微波与氧化剂改性活性炭及SO_2吸附实验

采用微波辐照与氧化剂浸泡对椰壳活性炭进行改性研究。通过BET、SEM、FTIR对其表面物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,微波与氧化改性均能丰富活性炭表面孔隙结构;活性炭改性后表面O—H、C—O、CO等含氧官能团含量增加,微波与K2Cr2O7浸泡共同改性样品的增加最为明显。脱硫实验结果表明,椰壳活性炭改性后,SO2吸附能力明显提高,微波与K2Cr2O7浸泡共同改性效果最佳,在60℃、烟气流量0.4 L/min时吸附量为33.31 mg/g;在烟气流量0.4¹ L/min之间,活性炭的吸附量随烟气流量的增加而减少;在601 L/min之间,活性炭的吸附量随烟气流量的增加而减少;在60¹20℃,随着温度升高,活性炭的初始吸附速率和吸附量均减小。     

石墨烯气凝胶的制备及其对水中油分的吸附特性

以改性Hummers法制备出的氧化石墨（GO）为原料,乙二胺（EDA）为交联剂,通过液相化学交联法制备出以石墨烯为主体的多孔网状气凝胶（EGA）。利用电子扫描电镜（SEM）、电子透射电镜（TEM）及选区电子衍射（SAED）对其进行表征。以水中柴油为研究对象,考察所制EGA样品对水中柴油的吸附脱除效果。结果表明,石墨烯气凝胶对柴油的吸附量在前5 min上升迅速,在30 min左右达到吸附平衡。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,且吸附速率随温度的升高而增加,体系的表观活化能E_a=23.94 kJ·mol^-1。颗粒内扩散模型拟合结果表明,EGA对水中柴油的吸附分为表面孔道吸附、气凝胶内部孔道扩散以及石墨烯片层间小孔道扩散。石墨烯气凝胶对柴油的吸附等温线与Freundlich模型较为吻合。     

热活化凹凸棒土对磷吸附性能的研究

将凹凸棒土高温煅烧活化,通过静态实验研究其对磷的吸附行为。结果表明,温度773 K时热活化效果显著。在研究的浓度范围内,吸附平衡数据显著符合Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich模型(P<0.01),优惠吸附过程,磷吸附量随试验温度的升高而增加,328 K时理论饱和吸附量为2 408 mg P/kg。吸附动力学数据显著符合Lagergren伪二级动力学、Elovich和Kannan颗粒内扩散模型(P<0.05),非均相扩散、物理吸附过程,主要控速步骤为液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散联合控制。吸附热力学参数ΔG<0、ΔH>0、ΔS>0,热活化凹凸棒土对磷的吸附为自发吸热反应。研究结论为凹凸棒土在提高磷肥与复混肥料养分利用率中的应用提供了科学依据。     

活性炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

以活性炭为吸附剂,亚甲基蓝(MB)为吸附质,考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间、温度对活性炭去除亚甲基蓝的影响。分别采用伪一级、伪二级动力学模型和Langmuir,Freundlich吸附等温线模型对吸附动力学和等温线进行分析。实验表明,在活性炭用量为0.667 g/L,吸附时间为360 min,反应温度为298 K时,活性炭对亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量为249.081 mg/g。吸附反应在前30 min内速率很快,并约在360 min内达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合伪二级动力学模型。吸附反应为放热反应,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型,相关系数高于0.99。活性炭对去除水中亚甲基蓝效果好,是一种优良的吸附剂。     

