Effect of Welding Consumables on Fatigue Performance of Shielded Metal Arc Welded High Strength, Q&T Steel Joints

Quenched and Tempered (Q&T) steels are widely used in the construction of military vehicles due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and high hardness. These steels are prone to hydrogen-induced cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) after welding. The use of austenitic stainless steel consumables to weld the above steel was the only remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase. Recent studies proved that high nickel steel and low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables can be used to weld Q&T steels, which can give very low hydrogen levels in the weld deposits. In this investigation an attempt has been made to study the effect of welding consumables on high cycle fatigue properties of high strength, Q&T steel joints. Three different consumables namely (i) austenitic stainless steel, (ii) low hydrogen ferritic steel, and (iii) high nickel steel have been used to fabricate the joints by shielded metal arc (SMAW) welding process. The joints fabricated using low hydrogen ferritic steel electrodes showed superior fatigue properties than other joints.     

Dynamic fracture toughness (JId) behavior of armor-grade Q&T steel weldments: Effect of weld metal composition and microstructure

Austenitic stainless steel, low hydrogen ferritic steel and high nickel steel consumables are used for the welding of armor-grade quenched and tempered (Q&T) steels. The use of such consumables in the welding of armorgrade Q&T steel leads to the formation of distinct microstructures in the respective welds and has a major influence on the dynamic fracture toughness. Hence, this paper examines how shielded metal arc welding consumables affect the dynamic fracture toughness (J_1d) of armor-grade Q&T steel joints. The J_1d values of joints fabricated with high nickel steel joints are superior than all other joints.     

热输入对T4003/Q450NQR1异种钢焊接接头组织及性能的影响

采用奥氏体焊材ER309LSi-G焊丝对T4003铁素体不锈钢与Q450NQR1耐候钢异种钢进行两种不同焊接热输入的MAG焊接,通过显微组织和力学性能等试验,对两种焊接接头性能进行研究。结果表明:两种焊接接头均未发现缺陷,焊接接头性能较好。与0.82 kJ/mm热输入比较,0.62 kJ/mm热输入下的焊接接头冲击韧性及硬度较好,熔合线较窄,晶粒度较为细小,拉伸数值较高,更加适用于T4003铁素体不锈钢与Q450NQR1耐候钢异种钢焊接。     

响应面方法在奥氏体不锈钢与铜合金异种材料摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度最大化和界面硬度最小化中的应用

在奥氏体不锈钢与铜合金异种材料摩擦焊接过程中,采用响应面方法优化摩擦焊接工艺参数,以获得抗拉强度最大和界面硬度最小的焊接接头。采用三因素、五水平中心复合正交矩阵来确定实验条件。得到20个焊接接头,测定了焊接接头的抗拉强度和界面硬度。采用方差分析(ANOVA)方法来确定起显著作用的、主要的及相互作用的参数,使用回归分析得到经验关系模型。用设计专家软件构造响应图和等高线图来优化摩擦焊接工艺参数。用得到的经验关系模型可以有效地预测焊接接头的抗拉强度和界面硬度,其置信水平达95%。从形成的等高线图可以得到所需的摩擦焊接的最佳条件。     

珠光体钢与奥氏体钢异种钢焊接材料的选择与应用

分析了珠光体钢与奥氏体钢异种钢的焊接性,介绍了焊接材料的选用原则、材料种类、工艺及工程中的应用.结果表明：该类异种钢焊接材料的选择原则是,尽量选用接近或高于奥氏体钢的高合金成分,而不是接近珠光体钢的成分;尽量避免焊缝中马氏体组织形成,保证接头获得良好的使用性能和焊接性.可供该类异种钢选用的焊接材料种类较多,工艺方法各具特色.三个典型应用案例表明,这类异种钢焊接质量的有效控制,取决于焊接材料的合理选用及正确的工艺方法.新型、高效、自动化焊接材料是颇具推广应用前景的焊接新材料.     

Characterization of friction stir welded joint of low nickel austenitic stainless steel and modified ferritic stainless steel

Friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar stainless steels, low nickel austenitic stainless steel and 409M ferritic stainless steel, is experimentally investigated. Process responses during FSW and the microstructures of the resultant dissimilar joints are evaluated. Material flow in the stir zone is investigated in detail by elemental mapping. Elemental mapping of the dissimilar joints clearly indicates that the material flow pattern during FSW depends on the process parameter combination. Dynamic recrystallization and recovery are also observed in the dissimilar joints. Among the two different stainless steels selected in the present study, the ferritic stainless steels shows more severe dynamic recrystallization, resulting in a very fine microstructure, probably due to the higher stacking fault energy.     

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Gas Metal Arc Welded AISI 409 Grade Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

The effect of filler metals such as austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel, and duplex stainless steel on fatigue crack growth behavior of the gas metal arc welded ferritic stainless steel joints was investigated. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single ‘V’ butt welded joints. Center cracked tensile specimens were prepared to evaluate fatigue crack growth behavior. Servo hydraulic controlled fatigue testing machine with a capacity of 100 kN was used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behavior of the welded joints. From this investigation, it was found that the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared to the joints fabricated by austenitic and ferritic stainless steel filler metals. Higher yield strength and relatively higher toughness may be the reasons for superior fatigue performance of the joints fabricated by duplex stainless steel filler metal.     

