非道路两缸柴油机轴承热弹性流体动力润滑特性研究

基于热弹性流体动力润滑理论和多体动力学理论,针对自主研发的非道路2D25卧式两缸柴油机,采用AVL Excite Power Unit软件建立曲轴轴承的多体动力学模型,探讨柔性整机体模型下轴瓦与轴承座的弹性变形、润滑油的黏温及黏压特性、轴瓦及轴颈的表面粗糙度及热效应等因素,建立轴承的润滑模型并计算不同工况下各轴承的载荷、油膜厚度、油膜压力和摩擦功耗。研究结果表明:随着转速的升高,主轴承的总摩擦功耗增加,轴瓦的热负荷增大;高转速下,第一主轴承(MB1)和第三主轴承(MB3)存在轴颈倾斜不对中,出现偏磨现象,导致第二缸爆发时主轴颈振动加剧;连杆轴承油膜压力分布均匀性较好,轴瓦热负荷低,在高转速下润滑效果更佳。     

Journal bearing performance under starved lubrication

The hydrodynamic performance of a journal bearing under starved lubrication conditions is studied theoretically and experimentally. When lubricant is supplied to a journal bearing from an oil groove at an insufficient oil flow rate, the hydrodynamic oil film cannot cover the full width of the bearing at the inlet of the convergent bearing clearance, and the covered width increases gradually with the decrease in film thickness in the circumferential direction. This phenomenon affects the static and dynamic performance of the journal bearing. The oil film boundary in the bearing clearance is calculated numerically for a constant load and a constant speed under the assumption of laminar, iso-viscous lubrication. Measurements are in good agreement with predictions. Some more calculations of journal centre loci are given.     

大功率密度柴油机主轴承混合润滑分析

针对某型柴油机功率提升后主轴承润滑性能出现恶化的现象,计及表面形貌和弹性变形等因素影响,建立12V150柴油机主轴承润滑分析模型。运用弹性流体润滑、轴承动力学及Greenwood-Tripp微凸峰接触理论,分析功率提升后的主轴承润滑性能,提出需要改进的参数。分析表明:主轴承润滑性能变差的原因主要是功率提升后,曲轴和主轴承承受载荷加剧,油膜压力增加,引起轴颈弯曲或倾斜,导致主轴最小油膜度减小。研究曲轴平衡率、轴承宽度和润滑油黏度等参数对主轴承润滑性能的影响,提出了将曲轴平衡率由70%增大至90%,轴承宽度由46 mm增大至48 mm,并合理增加润滑油黏度的改进方案。结果表明:曲轴平衡率能有效地减小主轴颈倾斜角度,而轴承宽度和润滑油黏度对轴颈倾斜几乎没有影响;改进后主轴承最小油膜厚度提升了16.08%,峰值粗糙接触压力减小了37.11%,平均摩擦损失总功减小了13.08%。     

A study of the lubricating effectiveness of micropolar fluids in a dynamically loaded journal bearing (T1516)

The lubricating effectiveness of micropolar fluids in a dynamically loaded journal bearing is studied. On the basis of the theory of micropolar fluids, the modified Reynolds equation for dynamic loads is derived. Results from the numerical analysis indicated that the effects of micropolar fluids on the performance of a dynamically loaded journal bearing depend on the size of material characteristic length and the coupling number. It is shown, compared with Newtonian lubricants, that under a dynamic loading the micropolar lubricants produce an obvious increase in the oil film pressure and oil film thickness, but a decrease in the side leakage flow. It is also shown that the friction coefficient for a dynamically loaded journal bearing with micropolar fluids is in general higher than that of Newtonian fluids, which is not the same as the results for a steadily loaded journal bearing. Furthermore, a parametric study of flow and friction for different mass parameters keeping micropolar parameters fixed is undertaken. It is indicated that, with the increase of the mass parameters, the crank angles corresponding to the maximum flow are changed and the maximum friction coefficients are obviously decreased either for the Newtonian fluids or for the micropolar fluids.     

On the performance of dynamically loaded journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids

A numerical study of the performance for a dynamically loaded journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluids is undertaken. First of all, on the basis of micro-continuum theory, the generalized Reynolds equation for dynamic loads is derived. Then it is simultaneously solved with the force balance equation of the journal, thus obtaining the transient oil film pressure, the transient position and velocity of the journal center. Results from this analysis are presented for a typical engine crankshaft bearing. It is shown, compared with Newtonian lubricants, that under a dynamic loading lubricants with couple stress yield an obvious increase in oil film pressure and oil film thickness, but a decrease in the side leakage flow. Moreover, the effects of couple stress on friction force and friction coefficient vary considerably with time.     