咖啡渣活性炭的制备、表征及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机制研究

以碘吸附值为评价指标,活化时间、活化温度和浸渍比为影响因素,采用响应面法试验设计对磷酸活化法制备咖啡渣活性炭的工艺条件进行优化,并通过静态吸附试验研究了不同吸附时间、溶液pH值和吸附温度条件下,活性炭对水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附性能的影响,最后利用Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温方程、准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和颗粒内部扩散方程进行拟合。试验结果表明,制备咖啡渣活性炭的最佳工艺条件为活化时间1 h、活化温度498℃、浸渍比1.72;在此条件下活性炭得率为30.4%,碘吸附值为（799±16）mg/g,比表面积为1 006 m²/g,孔容为0.779 cm³/g、微孔孔容为0.051 cm³/g、平均孔径为3.088 nm。较低pH值和较高温度能够促进活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附;Langmuir等温方程能够更好地描述活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果;活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附分3个阶段：快速吸附阶段、慢速吸附阶段和吸附平衡阶段,10 min内可完成吸附总量的79%,360 min内达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学方程。分析表明咖啡渣活性炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附主要为单分子层的化学吸附。     

活性炭对丁酮的吸附动力学研究

研究了2种活性炭（木质活性炭和煤质活性炭）对丁酮的吸附,重点考察了活性炭的吸附时间、吸附温度和丁酮载气流量对丁酮吸附的影响,并用准一级、准二级、Elovich和Bangham 4种动力学模型对活性炭在不同温度条件下对丁酮的吸附行为进行了动力学拟合,确定其动力学吸附模型。实验表明：不同的活性炭对丁酮的吸附过程不同;活性炭对丁酮的吸附是一个吸附和解吸同时存在的过程,当吸附速率和解吸速率相等时,该过程达到吸附平衡;随着吸附温度的升高,活性炭对丁酮的饱和吸附量逐渐降低,说明活性炭对丁酮的吸附过程为放热反应;丁酮载气流量对活性炭吸附丁酮达到饱和的时间以及吸附速率有影响,对AC-1的最终饱和吸附量影响显著,对AC-2的最终饱和吸附量没有显著影响。这2种活性炭吸附丁酮最适宜的吸附温度均为303 K,最佳的载气流量为400 mL/min。在不同温度下对活性炭吸附丁酮的过程进行动力学分析,发现Bangham方程计算得到的相关系数R²大于0.99,因此,活性炭对丁酮的吸附动力学方程符合Bangham动力学方程。     

咖啡壳吸附材料的制备及其对四环素吸附行为影响的研究

以云南省保山地区废弃的咖啡壳为原料分别在不同的烧结温度(300℃、400℃和500℃),选用H₃PO₄、KOH、K₂CO₃对其进行活化处理，制备出不同类型的粉末状活性炭。并进一步探究不同类型的咖啡壳基活性炭对四环素(TC)吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明，在以KOH作为活化剂，且烧结温度为400℃的条件下制备的活性炭(K-400C-AC)对TC的吸附性能明显最好(当TC的初始浓度为5 mg/L时，0.1 g活性炭可以将其全部吸附)。通过拟一阶吸附动力学模型、拟二阶吸附动力学模型和Weber-Morris颗粒内扩散模型评价K-400C-AC对TC吸附速率的结果显示，该吸附过程的动力学过程能够很好的用拟二阶动力学模型拟合(R²=0.999)。Weber-Morris颗粒内扩散模型证明了吸附过程的主要速度控制步骤是TC的边界层扩散和颗粒内扩散的联合作用。除此之外，Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型的拟合结果表明，K-400C对TC的吸附过程属于单分子层吸附，且K-400-AC...     

坡缕石黏土吸附Cu~(2+)的动力学

通过提纯的坡缕石黏土对水溶液中Cu~(2+)的静态吸附实验,考察了吸附过程的动力学特征,研究了吸附过程的动力学模型、表观活化能和活化热力学参数,并对吸附速率的控制进行了分析。结果表明:在实验条件下坡缕石黏土对水中的Cu~(2+)具有较快的吸附速率,60min可基本达到平衡;吸附过程能较好地符合Lagergren pseudo-second-order吸附动力学方程,速率常数k_2随温度的升高而增大,随Cu~(2+)初始浓度的增加而减小;吸附过程的表观活化能为18.82kJ/mol,是活化的化学吸附,活化焓为16.26kJ/mol,活化Gibbs自由能为75.40～79.38kJ/mol,活化熵为-198.50 J/(mol·K),活化为吸热过程,是缔合反应机制:吸附速率由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,低浓度时主要受液膜扩散控制,高浓度时颗粒内扩散的影响更为明显。     

