卷丹水提物的急性毒性和遗传毒性研究

[目的]评价卷丹的安全性,为其综合利用提供依据.[方法]通过急性毒性试验测定南通军山卷丹水提物的急性毒性及可能的中毒症状,并测定小鼠的最大耐受量.通过小鼠骨髓微核试验对其进行系统安全性评价.[结果]卷丹对小鼠的半数致死剂量(LD<,50>)大于80 g/kg,并且小鼠骨髓微核试验结果为阴性.[结论]卷丹无明显急性毒性反应,无遗传毒性,是一种安全无毒的中药,可开发成中药新药.     

排毒清火凉茶粉的急性毒性和致突变性实验研究

目的:研究排毒清火凉茶粉的急性经口毒性和致突变性,对其安全性作出评价.方法:采用最大耐受剂量法观察动物急性毒性反应和死亡情况,测定受试物最大耐受量(MTO).采用Ames试验、小鼠精子畸变试验和骨髓细胞微核试验测定排毒清火凉茶粉的致突变性.结果:小鼠对排毒清火凉茶粉的最大耐受量为36.0 g/kg,大鼠的最大耐受量为18.0 g/kg.Ames试验结果显示,凉茶粉5个剂量(每皿分别为100、500、1 000、2 500、5 000 μg)下的TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102菌株回变菌落数与阴性对照比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).小鼠精子畸变试验显示,凉茶粉各剂量组(3、6、12 g/kg)小鼠精子畸形率在1.75%～1.92%,与阴性对照组(1.72%)比较,差别无统计学意义(P>0.05).小鼠骨髓微核试验显示,凉茶粉各剂量组(3、6、12g/kg)小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率为0.4‰～1‰,与阴性对照组(0.6‰～0.8‰)比较,差别无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:排毒清火凉茶粉属实际无毒物质.在本实验条件下,未显示其有致突变作用.     

胡桃楸水提物的遗传毒性及抗诱变作用研究

目的:探讨胡桃楸水提物(juglans mandshurica maxim extract,JMME)的抗诱变作用,及评价胡桃楸是否具有遗传毒性.方法:取80只昆明小鼠,随机分成不同JMME剂量的诱变组(6.55、13.09、26.18 g/kg,分别为1/8、1/4、1/2 LD50),不同剂量的JMME与环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CP)(0.04 g/kg)联合应用的抗诱变组,阴性对照组(Ns)和阳性对照组(CP,0.04 g/kg),共8组,每组10只.采用小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验(MNT)检测JMME是否具有遗传毒性及抗诱变作用.结果:阳性对照组微核发生率(28.82‰)明显高于阴性对照组(2.65‰),其差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),而JMME各剂量组与阴性对照组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).抗诱变各组的微核发生率与阳性对照组比较,除JMME低剂量组(6.55 g/kg)无统计学意义外(P>0.05),JMME中剂量组(13.09 g/kg)和高剂量组(26.18 g/kg)均显著低于阳性对照组(P<0.05),其中高剂量组明显低于中剂量组(P<0.05).结论:在本实验条件下,JMME无遗传毒性,JMME对CP诱发的微核率,具有一定抵抗作用,且呈量-效关系.     

外源性5'-核苷酸对大鼠急性乙醇中毒的影响

目的:探讨外源性5'-核苷酸对大鼠急性乙醇中毒的影响.方法:将24只雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组:生理盐水组、低剂量核苷酸组、中剂量核苷酸组和高剂量核苷酸组.乙醇染毒前30 min,各组分别用生理盐水、低剂量(0.2g/kg体重)、中剂量(0.8g/kg体重)、高剂量(3.2g/kg体重)核苷酸灌胃,乙醇染毒剂量为3g/kg体重,染毒后进行旷场实验、转棒实验,检测血清乙醇浓度、血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、总甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、白蛋白、总蛋白水平,超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量,检测肝乙醇脱氢酶活性,评价核苷酸对急性乙醇中毒的影响.结果:外源性5'-核苷酸干预能够使大鼠血液乙醇浓度降低,高剂量核苷酸组与生理盐水组相比[(0.56±0.18g/L)vs.(1.11±0.44g/L),P＜0.05],差异具有统计学意义,低剂量核苷酸组(1.04±0.35g/L)和中剂量核苷酸组(0.93±0.14g/L)与生理盐水组相比也较低,但差异无统计学意义;各组肝乙醇脱氢酶活性差异无统计学意义,各组大鼠神经行为学表现、血清生化水平和抗氧化水平差异也无统计学意义.结论:外源性5'-核苷酸干预对大鼠急性乙醇中毒无明显影响.     

