镍基燃气轮机叶片改性铝化物渗层的研究进展

改性铝化物渗层技术是镍基燃气轮机叶片表面主要的防护方法之一,随着燃气轮机叶片使用温度的越来越高、形状越来越复杂,对其改性铝化物渗层的耐高温腐蚀性能和工艺可控性的要求也越来越高。综述了镍基燃气轮机叶片表面改性铝化物渗层制备工艺的研究进展,就改性元素对铝化物渗层耐高温腐蚀性能的影响和作用机理进行了归纳、分析和讨论,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

CVD法制备铝化物涂层组织结构的温度依赖效应

铝化物涂层制备技术由于非视线性沉积优势广泛应用于燃气轮机关键热端部件上,可在部件外表面以及内腔表面制备抗氧化耐腐蚀铝化物涂层。涂层的组织结构是影响其服役性能的关键,然而如何调控铝化物涂层的组织结构从而获得理想性能的涂层是目前研究的难点问题。针对这一问题,研究了关键制备参数温度对铝化物涂层组织结构的影响作用。首先,采用化学气相沉积方法(CVD)在Mar-M247镍基高温合金表面制备了不同沉积温度下的铝化物涂层。然后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了铝化物涂层的显微组织结构、物相组成以及合金元素在涂层中的分布情况。结果表明,不同沉积温度下所得到的铝化物涂层均为双层结构,外层是富含Al元素的β-NiAl层,内层为富含拓扑密排相(TCP)的互扩散层;随着沉积温度的升高,β-NiAl层与互扩散层的厚度逐渐增加,两者与温度之间具有正相关关系。本研究揭示的温度参数对铝化物涂层组织结构的作用规律可为高性能CVD法铝化物涂层的制备提供参考。     

高温合金叶片高效“绿色”渗铝工艺在金属所研制成功

正高性能热扩散铝化物涂层,包括铂改性、活性元素改性、硅改性、铬改性铝化物涂层等,是先进航空发动机及燃气轮机涡轮叶片高温腐蚀防护的主要方法之一。然而,在传统的粉末包埋、料浆扩散和气相热扩散铝化物涂层制备技术中,存在着涂层有害元素掺杂和有毒气体释放的顽疾。为了解决有害元素掺杂影响涂层性能的问题,国外开发了化学气相沉积铝化物制备技术。然而在化学气相沉积中采用的三氯化铝等先驱体,具有很强的     

简单/改性铝化物涂层的研究现状

航空发动机各部件高温结构材料在苛刻环境下服役时,会遭受严重的高温氧化和热腐蚀.在合金表面施加铝化物涂层后,高温下表面能够生成一层致密且生长缓慢的Al2O3氧化膜,从而隔绝腐蚀介质,以防止合金被快速氧化腐蚀.概述了铝化物涂层的优点,包括制备简单、成本低廉.重点综述了以Ni、Fe、Ti/TiAl为合金基体的铝化物涂层微观结构.涂层的微观结构主要由渗铝工艺、基材成分及后处理工艺等因素决定,渗铝工艺包括渗剂成分、渗铝温度和渗铝时间.在高温下渗铝,Al的活度较低,涂层主要以基体元素向外扩散形成外扩散型涂层为主;在低温下渗铝,Al的活度较高,涂层主要以Al向内扩散形成内扩散型涂层为主.还归纳了不同渗铝涂层在干燥空气和水蒸气环境中的高温氧化行为,阐述了水蒸气对铝化物涂层高温氧化行为的影响,比较了Ni-Al系和Fe-Al系涂层的抗高温氧化性能.同时介绍了Cr-Al、Si-Al和Pt-Al 3种改性铝化物涂层的研究进展,包括制备方法、微观结构及抗高温氧化和腐蚀性能.最后,展望并总结了高温防护涂层的发展趋势.     

采用CVD法制备空心叶片内腔铝化物涂层

采用自主研制的化学气相沉积(Chemical vapor deposition,CVD)内腔铝化物涂层设备及工艺在空心叶片内腔微小冷却通道制备了铝化物涂层。借助金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法分析了空心叶片内腔及微小冷却通道不同部位的涂层厚度以及涂层的表面形貌、元素成分和相组成。结果表明:自主研制的CVD内腔渗铝设备及工艺可靠,涂层厚度达33～39μm,内腔涂层完整均匀,不存在漏渗;涂层主要分为内外两层,外层主要由β-Ni Al相组成,Al含量为26. 85wt%,对基体可以进行有效地防护,具有广阔的工程化应用前景。     

硅改性铝化物涂层的CVD制备工艺

研究了CVD法制备硅改性铝化物涂层工艺。结果表明,采用先渗硅后渗铝的两步法工艺可在Inconel 718表面获得铝-硅涂层。铝-硅涂层分为明显的两层结构,内层富硅,外层富铝。硅的加入阻碍高温条件下Al原子的内扩散,并促进了试样表面Al2O3膜的生成。铝-硅涂层具有比单一的铝化物涂层更为优秀的耐高温氧化性能。     