三种阴离子聚合物分散剂在吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附热力学和动力学

通过振荡吸附实验研究了三种阴离子聚合物分散剂Morwet D-425、GYD-1252和LG-3在农药吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附热力学和动力学,对比分析了三种分散剂吸附性能的差异。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,前者拟合程度较高。由ΔG<0、ΔH<0、ΔS>0可知该吸附为自发、放热、熵增过程,高温不利于吸附进行,|ΔH|<40 kJ·mol^-1表明该吸附为物理吸附。通过对比可知Morwet D-425吸附稳定性最高,受温度影响最小;LG-3吸附稳定性最低,受温度影响最大;GYD-1252吸附稳定性介于两者之间。吸附动力学曲线最符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附过程包括颗粒外传质扩散和表面吸附两个步骤,不包括颗粒内微孔扩散。吸附速率由大到小的顺序为Morwet D-425、GYD-1252、LG-3.通过XPS测定不同温度下分散剂吸附层厚度可知Morwet D-425在吡虫啉颗粒表面的吸附致密,吸附层厚度较低但随温度升高变化很小;GYD-1252和LG-3在吡虫啉颗粒表面吸附疏松,低温下吸附层厚度较高但随温度升高明显降低。     

碳纳米管-石墨烯气凝胶制备及其对水中乳化油的吸附特性

以改进的Hummers-Offeman法制备出的氧化石墨（GO）与羧基化多壁碳纳米管（CNTs-COOH）为原料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）为交联剂,乙二胺（EDA）为还原剂,水热还原法制得羧基碳纳米管-石墨烯复合气凝胶（CGA）。调整GO与CNTs-COOH的质量比获得密度在8.40～14.42 mg·cm^-3之间的气凝胶,并确定在GO：CNTs-COOH=3：1（质量）时得到的气凝胶的机械强度最优。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对所制备的CGA进行表征,得知GO与CNTs-COOH已成功还原组装成多孔状三维气凝胶结构。以水中乳化柴油作为研究对象,考察CGA样品在不同温度下对乳化柴油的吸附特性。结果表明,CGA的吸附量在前6 min迅速上升,在30 min左右达到吸附平衡,且平衡吸附量随温度升高而增加。吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,体系表观活化能为7.10 kJ·mol^-1。利用颗粒内扩散模型分析得出,CGA对乳化油的吸附分为外表面吸附过程和内部孔道吸附过程（内部大孔道吸附、中孔道和微孔道内扩散3个阶段）。     

多壁碳纳米管/二氧化硅纳米复合材料的制备及其吸油性能

以羧化多壁碳纳米管为基体、纳米硅溶胶粒为增强相,通过一步液相共混方法制备多壁碳纳米管/二氧化硅纳米复合材料。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、电子扫描电镜（SEM）、热重（TGA）、孔结构分析（BET/BJH）对其进行了表征。以水中柴油为研究对象考察了该样品对水中柴油的吸附脱除效果,并与纳米二氧化硅胶粒、原生碳纳米管以及活性炭进行对比。结果表明：硅溶胶粒表面修饰后的多壁碳纳米管的聚团行为得以改善,而且材料具有微孔-介孔双孔道结构。对水中直馏柴油的去除率高达97.79%,并于1 h达到吸附平衡。整个吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,吸附体系的表观活化能为11.37 kJ·mol^-1,吸附等温线与Freundlich模型较为吻合,吸附效果明显强于其他3种吸附剂。     

Removal of strontium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto activated carbon: kinetic and thermodynamic studies