轴变形产生的轴颈倾斜对滑动轴承润滑影响的试验研究

针对各种机械装置使用最普遍、最基本的轴-滑动轴承摩擦副系统,设计研制了专用试验装置,对轴受载荷作用产生弯曲变形,导致轴颈在轴承孔中倾斜时滑动轴承的润滑性能进行了试验研究。结果表明,在轴-滑动轴承摩擦副系统中,轴受载荷作用产生变形将导致轴颈在轴承孔中倾斜;轴变形导致轴颈倾斜时,滑动轴承的油膜压力、油膜厚度和温度的分布状况及数值发生了明显变化。轴受载越大,其变形产生的轴颈倾斜越严重,对滑动轴承润滑性能的影响越明显;轴承半径间隙与轴承宽度比值越小,轴变形产生的轴颈倾斜对轴承油膜压力、油膜厚度和温度的数值及分布的影响越大。因此,滑动轴承设计中应该考虑轴受载荷作用产生的变形导致轴颈倾斜的影响,对于重要的机械设备,尤其应当考虑这种影响。     

考虑混合润滑的飞机燃油泵径向滑动轴承静特性分析

针对飞机燃油泵径向滑动轴承润滑油黏度极低、润滑油膜形成难、表面易磨损等问题,通过综合考虑紊流、热效应、质量守恒、温黏效应及混合润滑边界等因素,建立轴承的热流体动力学润滑分析模型,采用有限元方法联立求解雷诺方程、能量方程、接触方程得到轴承的静态特性,研究轴承间隙比、宽径比、转速、载荷、进油温度等对轴承静态润滑性能如油膜厚度和油膜压力的影响规律。结果表明：由于航空煤油动力黏度低,造成轴承的浮起转速高（大于5 500 r/min）,极限承载力低（小于37 N）、油膜厚度过低;降低进油温度、适当减小间隙,增加轴瓦宽度有利于增加油膜厚度,提高轴承可靠性。研究结果对飞机燃油泵径向滑动轴承设计与运行维护具有一定的工程借鉴价值。     

轴承结构参数对曲轴主轴承润滑性能的影响

针对曲轴主轴承润滑性能的影响因素研究,建立考虑轴颈直径、轴承宽径比和轴承间隙3种轴承结构参数的曲轴主轴承热弹性流体动力润滑模型,分析不同轴承结构参数下的主轴承最大油膜压力、最小油膜厚度、最高轴承温度和最大摩擦功率损失。计算结果表明：轴承结构参数对主轴承润滑性能有很大影响;当轴颈直径和轴承宽径比变大时,主轴承最大油膜压力会出现减小的情况,最小油膜厚度变大、最高轴承温度升高和摩擦功率损失增加;内燃机主轴承的轴承间隙会随着轴颈直径和轴承宽径比的不同而有不同影响,且轴承间隙对主轴承最高温度和最大摩擦功率损失的影响较为显著。     

转子偏斜角不对中对滑动轴承系统运行稳定性的影响

为了进一步了解转子偏斜角误差对滑动轴承系统运行稳定性的影响,建立了带有转子偏斜角误差的滑动轴承系统动力学模型,研究了不同程度的转子偏斜角误差对滑动轴承油膜厚度分布、油膜压力场的分布、系统承载能力、工作运行稳定性以及轴颈摩擦功率损耗的影响.其结果表明,转子偏斜角误差的存在将会对油膜厚度分布和油膜压力场分布产生显著的影响;...     

卧式水电机组局部多油楔径向滑动轴承研究

针对卧式水电机组用径向滑动轴承载荷日益提高的现状,设计一种局部多油楔瓦面结构的径向滑动轴承。通过联立求解膜厚方程、雷诺方程、密度方程、黏度方程、能量方程和固体热传导方程等,获得轴承的热流润滑特性,并与椭圆径向滑动轴承的热流特性进行对比。结果表明,局部多油楔径向滑动轴承具有较大的动压承载区域和较小的油膜压力梯度以及较低的油膜温升,可以大幅度提高轴承的承载能力。     

A Method for the Measurement of Hydrodynamic Oil Films Using Ultrasonic Reflection

