柱弥散光源内部辐照组织的Monte-Carlo模拟和实验研究

为无损获取组织中光剂量分布信息,本文构建 了弥散光源内部辐照柱状组织的光学模型,利用Monte-Carlo模拟方法实现了 组织内光分布信息的无损预测, 有关模拟结果与实验测量结果基本一致。提出的模型模拟方法对于由弥散光源在组织内部实 施光辐照的临床医用中光剂量的无损确定和治疗方案的优化设计有实际价值。     

Optimizing light delivery in scanning photoacoustic imaging for prostate

The purpose of this study was to optimize the light delivery method in a prostate photoacoustic imaging system. A three dimensional(3D) optical model of the human prostate was developed, and the optical energy distribution in the prostate was estimated via three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation. Then, the feasibility of prostate photoacoustic imaging(PAI) using two endoscopic light delivery methods was studied. Photoacoustic pressure generation and the corresponding photoacoustic images had been obtained and the comparisons were made between each other. Also, the results of cylinder diffusing light source with different lengths were compared. After that, phantom experiment was carried out to validate the simulation results. Our results would be significant in the optimizing photoacoustic imaging system for an accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer.     

Light absorption distribution of uterine tissue filled with strong scattering medium irradiated by diffused light source

Determining the light absorption distribution (LAD) of uterine tissue helps the detection of endometrial carcinoma. In this work, a 3-dimensional optical model of the human uterus is proposed and examined. The model is filled with strong scattering medium (undiluted raw and homogenized milk, URHM) or air at 630 nm and 800 nm wavelengths. Monte Carlo simulations are used to find the absorption profiles of photons by transcervical laser illumination, with a cylindrically diffused light source (CDLS) or spherically diffused light source (SDLS). The results show that 800 nm is a good laser wavelength value for the detection of endometrial carcinoma by photoacoustic imaging (PAI). At the same time, the shape of the light source becomes less important in a relatively large cavity. The impacts of different scattering coefficients of CDLS on the irradiated area are demonstrated. Strong scattering medium is helpful to the illumination of the uterus cavity.     

Development and application of three-dimensional light distribution model for laser irradiated tissue

A three-dimensional model for estimating light distribution in laser irradiated tissue is presented. Multiple scattering and absorption of the laser beam are modeled using seven fluxes. One-, two-, and three-dimensional solutions are discussed and light distributions computed from the seven flux model are compared to those computed with the diffusion approximation. Methods for obtaining the phase function, absorption coefficient, and scattering coefficient for tissue are discussed and illustrated with measurements for human aortic vessel wall at the wavelength of 632.8 nm. Measured values are used in the seven flux model to estimate the rate of heat generation in the vessel wall.     

生物组织光学特性参量的图像测量研究

为了测量生物组织的光学特性参量,采用CCD漫反射法和透射法,通过分析CCD摄取的待测样品表面的漫反射光分布图像,利用漫射近似理论,实现了漫反射法对生物组织模拟液(intralipid-20%稀释液)、牛肌肉、猪肌肉和鸡胸肉光学特性参量的测量,获得了样品的吸收系数和有效散射系数;测量了不同浓度生物组织模拟液的透射光强度,根据Beer-Lambert定律,实现了透射法对光学特性参量的测量,获得了样品的散射系数,进而得到了有效散射系数;并将漫反射法和透射法对同种样品光学特性参量的测量结果以及他人的测量结果进行了比较。结果表明,漫反射法和透射法的测量结果有很好的吻合性,测量生物组织光学特性参量采用的CCD测量装置和处理方法具有较高的精度。     

An Analysis of Chorioretinal Thermal Response to Intense Light Exposure

An analytical expression has been obtained for the transient temperature distribution produced when the retina is irradiated by a high-intensity light source. The following factors are included in the analysis: (1) structurally the fundus consists of layers of material which have different physical properties, (2) absorption of energy from the light beam follows the Beer-Lambert law, (3) energy is absorbed in the sclera as well as in the pigment epithelium and choroid, (4) heat is removed from the fundus by blood circulating through the capillaries of the choroid, and (5) intensity of the light source may vary with time. Computed values indicate that absorption of energy in the sclera and removal of heat by convection are both important for longer irradiation times, which agrees with recent experimental observations. The asymptotic response to a train of pulses is presented also.     