This work reports the adsorption of strontium from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon. Various factors such as pH, initial concentration of strontium, particle size and temperature were considered. The optimum conditions obtained were: pH value = 4.0, contact time = 8 h, initial concentration of Sr(II) = 100 mg/l, particle size = 270 μm and temperature of 293.15 K. The adsorption of strontium(II) on activated carbon follows pseudo-first order kinetics and the energy of activation E_a calculated using the Arrehenius equation was found to be 3.042 kJ/mol.The adsorption isotherms could be fitted by the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption capacity Q_o being 5.07×10^–4 mol/g at 293.15 K. A dimensionless separation factor R_L was used to judge the favourable adsorption. The values of the mass transfer coefficient β_L (cm/s) at different temperatures indicated that the velocity of mass transfer of Sr(II) ions onto activated carbon was slow. The intraparticle diffusion mechanism is of great importance in determining the overall rate of removal and the negative entropy of activation ΔS^# value 145.13 J/mol K, reflects that no significant change occurs in the internal structure of activated carbon during adsorption of strontium(II). The Gibbs free energy ΔG°_ads values range from –36.61 kJ/mol to –41.75 kJ/mol at 293.15–333.15 K, which show the physical adsorption properties of activated carbon and indicate the feasibility of the process.     

中药渣基活性炭的制备及其对头孢拉定的吸附研究

以香橼、桂枝和板蓝根3种中药渣为原料,Na₂CO₃为活化剂,800℃下活化1.5 h制备了香橼活性炭（AC-CM）、桂枝活性炭（AC-RC）和板蓝根活性炭（AC-IT）3种活性炭。采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、比表面积分析、pH值和pH_pzc测定等表征手段考察了活性炭的特性。研究了3种活性炭对头孢拉定的吸附动力学与吸附等温线,考察了不同初始pH值和NaCl质量浓度对吸附过程的影响。结果发现,AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT的比表面积分别为453.32、413.78和230.06 m²/g,pH值分别为9.70、8.23和9.24,pH_pzc值分别为9.28、9.21和9.38,活性炭表面主要含有C=O、C=C以及含N基团,SEM分析显示活性炭表面存在大量的孔结构。AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT对头孢拉定的吸附过程均符合伪二级动力学与粒内扩散模型,吸附速率受粒内扩散机制和化学吸附共同控制。Freundlich模型能较好地描述3种活性炭的等温吸附过程,n均大于1,说明吸附过程容易进行。溶液初始pH值对活性炭吸附影响较大,pH值为3（在100 mg/L头孢拉定溶液中,添加0.1 g活性炭,吸附48 h）时,AC-CM、AC-RC和AC-IT对头孢拉定的吸附量最大,分别达到74.76、79.44和62.55 mg/g。溶液中NaCl的存在也增加了活性炭的吸附量。     

Adsorption Kinetics and Thermodynamics of COD Removal of Acid Pre-treated Petrochemical Wastewater by using Granular Activated Carbon

Granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as adsorbent in batch experiments for the removal of COD from Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) wastewater. The results showed that COD adsorption onto GAC follows pseudo-second-order rate kinetics and that both boundary-layer diffusion and intraparticle diffusion are likely involved in the rate-limiting mechanisms. The adsorption of PTA wastewater components (COD) onto GAC was found to be exothermic. ΔH° value is ?18.34 kJ/ mol indicating the complexity of the adsorption which is neither completely physical nor chemical in nature. The energetically heterogenic nature of the GAC surface was depicted by the variation in ΔH_st,a with the surface loading.     

MODELLING OF THE INTERACTION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE WITH ACTIVATED CARBON I. ADSORPTION DYNAMICS AT THE SINGLE PARTICLE SCALE

The adsorption dynamics of nitrogen dioxide on activated carbon are measured using a microbalance technique. A theoretical model, incorporating the mechanisms of micropore, macropore and concentration dependent sorbed phase (surface) diffusion, with nonlinear equilibrium (dual Langmuir isotherm), is fitted to the experimental NO₂ adsorption dynamics over a range of temperatures, concentrations and particles sizes. The data are well fitted by the model over the temperature range 298-373 K, with typical extracted values of the diffusivities at 298 K being: D/R²_μ=0.003 s^-11 (micropore), D_p = 0.038 cm²/s (macropore) and D_so=1.0 × 10^-6cm²/s (surface) with micropore and surface diffusion activation energies of 14.8 and 11.0 kJ/mole, respectively. The influence of the NO₂/N₂O₄ ratio on the adsorption dynamics is also discussed. At temperature higher than 373 K, significant reaction of NO₂ with activated carbon results in consumption of the carbon.     