The measurement of the thickness of an oil film in a lubricated component is essential information for performance monitoring and control. In this work, a new method for oil film thickness measurement, based on the reflection of ultrasound, is evaluated for use in fluid film journal bearing applications. An ultrasonic wave will be partially reflected when it strikes a thin layer between two solid media. The proportion of the wave reflected depends on the thickness of the layer and its acoustic properties. A simple quasi-static spring model shows how the reflection depends on the stiffness of the layer alone. This method has been first evaluated using flat plates separated by a film of oil, and then used in the measurement of oil films in a hydrodynamic journal bearing. A transducer is mounted on the outside of the journal and a pulse propagated through the shell. The pulse is reflected back at the oil film and received by the same transducer. The amplitude of the reflected wave is processed in the frequency domain. The spring model is then used to determine the oil film stiffness that can be readily converted to film thickness. Whilst the reflected amplitude of the wave is dependent on the frequency component, the measured film thickness is not; this indicates that the quasi-static assumption holds. Measurements of the lubricant film generated in a simple journal bearing have been taken over a range of loads and speeds. The results are compared with predictions from classical hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The technique has also been used to measure oil film thickness during transient loading events. The response time is rapid and film thickness variation due to step changes in load and oil feed pressure can be clearly observed.     

Fibre Optic Sensors for Long-Term Monitoring of Oil Film Pressure in Diesel Engine Main Bearing

The oil film pressure is one of the key parameters in journal bearings influencing the performance of the bearings. A fibre optic sensor was developed for online determination of actual oil film pressure under load without disturbing the actual tribological contact. Four optical sensors were integrated in a hydrodynamic journal bearing of a Wärtsilä Vasa 4R32 LN E medium-speed diesel engine with four cylinders, maximum power of 1,640 kW and rotating speed on 750 rpm. Online engine tests were carried out with different loads to study the sensor operation in real operating conditions. The engine tests were repeated six times over 4 years of operation reaching up to thousand hours of the engine use. The results showed differences in bearing pressure depending on the position of the sensor and on the operating cycle of the cylinders. The pressure peaks of all four cylinder work cycles could be identified in the measured pressure curves, and the pressure variations within the pressure curves fit well to the diesel engine’s work cycle and mass forces. The sensors had good repeatability over the whole test period.     

Performance of Large Steam Turbine Journal Bearings

Behavior of 16 and 20-inch diameter bearings of elliptical and pad types are examined for speeds ranging up to 5000 rpm and loads up to 1200 psi. The higher power loss, greater oil film thickness, and oil feed requirements are evaluated for the turbulent oil film conditions existing at the upper test speeds. The laminar-turbulent transition speed is found to be strongly related to bearing loading.     

以制冷剂为工作介质的止推气体轴承静态特性分析*

针对离心式压缩机润滑问题,提出以R134a为润滑工质的动压气浮轴承,基于流体润滑的雷诺方程,从制冷剂与空气的流动对比出发,通过理论假设实现气体轴承的建模与分析,采用数值分析对气膜流场进行三维设计计算分析,得到动压止推轴承的气膜厚度分布、气膜压力分布、承载力、功率损耗等特性。结果表明:在相同的情况下以R134a为工质的气体轴承的承载力是空气的50%左右,两者的承载力都随着扇形瓦张角、转速的增大而增大,随倾斜面高度和节距比的增大而先增大后减小,随最小初始气膜厚度的增大而减小;在相同的情况下以R134a为工质的系统的功率损耗是空气的60%左右,两者系统的功率损耗受最小初始气膜厚度和速度的影响最大,转速越高、最小初始气膜厚度越小,两者的功率损耗越大。     

变黏度静压滑动轴承高速时油膜动态润滑特性

静压滑动轴承转台直径大（D=4.5 m）,高转速运行时产生线速度值很大,其内部润滑油膜受压及剪切发热导致油膜变薄进而影响到机床加工精度和运行可靠性。针对新型Q1-205双矩形腔静压推力轴承,采用动网格技术探索变黏度条件静压轴承高速时的油膜动态润滑特性。建立该静压轴承的流量、承载力、油膜温升等理论模型,自定义用于控制边界层网格运动及变黏度的UDF程序,选取外载荷12 t,转速为80~200 r/min（线速度18~48 m/s）高速下的工况条件参数进行动态润滑特性数值模拟,并进行相同工况参数下的试验验证,揭示出高速时油膜厚度变化对油膜温度、油腔压力、封油边处流量的影响规律。研究发现,该型号轴承在承载12 t时,随着膜厚的减小,油膜剪切发热严重,温升加剧,且高速下受润滑油黏度变化影响造成压力损失严重,研究数据为工程上静压轴承可靠运行提供理论依据。     

