     

The rapid determination of trace elements in soils and plants by X-ray fluorescence analysis

A semiquantitative method of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a manual spectrometer has been developed for the rapid determination of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb in soils and Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr in plants. An approximate analysis time for one soil is 20 min and for one plant sample is 15 min. Matrix corrections are based on the concentration of Fe₂O₃ and the background count rates of the sample and a standard. The results of quantitative XRFS analysis of United States Geological Survey rocks and of Standard Kale are given.     

以啤酒废水处理污泥为原料发酵生产微生物肥料的研究

研究以啤酒废水处理污泥为原料液态发酵生产微生物肥料.通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了污泥添加量、二氧化氯添加量、发酵条件和培养基对解磷菌D-P2生长繁殖的影响.结果表明,啤酒废水处理污泥添加量为水的60％,二氧化氯添加量为啤酒污泥的1.0％,接种量为8.0％,初始pH值为7.0,在32℃下培养28h就可以得到活体菌高达2.8× 109cfu/mL的解磷菌发酵液,高于国家磷细菌肥料标准.     

Characterization and fate of N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants

The potent carcinogen, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), is produced during disinfection of municipal wastewater effluent from the reaction of monochloramine and organic nitrogen-containing precursors. To delineate the sources and fate of NDMA precursors during municipal wastewater treatment, NDMA formation was measured after extended chloramination of both model precursors and samples from conventional and advanced wastewater treatment plants. Of the model precursors, only dimethylamine, tertiary amines with dimethylamine functional groups, and dimethylamides formed significant NDMA concentrations upon chloramination. In samples from municipal wastewater treatment plants, dissolved NDMA precursors always were present in primary and secondary effluents. Biological treatment effectively removed the known NDMA precursor dimethylamine, lowering its concentration to levels that could not produce significant quantities of NDMA upon chlorine disinfection. However, biological treatment was less effective at removing other dissolved NDMA precursors, even after extended biological treatment. Significant concentrations of particle-associated NDMA precursors only were detected in secondary effluent at treatment plants that recycled water from sludge thickening operations in which dimethylamine-based synthetic polymers were used. Effective strategies for the prevention of NDMA formation during wastewater chlorination include ammonia removal by nitrification to preclude chloramine formation during chlorine disinfection, elimination of dimethylamine-based polymers, and use of filtration and reverse osmosis to remove particle-associated precursors and dissolved precursors, respectively.