Adsorptive Removal of Rhodamine B with Activated Carbon Obtained from Okra Wastes

This study aimed at preparing and optimizing an activated carbon (OAC) obtained from dry okra wastes by chemical activation with zinc chloride. Also, Rhodamine B removal performance from aqueous solution was analyzed by using this optimized activated carbon. The characterization of the resultant activated carbon, with a high surface area of 1044?m²/g, was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model, t-plot, N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms, density functional theory, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and the point of zero charge. Furthermore, the effects of operating conditions (contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and pH) on Rhodamine B adsorption onto OAC were investigated. Langmuir model was determined to be the best adsorption process, and the maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be 321.50?mg/g at 25°C. Also, the intraparticle diffusion and boundary layer diffusion were involved in RhB adsorption onto OAC. Moreover, OAC adsorption curves of Rhodamine B followed pseudo second-order model. At 25°C, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy obtained from thermodynamic studies were determined to be ?27.87?kJ/mol, 13.03?kJ/mol, and 0.15?kJ/mol K, respectively. These thermodynamic values revealed that Rhodamine B adsorption onto OAC was feasible, endothermic, physical, and spontaneous.     

Study to investigate the importance of mass transfer of naproxen sodium onto activated carbon

In the present study, the adsorption of naproxen sodium onto activated carbons (BK4, obtained from white polymeric waste and SK4, obtained from black polymeric waste) was investigated by calculating the parameters of pH, contact time, the concentration of naproxen sodium and the temperature. The adsorption data of naproxen sodium onto activated carbon follows the Langmuir isotherm model and its kinetic processes were described by various kinetic adsorption models. It was determined that the pseudo-second-order model was the best choice among all the available kinetic models to describe the adsorption behaviour of naproxen sodium onto activated carbon. During the present study, the intraparticle diffusion rate constant, the external mass transfer coefficient and the film and pore diffusion coefficient were evaluated at various temperatures. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption of naproxen sodium onto activated carbon were also calculated.     

Variation of intraparticle diffusion parameter during adsorption of p‐chlorophenol onto activated carbon made from apricot stones

The adsorption of para‐chlorophenol onto an active carbon made from waste apricot stones has been studied. The batch kinetic adsorption processes have been measured for a range of system variables including agitation rate, initial concentration of para‐chlorophenol, mass of carbon and particle size of carbon. The extent of adsorption is reported as plots of solid phase concentration against the square root of time. An intraparticle diffusion parameter is used to describe the mass transfer within the adsorbent. This parameter varies with the square root of time and can be related to the type of structure which occurs within an activated carbon. A correlation is proposed relating the process variable with the intraparticle diffusion parameter in each of the three mass transfer regions. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

二苯并呋喃在活性炭床层中的吸附动力学

The adsorption of dibenzofuran （DBF） on three commercial granular activated carbons （GAC） was investigated to correlate the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics with the morphological characteristics of activated carbons. Breakthrough experiment was conducted to determine the isotherm and kinetics of dibenzofuran on the activated carbons. All-the experiment runs were performed in a fixed bed with a process temperature of 368 K. The effects of adsorbent morphological properties on the kinetics of the adsorption process were studied. The equilibrium data are found satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir isotherm. An intraparticle diffusion model based on the obtained Langmuir isotherm was＇developed for predicting the fixed bed adsorption of dibenzofuran. The result indicated that this model fit all the breakthrough curves well. The surface diffusion coefficients of dibenzofuran on the activated carbon are calculated, and a relationship with the microporosity is found. As it was expected, the dibenzofuran molecule finds more kinetic restrictions for the diffusion in those carbons with narrower pore diameter.