激光照射下生物组织内的双曲型导热研究

以激光在生物医学中的应用为背景 ,对激光照射下生物组织内的双曲型导热问题进行了研究。将激光传输的七流模型与圆柱坐标系内的二维双曲型导热模型相结合建立了理论模型 ;将激光照射处理为容积吸收 (即考虑激光在生物组织中的散射和吸收 )所得到的计算结果 ,与将激光照射处理为第二类传热边界条件所得到的计算结果相比 ,两者差别很大 ;考察了激光照射下散射系数和吸收系数对生物组织内双曲型导热的影响。     

Modeling of intraluminal heating of biological tissue: implicationsfor treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A computer model for predicting the thermal response of a biological tissue to different intraluminal heating modalities is presented. A practical application of the model is to calculate the temperature distributions during thermal coagulation of prostate by contact heating and radiative heating. The model uses a two-dimensional axisymmetric diffusion approximation method to calculate the light distribution during radiative heating. The traditional Pennes' bio-heat equation is used to calculate the temperatures in the presence of blood flow. An implicit finite difference scheme with nonuniform grid spacings is used to solve the diffusion equation for light distribution and the bio-heat equation. Model results indicate that the radiative heating of prostate by Nd:YAG (1,064 mm) and diode (810 mm) lasers can be a more effective and efficient means of coagulating a large volume of prostate, as compared to contact heating of the tissue. Blood perfusion is shown to provide a considerable heat sink as the laser exposure time is increased. Surface cooling by irrigation during the laser irradiation of tissue is shown to be an effective method for delaying tissue explosion and obtaining a large volume of coagulated tissue. The model also shows that the volume of the coagulated tissue is appreciably altered by a change in the rate of energy deposition     

脉冲响应函数在Monte Carlo模拟中的应用研究

MonteCarlo方法是研究复杂面光源入射条件下光在生物组织分布规律的唯一有效手段,但直接的MonteCarlo模拟存在计算量大、收敛速度慢的问题。通过引入生物组织脉冲响应函数的概念,利用卷积方法计算光在穿过组织一定深度后的分布规律,编制了相应的程序并进行了大量计算机模拟,在此基础上,提出了一种对模拟结果进行评价的方法,利用该方法分析了光源离散量与脉冲响应函数模拟量对光场分布计算结果的影响,证明基于脉冲响应函数的MonteCarlo模拟可以极大地提高计算效率和收敛速度。     

连续激光辐照皮肤组织的热效应解析计算研究

具有一定强度的激光辐照皮肤组织时可造成组织的破坏。建立了激光与皮肤组织相互作用的二维非稳态温度场模型,在柱坐标系下采用积分变换法精确求解了平顶和高斯分布的连续激光辐照皮肤组织的热传导方程,得到瞬态温度场分布,并以氦氖激光辐照皮肤组织为例,数值模拟了皮肤组织在激光作用下的温度分布。研究结果表明：皮肤组织径向温度分布与入射激光光束的光强分布相似,激光与组织热效应在很大程度上取决于激光参数,主要有激光功率、焦斑半径等。     

近红外光子在三维膝关节中传输的Monte Carlo模拟

提出一种检测早期膝骨性关节炎(ROA,knee osteoa rthritis)的方法。首 先建立光子在膝关节组织中的传输模型,利用蒙特卡洛(MC,monte carlo)方法模拟近红外光 子 在三维膝关节组织中的传输;在实验中,改变膝关节模型中软骨的 吸收系数和散 射系数,记录光子在膝关节表面的光强分布。结果表明,溢出膝关节表面的光子包括未碰撞 骨头组织直接 溢出的噪音光子和撞击骨头组织后溢出的有意义光子,吸收系数和散射系数的改变会导致膝 关节表面光强 分布发生变化,因此可通过膝关节表面光强分布变化判断膝关节的早期病变。     

基于任意麦克风阵列的近场声源三维定位算法研究

基于麦克风阵列的声源定位技术在通信、语音处理等领域得到广泛的应用。本文从声音传播的基本原理出发,推导出了精确的相对幅度衰减因子,获得了更加准确的信号传播模型。利用该模型并结合子空间算法的思想,提出了适用于任意拓扑结构的麦克风阵列的近场宽带三维声源定位算法。仿真结果表明,该算法在一维均匀直线阵、二维均匀圆阵和三维均匀球面阵中,均能够得到较好的定位效果。     