CLAM钢表面铝化物涂层的制备与铅液相容性研究

目的探索铝化物涂层的制备工艺,研究其是否能有效抑制铅液对CLAM钢的腐蚀。方法用配制的渗剂对CLAM钢进行包埋渗铝,并通过随后的热扩散和原位氧化处理,在CLAM钢表面制备铝化物涂层,研究不同渗铝时间和热扩散时间对涂层厚度的影响。通过静态氧化试验和铅液腐蚀试验,分别评价铝化物涂层的抗氧化性能及其与铅液的相容性,采用XRD、SEM和EPMA分析涂层的相组成以及铅液腐蚀前后的微观形貌和元素分布。结果包埋渗铝+热扩散+原位氧化处理制备的铝化物涂层主要由约30μm的FeAl相层和约70μm的α-Fe(Al)固溶体层组成。在热处理过程中,由于Al和Fe的互扩散现象,涂层中的Fe-Al相依次经过了Fe₂Al₅、FeAl₂、FeAl、Fe₃Al和α-Fe(Al)的转变。在600℃空气中静态氧化120 h后,铝化物涂层试样氧化质量增量为0.028 mg/cm²,比CLAM钢的氧化质量增量降低了1个数量级,铝化物涂层使CLAM钢的氧化动力学曲线由直线规律转变为抛物线规律。经550℃铅液腐蚀600、1800 h后,铝化物涂层的腐蚀质量增量分别为0.058、0.077 mg/cm²,仅约为CLAM钢的1/120。CLAM钢表面产生了疏松多孔的铁氧化物层,而铝化物涂层没有发生明显的腐蚀,但是腐蚀1800 h后,随着表面铝含量的不断消耗,Al₂O₃层厚度逐渐减小。结论铝化物涂层具有良好的抗氧化性能及与铅液的相容性,能够有效抑制铅液对CLAM钢的腐蚀。     

固态渗铝对AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金组织的影响

采用固态渗铝法在AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金表面制备了铝化物渗层。渗铝温度为900 ℃,时间为4 h。借助SEM、EDS、XRD和显微硬度计分析了渗层的显微组织、相组成和显微硬度。结果表明,铝化物渗层分为内外两层,基本无孔洞和裂纹,与基体结合良好。铝化物渗层的硬度达970 HV0.1,远高于基体。     

镍基高温合金上Co改性铝化物涂层的组织结构与耐蚀性能

为研究Co改性铝化物涂层在室温环境中的耐蚀性,利用包埋法渗Co和气相沉积渗Al(两步法)制备出两种不同Co含量的Co改性铝化物涂层,采用XRD、SEM、EDS分析涂层的组织结构。结果表明:850℃和1 000℃渗Co涂层外层和内层均为γ-(Ni,Co)相,内层有氮化物/碳化物相析出。Co改性铝化物涂层与简单NiAl涂层结构一致,外层为β-(Co,Ni)Al相,内层为互扩散区含有大量的富Cr(W)相。简单NiAl涂层的自腐蚀电流为0.04μA/cm2,约为Co改性铝化物涂层的十分之一。这说明在涂层中添加Co降低涂层的耐蚀性,一方面因为Co的腐蚀电位(-0.28V)低于Ni的腐蚀电位(-0.25V),另一方面因为渗Co过程中产生的夹杂物与涂层电位不一致,容易成为微阴极区,加速涂层的腐蚀。     

物理气相沉积高温涂层的发展和应用

50年代中期,在航空燃气轮机的发展中,热端部件(涡轮导向叶片和转子叶片)的腐蚀问题尖锐地提了出来,于是有了铝化物涂层的应用。从此叶片上的保护涂层成了不可缺少的。随着燃气轮机由作为飞机的动力发展到用作海上和地面的动力装置,为改善其技术——经济性     