计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承流体动力润滑分析

分析讨论了轴 轴承摩擦副系统中,当轴受载变形导致轴颈倾斜时,径向滑动轴承的流体动力润滑特性。推 导了轴颈倾斜时的轴承油膜厚度表达式,计算了不同轴载荷情况下,轴承油膜压力、端泄流量和轴颈摩擦系数。计 算结果表明,轴颈倾斜时,轴承油膜压力分布、最大油膜压力、油膜厚度分布和最小油膜厚度等都有明显的变化。因 此,进行计入轴变形导致轴颈倾斜的径向滑动轴承润滑分析研究是非常必要的。     

基于动态子结构的主轴承热弹性流体润滑研究

研究基于动态子结构缩聚的轴承热弹性流体动力学(TEHD)基本理论和求解方法;建立某V型8缸内燃机主轴承的TEHD仿真模型,分别计算得到各主轴承在最大载荷工况下的油膜压力、油膜厚度、摩擦功耗、轴心轨迹和油膜温度等润滑特性;针对润滑状况较差的第3主轴承,进行TEHD、EHD(弹性流体动力学)和HD(流体动力学)不同仿真求解方法的对比研究。研究结果表明,该内燃机的第3主轴承最小油膜厚度和最大油膜压力等润滑性能最差,需要进行相应的改进设计;TEHD求解中计及了润滑油和轴瓦热效应的影响,能获得更高的轴承润滑特性计算精度。     

Floating ring journal bearings: theory, design and optimization

The performance characteristics and design data for journal bearings with a precise floating ring inserted between the rotating journal and a rigid housing are investigated theoretically. Based on convenient boundary conditions, a theory has been developed to predict the floating ring behaviour. Performance charts are presented with curves provided with optimum design areas to help in practical design applications. Induced ring speed, hydrodynamic behaviour, oil film variation, load capacity and frictional drag could thus be analytically or graphically determined. Results indicate that the ring dimensions are a dominant factor in deciding the final bearing behaviour and that the oil film thickness between the ring and the housing is much thinner than that between the journal and the ring. The floating ring bearing showed less frictional power loss than a fixed sleeve bearing, but this may have been achieved at the expense of the load capacity.     

On the dynamic loading of gear teeth as affected by journal motion in a hydrodynamic bearing-rotor-gear pair system

The paper is an attempt to include the effect of journal motion and the oil film forces on the determination of dynamic gear tooth loading in a hydrodynamic bearing-rotor-gear pair system. A mathematical model has been developed which relates dynamic loads on the teeth of an involute spur gear pair to the instantaneous state of the pinion journal centre in the oil film space and various bearing parameters. The direction of instantaneous line of action is determined from kinematic considerations. effects of both the full-film (360 degrees) and the cavitated π-film models of the journal bearing are used to arrive at the aforementioned relationships. Dynamic loads on gear teeth as well as on bearing film have been calculated when the journal traces certain specified paths in the clearance space. Some of the results emphasize the importance of coupling gear analysis with bearing analysis.     

考虑油膜润滑的轮毂轴承弯曲疲劳寿命预测与分析*

为精确分析预测某型轿车轮毂轴承的弯曲疲劳寿命,考虑轴承工作状态下游隙与油膜厚度的关系,以及温度对游隙和油膜厚度的影响,结合点接触弹流油膜厚度计算方法,精确计算其最小油膜厚度值;根据ISO提供的对Lundberg-Palmgren寿命模型修正方法,计算油膜参数和润滑剂黏度比,从而确定修正系数,建立改进的寿命模型。为了验证改进模型的正确性,使用旋转弯曲疲劳寿命试验机进行疲劳试验,试验结果在误差合理区间内,证明研究模型的可靠性。建立轮毂轴承载荷分布分析模型,讨论中心距对最大滚动体载荷的影响,研究轮毂轴承的疲劳寿命在不同纯弯矩载荷和不同车速下随中心距的变化规律。结果表明：弯矩载荷是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素,增加中心距可以延长轴承寿命;轴承润滑条件与轴承转速有关,在一定范围内,转速越高,其内部润滑越充分,使用寿命越长。