Ti-V复合低碳钢在回火过程中MC型碳化物的析出与强化行为

利用维氏硬度计、OM(光学显微镜)、EBSD(电子背散射衍射)和TEM(透射电子显微镜)对在600℃回火不同时间后的Ti-V复合微合金化马氏体钢的维氏硬度、微观组织及析出相随回火时间的演变进行了研究。结果表明:随回火时间的增长,实验钢的硬度变化为先下降后上升再下降。前期由于位错密度降低,引起实验钢硬度下降。回火开始后,由于析出相的沉淀强化作用,硬度逐渐上升,并在回火1 h时达到峰值。回火1 h后,析出相开始粗化并引起位错密度降低,实验钢的硬度又开始下降,并在100 h时达到最低值。在回火过程中析出相的形状和尺寸都发生了明显变化。在回火1 h时实验钢的主要强化机制为沉淀强化,沉淀强化增量占总强度的34.9%,而在回火100 h时沉淀强化仍是钢中的主要强化方式。     

回火温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织及硬度的影响

摘要：利用OM、SEM、TEM、EBSD和维氏硬度计等手段研究了回火温度对Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢组织转变及硬度的影响，探讨了 (Ti,V,Mo)C在不同回火温度下的析出规律及其对硬度的作用机制。结果表明，在450～600℃回火时，随着回火温度的升高，硬度呈直线上升趋势，在600℃回火时硬度具有最大值450HV。随着回火温度的升高，试验钢马氏体板条块宽度由7.3μm增大至9.9μm，600℃回火时析出相粒子的平均尺寸为5nm，10nm以下的(Ti,V,Mo)C粒子可高达90%，理论计算沉淀强化增量导致硬度上升90.7HV，远高于基体软化造成的硬度损失，因而析出强化是影响Ti-V-Mo复合微合金钢硬度的主要因素。在600～650℃回火，大小角度晶界分布比例基本相同，马氏体板条块的平均尺寸变化不大，但是析出相的平均尺寸由5nm提高到5.6nm，尺寸小于5nm的(Ti,V,Mo)C粒子所占比例逐渐下降，导致硬度下降。     

钼钨钒合金化热作模具钢高温回火组织演变

为适应热冲压技术的发展需求,开发了一种新型高热导率高耐磨性能热冲压用模具钢材料。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等检测手段对钼钨钒合金化新型模具钢的高温回火性能与组织特征进行了研究。阐明了新型热冲压模具钢回火过程碳化物析出与演变规律。实验结果表明:实验用钼钨钒合金化模具钢材料具有良好的回火二次硬化性能,在500～600 ℃温度区间回火时,回火组织硬度上升;在600 ℃回火出现二次硬化峰值;当回火温度超过600 ℃后,组织软化程度明显,回火硬度开始下降。实验模具钢在高温回火过程中的硬度变化与其合金碳化物的偏聚、析出和聚集长大密切相关。当在560 ℃以下回火时,实验钢组织中未有合金碳化物析出;当回火温度大于560 ℃时,回火组织中开始析出M₂C型碳化物;当回火温度高于600 ℃后开始析出MC型碳化物;当在620 ℃长时间回火后M₂C型碳化物转化为M₆C型碳化物,此时实验钢硬度开始明显下降;而当回火温度高于660 ℃时,新型实验钢组织中主要为M₆C和MC型合金碳化物。      

长期时效对ЭП866钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了ЭП866钢650℃下经最长2 000 h时效处理后组织和力学性能的变化规律,并运用Thermo-Calc热力学软件研究了钢中铬质量分数变化对σ相平衡析出的影响。结果表明,650℃长期时效后,钢中的析出相主要为M_(23)C_6、MX、Laves和σ相,同时发生了马氏体板条回复及析出相的粗化。材料的强度和硬度在500 h时效时间内下降较快,主要受析出相粗化和组织回复共同作用的影响;时效时间延长后,由于硬脆的σ相大量析出,强度和硬度缓慢下降。冲击吸收能量在1 000 h时效时间内呈下降趋势,主要受Laves相粗化和链状分布的M_(23)C_6的影响,时效时间延长后,组织回复引起软化的作用增强,冲击吸收能量又略有升高。Thermo-Calc计算结果表明,时效过程中σ相的析出与铬元素在晶界上的偏聚有关。     

回火温度对1500MPa级直接淬火钢组织与性能的影响

设计了一种新型1500MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo多组元系低合金、超高强度工程结构钢,研究了回火温度对直接淬火钢组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而不断降低,屈服强度随回火温度升高先升高后下降,延伸率和冲击功均随回火温度升高呈现先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势.分析认为,回火过程组织演变的物理机制一方面包括板条马氏体和位错亚结构的回复、再结晶软化过程,另一方面包括残余奥氏体的分解与马氏体中过饱和碳的脱溶及析出第2相的强化机制综合作用.250℃回火后,板条马氏体内析出ε碳化物;400℃回火后ε碳化物明显粗化,产生回火脆性;600℃回火后部分析出相在奥氏体中形核,在马氏体基体内长大和粗化,最终形态为近似球形,另一部分析出相在马氏体内形核、生长,呈现椭球形或矩形.     