2种常用除草剂对1株稻田固氮念珠藻的毒性效应研究

[目的]评价除草荆对固氮蓝藻的毒性.[方法]以稻田固氮蓝藻念珠藻FACHB85为供试藻种,研究除草剂莠去津和丁草胺的毒性效应.[结果]莠去津对FACHB85的毒性存在明显的剂量-效应关系,0.8 mg/L莠去津可明显抑制藻体生长(藻体比生长速率仅为对照的25%,且藻体断裂严重);在试验期(15 d)内莠去津对FACHB85的EC<,50>值为0.035～0.080 mg/L,12 d后其EC<,50>值达到稳定且高于前5 d的EC<,50>值;随莠去津浓度增加,FACHB85的异形胞频率逐渐减小.在试验浓度(0～640 mg/L)范围内,丁草胺对FACHB85的生长基本无影响,且不同浓度丁草胺处理FACHB85的异形胞频率无显著差异.[结论]莠去津对FACHB85具有很强的毒性,而丁草胺对FACHB85的毒性较小.     

水蛭素冻干粉对大鼠的致畸性研究

目的:检测水蛭素冻干粉的致畸性.方法:将60只妊娠大鼠随机分为水蛭素冻干粉(每克含3mg、相当于50抗凝血酶单位的天然水蛭素)312.5、1 250、5 000 mg/kg 3个剂量组,同时设蒸馏水阴性对照和阿司匹林(300 mg/kg)阳性对照组,共5组,每组12只.各组孕鼠于妊娠第6～15天灌胃给予受试物,每天1次,连续灌胃10d,于妊娠第20天解剖孕鼠,检查胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼及生长发育等指标.结果:水蛭素冻干粉各剂量组的孕鼠体质量、窝质量、胎鼠体质量、身长、尾长、活胎率、吸收胎率及死胎率与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),未见胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼发育异常及畸形.结论:水蛭素冻干粉在本实验条件下,对大鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸性.     

市售4种有机磷农药急性毒性研究

[目的]检侧市售4种有机磷农药对SD大鼠的急性毒性.[方法]以4～5月龄、体质量180～220kg的雄性、清洁级SD大鼠为试验动物,用4种不同质量浓度的有机磷农药对其进行灌胃,观察SD大鼠的中毒表现并记录死亡时间,评价急性致毒效应特征、药物间的致毒效果及其安全浓度,并分析其原因.[结果]辛硫磷对SD大鼠24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为3.892、3.051、2.618、2.458 g/kg;甲基异柳磷对SD大鼠24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为0.015、0.013、0.012、0.011 g/kg;水胺硫磷对SD大鼠24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为0.049、0.046、0.043、0.041 g/kg;乙酰甲胺磷对SD大鼠24、48、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为0.137、0.113、0.100、0.085g/kg.[结论]4种有机磷农药对SD大鼠均呈现以蓄积为主导的急性毒发效应,毒性大小依次为甲基异柳磷>水胺硫磷>乙酰甲胺磷>辛硫磷.     

不同基肥施用量对连钱草生长情况及品质的影响

[目的]解决连钱草生产基肥的施用量问题.[方法]试验设4个基肥施用量处理:A.12 000 kg/hm<'2>(CK)、B.19 500 kg/hm<'2>、C.27 000 ks/hm<'2>、D.34 500 kg/hm<'2>;基肥用量的2/3栽前施于厢面,1/3移栽时施于窝内.[结果]连钱草生长势随着基肥施用量的增加有增加的趋势,封厢时间随基肥量的增加有提前的趋势.除处理D (34 500 kg/hm<'2>)中连钱草最大叶柄长、株高略劣于对照A(12 000kg/hm<'2>)外,其他处理的生长性状均优于对照A(12 000 kg/hm<'2>).连钱草产量随着基肥施用量的增加呈增加的趋势,但增幅逐步下降,施肥效用递减.[结论]连钱草较好的基肥施用量为19 500、27 000 kg/hm<'2>.     

