一种可靠的多方不可否认协议的逻辑分析方法

多方不可否认协议需要满足不可否认性、公平性和时限性三大安全目标,但是现有的对多方不可否认协议的形式化分析方法大多是对两方协议分析方法的简单扩展,单一方法不能完整覆盖所有的安全目标分析;同时,对单一安全目标的分析能力有限,分析结果不可靠。首先,综合比较现有的分析技术,选定SVO逻辑进行扩展,显式引入时间因素,给出对应的语法定义和时间演算公理。然后,对改进逻辑的语义模型进行介绍,并证明了逻辑系统的可靠性,使得改进后的逻辑系统支持对多方不可否认协议三大安全目标的分析。最后,选取一个典型的多方不可否认协议,分别对其时限性和公平性进行分析,发现了其中存在的时限性和公平性缺陷,并给出了对应的攻击方法。其中,公平性缺陷是首次被发现。     

移动微支付协议Payword的改进与形式化分析

针对移动微支付协议Payword不满足不可否认性的问题,提出了改进的移动微支付协议Payword。相比Payowrd,改进的Payword具有更好的安全性和公平性。为验证改进的移动微支付协议Payword能否满足不可否认性,对SVO逻辑进行扩展,并运用扩展后的SVO逻辑对改进的Payword微支付协议进行形式化分析。分析结果表明,改进后的微支付协议满足不可否认性。     

Zhou-Gollmann不可否认协议的一种新的改进

Zhou和Gollmann于1996年提出了一个简单有效的公平不可否认协议,但Kim等人后来发现该协议不具有时限性并提出了一个改进方案．虽然他们的改进解决了协议的时限性问题,但却高度依赖于各实体间时间的一致性,实现时需要在各实体间加入时钟同步机制,致使协议实现困难、低效．该文引入一种新的同步机制,并用它改进了Zhou—Gollmann的不可否认协议．新的改进使协议不需要时钟同步机制,还能通过使用一种称为证据链的证据管理机制使协议实现效率更高．使用SVO逻辑对改进后的协议进行形式化分析的结果表明它能提供时限性和公平性．     

Kailar逻辑的改进及应用

综合Kailar逻辑和SVO逻辑两种协议分析方法的优点,借助SVO逻辑的思想对Kailar逻辑进行了改进,使其更好地应用于不可否认协议的可追究性分析和设计。同时,将改进后的Kailar逻辑应用在类NG协议的分析中,分析结果证明了该协议可追究方面的安全性质。     

不可否认协议分析的扩展ZQZ逻辑方法

不可否认协议必须满足存活性、不可否认性、公平性和时限性,但当前大多数形式化方法只能分析该类协议的部分性质,证明或证伪协议逻辑的部分正确性.本文通过向ZQZ逻辑添加时间表达式,提出了一种适用于不可否认协议建模与分析的扩展ZQZ逻辑方法,包括推理规则和安全性质模型.展示新方法的应用时,使用其分析了ZG和KPB这两个局部逻辑...     

基于扩展CS逻辑的非否认协议形式化分析方法

将基于知识逻辑的CS逻辑系统用于分析具有时限性的非否认协议,针对非否认协议的性质对CS逻辑进行了扩展,给出了描述和分析非否认性以及公平性的方法,并使用扩展后的逻辑对改进的ZG协议进行了分析。在分析过程中,发现了该协议存在对签名的重放攻击漏洞,不满足强非否认性。验证过程也表明,扩展后的CS逻辑能够有效地描述和分析具有时限性的非否认协议的安全性质。     

对Zhou-Gollmann不可否认协议的一种新改进*

Zhou和Gollmann于1996年提出了一个简单有效的公平不可否认协议,但Kim等人发现协议不具有时限性并提出了一个改进方案,虽然该改进方案解决了协议的时限性问题,但却导致了另一种攻击——拒绝服务攻击。针对这一攻击,提出了一种新的改进方法,分析表明改进后的协议能提供时限性和公平性。     

对Zhou-Gollmann不可否认协议的一种新改进*

Zhou 和 Gollmann于1996年提出了一个简单有效的公平不可否认协议,但Kim等人发现协议不具有时限性并提出了一个改进方案,虽然该改进方案解决了协议的时限性问题,但却导致了另一种攻击——拒绝服务攻击。针对这一攻击,提出了一种新的改进方法,分析表明改进后的协议能提供时限性和公平性。     

公平交换协议形式逻辑

在深入分析公平交换协议现有研究和各项安全属性的基础上,由于信任逻辑方法难以分析乐观公平交换协议的公平性和时限性,提出一种公平交换协议形式化模型和推理逻辑.新模型将信道错误转化为攻击行为,将参与者分为诚实与不诚实两类,并将这些威胁归结为两类入侵者.基于模型检查思想,新逻辑将协议定义为Kripke结构的演化系统,将参与者看作异步环境中的通信进程,定义了时间算子控制实体行为的转换.同时,新逻辑继承了信任逻辑简单、实用的优点.以一个典型协议为例,采用逻辑结合模型检查的方法,演示了分析协议的过程.发现并改进了协议实例的安全缺陷.案例分析表明,新逻辑能够分析公平交换协议的公平性和时限性.     

一种新型的非否认协议

在克服一种非否认协议草案的缺陷的基础上,提出一种新的非否认协议.新的协议可以在不安 全和不可靠的信道上工作,并能对付各种欺骗行为.此外,还对SVO逻辑进行扩充,引进一些新 的概念和方法,并用扩展后的SVO逻辑分析与证明新的非否认协议.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).