深冷处理对H13钢组织结构和热稳定性的影响

 为了研究深冷处理对H13热作模具钢热稳定性的影响及组织演化规律,利用洛氏硬度计、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等对经不同热处理工艺处理后H13热作模具钢的热稳定性及显微组织进行了表征。结果表明,深冷处理促使部分残余奥氏体转变为马氏体,导致深冷处理后试验钢的硬度高于淬火态试验钢的硬度。经深冷处理后试验钢在540 ℃回火20 h过程中其硬度均比常规热处理的试验钢硬度高,深冷处理的试验钢具有更好的热稳定性。与常规热处理的试验钢相比,深冷处理促使钢中碳原子偏聚并在回火过程中以碳化物的形式析出,导致深冷处理的试验钢回火后马氏体基体中碳的质量分数降低。透射电镜结果显示,试验钢在回火过程中析出的大量弥散分布的纳米级M₂₃C₆型碳化物,经长时间回火后碳化物粗化致使试验钢硬度随着回火时间的增加而下降。     

析出硬化型热强钢中合金元素的作用机制

采用X射线衍射和透射电镜等手段,对高温下析出硬化型热强钢中合金元素的再分配行为及其作用机制进行了分析和探讨,并和用余氏理论分析了该钢的价电子结构,阐述了高温下钴的作用机制。结果表明：在700℃的高温下,钢中的合金元素会逐渐析出并形成碳化物等析出相;在700℃下保持600h后,钢中全部的钼、钨、碳及部分的铬、微量的钴和钒等脱溶析出,形成μ相、Layes相、MC、M23C6和M6C等析出相,产生析出强化作用。而大部分的钴、铬和少量的钒保留在基体中起固溶强化作用。价电子结构计算结果表明,钴增强了基体晶格的键合力,同时也提高了回火抗力。     

20Cr2Mo2V钢粒状贝氏体的沉淀硬化

本文对20Gr2Mo2V钢粒状贝氏体回火时的沉淀硬化过程进行了电镜观察,并分析了各强化的组织因素。发现在回火过程中,一方面贝氏体铁素体基体中有细小弥散的VC析出,且粗化相当缓慢。与此同时基体固溶含碳量降低。另一方面,“小岛”中的残余奥氏体转变成马氏体而岛中原有马氏体则逐步分解折出M_3C。对粒状贝氏体沉淀硬化效应的半定量估计表明,VC微粒的折出是产生强化的主要原因,“小岛”中残余奥氏体向马氏体的转变也对强化有一定贡献,而基体中含碳量的减少使固溶强化作用有所降低。     

Cu-NiAl纳米复合析出强化钢回火工艺

为了研究不同回火工艺下Cu-NiAl纳米复合析出强化钢的组织和力学性能,采用OM、TEM对在300～650℃范围内回火后的试验钢组织进行分析并对其力学性能进行讨论.结果表明,在300～550℃回火时,贝氏体铁素体板条逐渐粗化为等轴铁素体,并且在基体上形成纳米级析出相;在600～650℃回火时,基体完全转变为等轴铁素体,...     

回火工艺对900 MPa级热轧卷板组织与性能的影响

随着轻量化要求的进一步提高,屈服强度900 MPa级高强度钢在工程机械、汽车等领域逐步得到推广应用。与基于相变强化的传统调质生产工艺不同,采用TMCP+回火工艺开发析出强化型900 MPa级铁素体钢板,着重研究回火工艺对热轧卷板显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,热轧卷板经550~650℃回火热处理后,强度、硬度和冲击韧性显著提高,断后伸长率变化不大;经650~700℃回火热处理后,强度和硬度大幅度降低。热轧卷板的基体组织为细晶准多边形铁素体组织,经回火热处理后,平均晶粒尺寸增大,热轧晶粒尺寸越细小,长大越明显。550~650℃回火促使纳米钛钒碳化物进一步析出是回火钢板强度和硬度提高的主要原因;700℃回火时铁素体晶界出现了数百纳米至1μm的渗碳体颗粒,纳米钛钒钼碳化物减少,降低了沉淀强化作用,铁素体晶粒也粗化,导致了强度下降。     

Influence of Tool Rotational Speed and Post-Weld Heat Treatments on Friction Stir Welded Reduced Activation Ferritic-Martensitic Steel