Cu2+、Zn2+对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼急性及联合毒性研究

[目的]为蓝点笛鲷人工育苗中药物的施用提供参考.[方法]采用半静水法生物测试,研究Cu<'2+>、Zn<'2+>对蓝点笛鲷急性毒性及联合毒性.[结果]Cu<'2+>的安全浓度为0.103 8 mg/L;Zn<'2+>的安全浓度为3.347 8 mg/L.Cu<'2+>对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼24和48 h的LC<,50>分别为0.422 3、15.888 5 mg/L;Zn<'2+>对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼24和48 h的LC<,50>分别为0.395 2、14.123 2 mg/L.等毒性配比的2种重金属离子混合液对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼的毒性大于单一毒性.[结论]Cu<'2+>为剧毒物质,Zn<'2+>为低毒物质,两者混合表现为协同作用.     

人参三七提取物抗疲劳作用的研究

[目的]研究人参三七提取物缓解体力疲劳的作用,为进一步开发利用人参三七提供试验依据.[方法]将小鼠分为4批,每批48只,随机分为4组,分别为对照组和50、100、300 mg/kg 3个给药组,各组小鼠经口灌胃给药30 d后,分别测定其负重游泳时间及血清尿素氮、血乳酸、肝糖原含量.[结果]100和300 mg/kg 剂量组人参三七提取物小鼠负重游泳时间显著长于对照组(P<0.01),血清中尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P<0.01;P<0.05),小鼠肝糖原水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01;P<0.05);小鼠游泳后血乳酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.01;P<0.05).[结论]人参三七提取物具有缓解体力疲劳的作用.     

Lidocaine toxicity

Lidocaine is recognized as a first line drug for ventricular arrhythmias and has recently been used in acute myocardial infarction as prophylaxis against ventricular fibrillation. A 68-year-old man was erroneously given 2 gm of lidocaine by intravenous push and sustained a cardiac arrest. He was treated supportively and had complete recovery. We discuss complications of therapeutic and excessive doses of lidocaine and outline measures for treatment of massive lidocaine overdose.     

Chlorobutanol toxicity

Although chlorobutanol is available in a large number of preparations, the incidence of toxicity appears to be low. However, with continued exposure to high-dose chlorobutanol, significant toxicity may occur. It seems prudent to use caution in the continued administration of products containing chlorobutanol. The lack of pharmacokinetic data warrant that extra care be used when administering chlorobutanol-containing products to patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction. Patients should be monitored for possible increased somnolence, alterations in speech pattern, dysarthria, and hemodynamic changes. Chlorobutanol toxicity should be ruled out by serum analysis if the patient exhibits any of the above reactions.     

Manganese toxicity

A highly sensitive and rapid method, based on latex agglutination, has been developed for measuring antithrombin III (AT III) in the blood serum of patients and donors. The sensitivity of analysis is 0.6 microgram/ml, time 2 to 3 min. The method is simple, requires no sophisticated equipment, and may be used under field conditions. The results are assessed visually. Immunochemical reagents have been synthesized for the method: latex conjugates and specific antibodies to AT III. The method was tried in patients with peritonitis. An additional criterion for diagnosing the respiratory distress syndrome of adults in this patient population has been developed.     

Ticlopidine-induced phenytoin toxicity

Leg ulceration in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) without systemic vasculitis is a difficult clinical problem and a common cause of morbidity. We have assessed venous function, arterial pressures and range of ankle movement in 23 RA patients with a leg ulcer and compared the results with those in the non-ulcerated contralateral limb and in 25 RA patients matched for age and duration of arthritis. We found evidence of venous insufficiency in RA ulcer patients compared to disease controls. Ankle movement was more restricted in the ulcerated limb compared to the non-ulcerated contralateral leg. There was no difference in large-vessel arterial function between groups. These findings have implications for therapy and rates of healing.     

Neomycin toxicity revisited

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity represent the most hazardous side effects of the clincial use of neomycin sulfate. Despite therapeutic restriction of the latter compound to topical, irrigant, and bowel sterilization use, serious toxicity is still encountered. A 69-year-old patient was recently treated by us for acute renal failure and total deafness induced as a result of intermittent seven-day lavage of a surgical cavity with neomycin. Peritoneal dialysis reduced the serum concentration of the antibiotic and promoted complete recovery of renal function. The patient, however, remained deaf. This case serves as a reminder that neomycin can be absorbed systemically following its use as an irrigant solution. In such cases, it may produce an unsuspected form of "high output" renal failure and concomitant hearing loss. The renal failure is usually reveesible, but the hearing loss is frequently permanent.