A 3-D SAR model for current source interstitial hyperthermia

A three-dimensional (3-D) model is presented for the calculation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in human tissue during current source interstitial hyperthermia. The model is capable of millimeter resolution and can cope with irregular implants in heterogeneous tissue. The SAR distribution is calculated from the electrical potential. The potential distribution is determined by the dielectric properties of the tissue and by the electrode configuration. The dielectric properties and the current injection of the electrodes are represented on a 3-D uniform grid. The calculated potential at an electrode current injection point is not the actual electrode potential at that point. To estimate this potential a grid independent representation of an electrode together with an analytical solution in the neighborhood of the electrode are used. The calculated potential on the electrode surface is used to estimate the electrode impedance. The tissue implementation is validated by comparing calculated distributions with analytical solutions. The electrode implementation is verified by comparing different discretizations of an electrode configuration and by comparing numerically calculated electrode impedances with analytically calculated impedances     

Noninvasive photoacoustic measurement of absorption coefficient using internal light irradiation of cylindrical diffusing fiber

Absorption coefficient of biological tissue is an important parameter in biomedicine, but its determination remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a method using focusing photoacoustic imaging technique and internal light irradiation of cylindrical diffusing fiber (CDF) to quantify the target optical absorption coefficient. Absorption coefficients for ink absorbers are firstly determined through photoacoustic and spectrophotometric measurements at the same excitation, which demonstrates the feasibility of this method. Also, the optical absorption coefficients of ink absorbers with several concentrations are measured. Finally, the two-dimensional scanning photoacoustic image is obtained. Optical absorption coefficient measurement and simultaneous photoacoustic imaging of absorber non-invasively are the typical characteristics of the method. This method can play a significant role for non-invasive determination of blood oxygen saturation, the absorption-based imaging and therapy.     

面向面曝光3D打印的模型自适应光照均匀化方法

基于数字光处理技术（DLP）的光固化3D打印技术是一种面曝光成型技术。面曝光工艺一次成型一个平面,因此对光照均匀度有很高的要求,而传统的DLP面光源很难达到很好的均匀度,严重时影响光固化的成型质量。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种面向面曝光3D打印的模型自适应光照均匀化方法。根据模型切片自适应地确定最大曝光区域,结合投影映射函数,通过优化得到最优的切片灰度分布,并将其与原始切片进行融合,用于3D打印。文章所提出的方法能够有效地调节成型区域的成型亮度均匀性,提高打印精度。      

多散射介质中光子密度波扩散方程的求解

将光源作为一个复数点光源,根据实验研究模型的要求,求解了多散射介质中光子密度波扩散方程,找出了与入射面相对应面的光子通量和介质中吸收系数改变量之间的关系。所得结论能直接用于多散射介质中成像问题的实验研究之中,即通过对光子通量的检测,反演出吸收系数改变量的分布,从而达到多散射介质中的成像问题的解决。     

光源附近组织的空间分辨漫反射研究

P3 近似理论可以描述光源附近约1个输运平均自由程(MFP)内组织的漫反射光分布,这个区域的光分布与组织的散射相函数有关。利用P3 近似理论研究了组合相函数的结构因子α对光源附近组织的漫反射光分布的影响。研究表明:在输运平均自由程不变条件下,各向异性因子的变化不引起漫射近似适用区域光分布的改变,但对光源附近约1个输运平均自由程附近的光分布有很大影响;α对漫反射率的影响远大于相函数的高阶矩对漫反射率的影响。研究结果对于使用内窥方式或对表层组织进行活体检测的空间分辨漫反射测量技术具有实际意义。     

三维激光扫描技术下杂散光大数据预处理系统设计

杂散光的产生会降低图像对比度与信噪比,影响扫描测量结果准确性,基于此,提出三维激光扫描技术下杂散光大数据预处理系统。通过三维激光扫描系统原理与工作流程,分析杂散光点源透射比、双向散射分布函数与基本传输方程,建立6种杂散光传输路径模式;利用小数定标规范方法对三维激光数据做规范化处理,确定神经网络模型,将最速下降BP算法作为学习方式对神经网络训练;将神经网络引入到系统设计中,将系统结构从整体上分为格式转换子系统与预处理算法实现环境子系统,完成杂散光大数据预处理系统设计。仿真结果表明,杂散光大数据经过预处理后可以有效抑制杂散光对激光扫描的影响,成像信噪比一直保持在200左中右,测量精准度达到98%。     

面光源在皮肤组织中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟计算

光在生物组织中的传输可用蒙特卡罗模拟来计算,但多数局限于对线光源垂直入射的模拟。在实际的使用中,入射光源的形状、大小、光强分布和会聚情况对生物组织内的光传输均有影响。本文以最简单的强度均匀分布的圆形面光源（平圆光源）和实际使用中最具代表性的强度成高斯分布的面光源（高斯光源）为例,讨论光束的大小,强度分布和聚焦情况对生物组织内光能量分布的影响。