Performance of thermal barrier coatings on γ‐TiAl

The current development of new generation gamma titanium aluminides is expected to result in alloy chemistries and microstructures capable of operating at temperatures in excess of 850 °C. Under these conditions, environmental and thermal protection becomes a concern since oxidation might eventually limit the maximum service temperatures achievable. Therefore protective coatings are necessary to exploit the full potential of gamma titanium aluminides at moderately elevated temperatures; however, as yet no coating system tested has proven sufficient performance for long‐term use in automotive and aerospace applications. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), typically applied to nickel‐based alloys, offer the potential to increase the service temperature of components by lowering the metal surface temperature in combination with cooling systems. The paper is focussed on development of thermal barrier coatings for gamma titanium aluminides. Different coatings were used for oxidation protection and bond coat application. Substrate specimens were either pre‐oxidized or coated with PVD‐Al₂O₃, TiAlCrYN, or diffusion aluminides. Yttria‐stabilized zirconia TBCs were deposited applying electron‐beam physical vapour deposition. Cyclic and quasi‐isothermal oxidation tests were carried out at 900 °C in air. Post‐oxidation analysis of the coating systems was performed using scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Zirconia top coats offer a promising thermal protection concept to be applied on γ‐TiAl components. However, high oxidation resistance has to be supplied by protective coatings. Diffusion layers of the TiAl₃ aluminide provided excellent environmental protection because of the formation of a continuous alumina scale. No spallation of the thermal barrier coatings was observed on aluminized specimens during 1000 1‐h cycles and 3000 h of cyclic and isothermal oxidation testing, respectively.     

铁铝混合粉热喷涂及扩散处理组织分析

利用等离子喷涂方法在不锈钢基体上喷涂铁铝混合粉获得了铁铝涂层,并对涂层的组织进行了分析。研究结果表明,Fe粉和Al粉熔化后由喷枪高速喷出,沉积在基体上可发生部分化合反应,生成少量的铁铝金属间化合物,涂层与基体结合良好。600℃扩散处理后,涂层中的铁铝金属间化合物增多。800℃和1000℃扩散处理后,Al全部反应,Fe有剩余,涂层由Fe、铁铝金属间化合物和氧化物组成。     

Tribological properties of titanium aluminides coatings produced on pure Ti by laser surface alloying

Titanium aluminides coatings were in-situ synthesized on a pure Ti substrate with a preplaced Al powder layer by laser surface alloying. The friction and wear properties of the titanium aluminides coatings at different normal loads and sliding speeds were investigated. It was found that the hardness of the titanium aluminides coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating. Friction and wear tests revealed that, at a given sliding speed of 0.10 m/s, the wear volume of pure Ti and the titanium aluminum coatings all increased with increasing normal load. At a given normal load of 2 N, for pure Ti, its wear volume increased with increasing sliding speed; for the titanium aluminides coatings, the wear volume of Ti₃Al coating and TiAl coating first increased and then decreased, while the wear volume of TiAl₃ coating first decreased and then increased with increasing sliding speed. In addition, the friction coefficients of pure Ti and the titanium aluminides coating decreased drastically with increasing sliding speed. Under the same dry sliding test conditions, the wear resistance of the titanium aluminium coatings was in the following order: Ti₃Al coating > TiAl coating > TiAl₃ coating.     

Oxidation of Slurry Aluminide Coatings on Cast Stainless Steel Alloy CF8C-Plus at 800 °C in Water Vapor

A new, cast austenitic stainless steel, CF8C-Plus (CF8C-P), has been developed for a wide range of high temperature applications, including diesel exhaust components, turbine casings and turbocharger housings. CF8C-P offers significant improvements in creep rupture life and creep rupture strength over standard CF8C steel. However, at higher temperatures and in aggressive environments such as those containing significant water vapor, an oxidation-resistant protective coating will be necessary to extend service life. The oxidation behavior of alloys CF8C and CF8C-P with various aluminide coatings were compared at 800 °C in air plus 10 vol% water vapor. Due to their affordability, slurry aluminides were the primary coating system of interest, although chemical vapor deposition and pack cementation coatings were also compared. Additionally, a preliminary study of the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of aluminized CF8C-P was conducted at 800 °C. Each type of coating provided substantial improvements in oxidation behavior, with simple slurry aluminides exhibiting very good oxidation resistance after 3,000 h testing in water vapor. Preliminary LCF results indicated that thicker aluminide coatings degraded high temperature fatigue properties of CF8C-P, whereas thinner coatings did not. Results suggest that appropriately designed slurry aluminide coatings are a viable option for economical, long-term oxidation protection of austenitic stainless steels in water vapor.     

FeAl and NbAl3 Intermetallic-HVOF Coatings: Structure and Properties

Transition metal aluminides in their coating form are currently being explored in terms of resistance to oxidation and mechanical behavior. This interest in transition metal aluminides is mainly due to the fact that their high Al content makes them attractive for high-temperature applications. This is also a reason to study their resistance to wear; they may be suitable for use in applications that produce a lot of wear in aggressive environments, thus replacing established coating materials. In this study, the microstructure, microhardness, and wear and oxidation performance of FeAl and NbAl₃ coatings produced by high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying are evaluated with two main aims: (i) to compare these two coating systems—a commonly studied aluminide (FeAl) and, NbAl₃, an aluminide whose deposition by thermal spraying has not been attempted to date—and (ii) to analyze the relationship between their microstructure, composition and properties, and so clarify their wear and oxidation mechanisms. In the present study, the higher hardness of niobium aluminide coatings did not correlate with a higher wear resistance and, finally, although pesting phenomena (disintegration in oxidizing environments) were already known of in bulk niobium aluminides, here their behavior in the coating form is examined. It was shown that such accelerated oxidation was inevitable with respect to the better resistance of FeAl, but further improvements are foreseen by addition of alloying elements in that alloy.     