The effects of tool rotational speed (200 and 700 rpm) on evolving microstructure during friction stir welding (FSW) of a reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steel (RAFMS) in the stir zone (SZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat-affected zone (HAZ) have been explored in detail. The influence of post-weld direct tempering (PWDT: 1033 K (760 °C)/ 90 minutes + air cooling) and post-weld normalizing and tempering (PWNT: 1253 K (980 °C)/30 minutes + air cooling + tempering 1033 K (760 °C)/90 minutes + air cooling) treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties has also been assessed. The base metal (BM) microstructure was tempered martensite comprising Cr-rich M₂₃C₆ on prior austenite grain and lath boundaries with intra-lath precipitation of V- and Ta-rich MC precipitates. The tool rotational speed exerted profound influence on evolving microstructure in SZ, TMAZ, and HAZ in the as-welded and post-weld heat-treated states. Very high proportion of prior austenitic grains and martensite lath boundaries in SZ and TMAZ in the as-welded state showed lack of strengthening precipitates, though very high hardness was recorded in SZ irrespective of the tool speed. Very fine-needle-like Fe₃C precipitates were found at both the rotational speeds in SZ. The Fe₃C was dissolved and fresh precipitation of strengthening precipitates occurred on both prior austenite grain and sub-grain boundaries in SZ during PWNT and PWDT. The post-weld direct tempering caused coarsening and coalescence of strengthening precipitates, in both matrix and grain boundary regions of TMAZ and HAZ, which led to inhomogeneous distribution of hardness across the weld joint. The PWNT heat treatment has shown fresh precipitation of M₂₃C₆ on lath and grain boundaries and very fine V-rich MC precipitates in the intragranular regions, which is very much similar to that prevailed in BM prior to FSW. Both the PWDT and PWNT treatments caused considerable reduction in the hardness of SZ. In the as-welded state, the 200 rpm joints have shown room temperature impact toughness close to that of BM, whereas 700 rpm joints exhibited very poor impact toughness. The best combination of microstructure and mechanical properties could be obtained by employing low rotational speed of 200 rpm followed by PWNT cycle. The type and size of various precipitates, grain size, and evolving dislocation substructure have been presented and comprehensively discussed.     

超低碳钢连续冷却过程中铜的析出行为

研究了两种铜含量超低碳钢的连续冷却过程中铜的析出规律。试验在Gleeble1500热模拟机上进行。通过对试样进行硬度测试及组织观察,总结分析了不同冷却速度对试样的硬度、金相组织及析出物的影响。结果表明:含铜2.04%(质量分数,余同)的超低碳钢以1℃/s冷速冷却时,硬度出现峰值,呈现很强的沉淀强化效果;含铜1.04%的钢在以不同的冷速连续冷却过程中,硬度值变化不大。     

Effects of Tempering Temperature and Mo/Ni on Microstructures and Properties of Lath Martensitic Wear-Resistant Steels

 The tempering behavior was experimentally studied in lath martensitic wear-resistant steels with various Mo/Ni contents after tempering at different temperatures from 200 to 600 ℃. It is shown that a good combination of hardness (HV) (420-450) and -20 ℃ impact toughness (38-70 J) can be obtained after quenching and tempering at 200-250 ℃. The microstructure at this temperature is lath structure with rod-like and/or flake-like ε-carbide with about 10 nm in width and 100 nm in length in the matrix, and the fracture mechanism is quasi-cleavage fracture combining with ductile fracture. Tempering at temperature from 300 to 400 ℃ results in the primary quasi-cleavage fracture due to the carbide transformation from resolved retained austenite and impurity segregation between laths or blocks. However, when the tempering temperature is higher than 500 ℃, the hardness (HV) is lower than 330 and the fracture mechanism changes to ductile fracture due to the spheroidization and coarsening of cementite. Additions of Mo and Ni have no significant effects on the carbides morphologies at low tempering temperatures, but improve the resistance to softening and embrittling for steels when tempered at above 350 ℃.     

Microstructural changes during overtempering of high-speed steels

To elucidate the mechanisms determining the creep resistance of high-speed steels during tool service, overtempering at 600°C has been investigated for two alloys modeling the matrix compositions of AISI M2 and T1. Composition changes and coarsening of the secondary hardening precipitates were studied by transmission electron microscopy and field-ion microscopy with atom probe analysis. Strengthening in the peak-hardened state is due to coherent precipitates of types M₂C and MC. During overtempering, M₂C coarsens too rapidly to be of importance for the sustained strength of the material. The MC precipitates, on the other hand, are fairly stable. Some coarsening does occur, but the MC population is replenished by a second wave of precipitation which makes use of the roughly 50 pct of carbide-forming elements, carbon, and nitrogen, which remained in solid solution after tempering to the peak-hardened state. This precipitation reaction continues for times of the order of the tool life.     

1800MPa级低合金超高强度工程机械用钢显微组织与力学性能

 设计了一种新型的超高强度工程机械用钢,在中试轧机上进行了不同工艺模拟轧制,对比研究了工艺1（80%变形量+直接淬火+250℃回火）、工艺2（90%变形量+层流冷却快冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）和工艺3（90%变形量+空冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）3种不同控轧控冷工艺对试验用钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：工艺1条件下试验钢的抗拉、屈服强度最高,塑韧性最好,分别可达到1816,1473MPa,伸长率为9.5%,断面收缩率为45%,室温冲击功为28J,-40℃冲击功为21J,硬度值达到50HRC,认为获得的是板条马氏体+残余奥氏体的复相组织和析出的复合微合金碳化物、ε-碳化物强韧化机制的综合作用;工艺2,3分别得到的是板条马氏体+块状贝氏体+残余奥氏体、板条马氏体+针状铁素体+片层状珠光体+残余奥氏体,力学性能下降明显;第二相析出物主要是Nb,V,Ti的复合析出颗粒。     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。