Effect of Microstructure on Wear Behavior of Iron Aluminide Based Coatings

MORE ATTENTIONS have been paid to ironaluminide intermetallics(including FesAl and FeAl)since1970s in view of the combination of low cost,lower density,remarkable resistance to erosion,sulfidizing and oxidizing at high temperature.However,industrial application of these alloys has been verylimited due to their poor ductility and fracturetoughness at room temperature as well as difficulty toshaping[1J.The feasibility to produce Fe-Al basedcoatings by using high velocity arc spraying(HV…     

Erosion, Abrasive, and Friction Wear Behavior of Iron Aluminide Coatings Sprayed by HVOF

Iron aluminides have been proposed lately as promising materials for wear applications. Many authors have focused their investigations on the friction behavior of FeAl coatings, emphasizing the role of this intermetallic phase as a new matrix to embed ceramic particles and replace the extensively studied WC-Co cermet system for high temperature. However, few of these studies deal with the evaluation of the different tribological properties and their relationship with the coating microstructure. In the present study, the near stoichometric Fe40Al was successfully sprayed by means of high velocity oxy-fuel using different particle size distribution and the tribological behavior was assessed through solid particle erosion, abrasive and dry sliding tests. The wear mechanisms of the deposited coatings are discussed with regard to the observed results. In addition, oxidized samples were tested to evaluate the role of the oxide top layer; also, the powder was previously annealed to produce a coating with an almost fully ordered FeAl structure.     

阴极等离子体电解沉积技术研究进展

阴极等离子体电解沉积(CPED)技术是一种新型材料表面改性技术,在腐蚀防护、高温抗氧化和催化等诸多领域具有潜在应用前景。首先简要介绍了CPED技术的发展历程,包括推进该技术发展的一些重要事件。概述了CPED放电机理的相关研究,包括在其不同发展阶段提出的单一气膜层击穿理论和气-固双电介质层理论模型。在此基础上对CPED工艺及涂层制备的改性调控方法进行了系统性的总结,包括通用性的气膜层改性和特异性的涂层调控改性,并提出了其中的问题和不足。重点综述了近年来CPED技术沉积涂层的研究进展,包括CPED技术制备金属涂层、合金涂层、合金基复合涂层、陶瓷涂层、改性陶瓷涂层和碳材料等方面的研究,着重总结了CPED制备金属和合金基涂层及改性陶瓷涂层的结构与性能。最后,针对CPED技术的研究前景、发展方向和待解决问题进行了展望,包括其潜在的应用领域、工艺与机制研究、可制备涂层体系以及环境友好性的不足和相应的改进研究方向。CPED技术应用潜力巨大,仍需开展更加系统、深入和全面的研究工作,以进一步拓展其可制备涂层体系和应用领域。     

Recent progress in the coating protection of gamma titanium-aluminides

Engine designers show continued interest in titanium aluminides based on the intermetallic γ-TiAl phase as lightweight structural materials to be used at moderately elevated temperatures. Although alloy development has made significant progress in terms of mechanical properties and environmental resistance, protective coatings have been developed that help to extend the lifetime of these alloys significantly. The major challenge of coating development is long-termstability of aprotective oxide scale that forms during service for which purpose alumina formation is essential. Furthermore, changes of coating chemistries at high temperatures must be controlled to avoid rapid degradation of the coatings due to diffusional losses into the substrate material and vice versa.     

铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆技术作为推动国家制造业升级的重要绿色制造和再制造技术,在航空航天、海工交通、冶金机械等重点领域具有广阔的应用前景。激光制造用粉末材料是影响该技术应用和发展的关键因素之一,其中铁基合金材料具有成本低、力学性能好、应用范围广等优势,特别是不锈钢体系的铁基合金因其良好的力学性能和优异的耐蚀性能而逐渐成为研究关注的焦点。全面综述了国内外在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的相关研究进展。根据显微组织的不同,目前采用激光熔覆技术制备的不锈钢涂层的类型主要有:奥氏体型不锈钢、马氏体型不锈钢、铁素体型不锈钢以及双相型不锈钢。重点综述了激光工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、熔覆方式等)、合金元素(Al、Ni、B、Mo等)、添加物(SiC、WC、VC、Cr3C2、Al2O3等陶瓷相)以及热处理(固溶处理、低温回火等)等因素对激光熔覆不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响,主要包括对熔覆层的相组成、截面几何尺寸、稀释率、残余应力、力学性能、耐蚀性能等的影响规律及微观机制。同时,指出了目前在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层领域中存在的主要问题及今后的发展方向。