节镍型不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能比较

通过3.5%NaCl溶液中动电位极化曲线测定和中性盐雾试验,对200系列奥氏体不锈钢和400系列铁素体不锈钢两类节镍型不锈钢与304不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能进行了对比研究。结果显示,400系列铁素体不锈钢的耐点蚀性能优于200系列奥氏体不锈钢,两种节镍型不锈钢的耐点蚀性能均不如304不锈钢好;200系列奥氏体不锈钢的耐均匀腐蚀性能最差,443不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能与304不锈钢相当,439不锈钢比304不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能稍差。201、202、304、439和443不锈钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的点蚀电位分别为(vs.SCE)-32 mV、-22 mV、312mV、165 mV和227 mV,腐蚀速率分别为0.0071 mm/a、0.0062 mm/a、0.0026 mm/a、0.0038 mm/a和0.0024mm/a。     

Laser beam welding of steel plates using consumable inserts

The aim of this study was to identify the appropriate parameters for laser welding of steel plates. The mechanical characteristics and metallurgical microstructures of the joints were analysed experimentally. Welded joints were made using two different types of steel (Cr-Mo low-alloy steel and austenitic stainless steel). Samples were cut from the welds and examined macrographically and micrographically; tensile and microhardness tests were also performed. Observation of these samples showed the beneficial effects of narrower molten and heat-affected zones and the consequent advantageous reductions in distortions and residual stresses. On the basis of these experimental results we conclude that both ferritic and austenitic steels can be properly welded, with good mechanical and metallurgical results, using consumable inserts pre-fitted to the edges before welding, provided that suitable welding parameters are chosen.     

Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Dissimilar Austenitic/Super Duplex Stainless Steel Joint

To study the effect of chemical composition on microstructural features and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints between super duplex and austenitic stainless steels, welding was attempted by gas tungsten arc welding process with a super duplex (ER2594) and an austenitic (ER309LMo) stainless steel filler metal. While the austenitic weld metal had vermicular delta ferrite within austenitic matrix, super duplex stainless steel was mainly comprised of allotriomorphic grain boundary and Widmanstätten side plate austenite morphologies in the ferrite matrix. Also the heat-affected zone of austenitic base metal comprised of large austenite grains with little amounts of ferrite, whereas a coarse-grained ferritic region was observed in the heat-affected zone of super duplex base metal. Although both welded joints showed acceptable mechanical properties, the hardness and impact strength of the weld metal produced using super duplex filler metal were found to be better than that obtained by austenitic filler metal.     

Localized corrosion properties of low interstitial ferritic,high purity austenitic and high chromium duplex stainless steels

Within the framework of a research aimed at characterizing the behaviour of new materials to pitting and crevice corrosion, an investigation has been made, using electrochemical techniques, of the following materials: ELI ferritic stainless steels (18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti; 21 Cr-3 Mo-Ti; 26 Cr-1 Mo); high chromium duplex stainless steel (Z 5 CNDU 21-08) and high chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel (Z 2 CNDU 25-20); commercial austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304 L and 316 L) and laboratory heats of austenitic stainless steels with low contents of interstitials (LTM/18 Cr- 12 Ni, LTM/16 Cr- 14 Ni-2 Mo). It was possible to graduate a scale of resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in neutral chloride solutions at 40 C; in particular the two experimental austenitic stainless steels LTM/18 Cr- 12 Ni and LTM/16 Cr- 14 Ni-2 Mo are at the same level as the AISI 316 L and 18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti, respectively. An occluded cell was developed and used for determining the critical potential for crevice corrosion (E_{localized corrosion}). For the steels under investigation E_{localized corrosion} is less noble than E_pitting especially for ELI ferritic 18 Cr-2 Mo-Ti and 21 Cr–3 Mo-Ti.     

经济型铁素体不锈钢焊接接头组织与耐蚀性能

采用ER-309焊丝焊接了TCS345,T4003,Nirosta 4003,JFE410RW四种铁素体不锈钢,用金相方法分析了四种母材、接头的显微组织,通过电化学极化曲线测量,对母材和焊接接头的耐腐蚀性能进行了评价.结果表明,TCS345和T4003铁素体不锈钢与Nirosta 4003和JFE410RW铁素体不锈钢的主要区别是钛和锰含量偏低,尤其是钛含量少,导致TCS345和T4003铁素体不锈钢的晶粒长大倾向较Nirosta 4003和JFE410RW铁素体不锈钢的明显.铁素体不锈钢焊接接头存在较大的热影响区,热影响区的组织与母材晶粒相比,其晶粒明显粗大;TCS345铁素体不锈钢的晶粒长大严重,Nirosta 4003和JFE410RW铁素体不锈钢的铁素体晶粒尺寸比TCS345略小,晶粒长大不明显.在1mol/L Na2SO4溶液中,TCS345和JFE410RW不锈钢母材的腐蚀性能优于T4003和Nirosta 4003.     

典型不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏化温度的研究

用电化学动电位再活化（EPR）法、硫酸—硫酸铜法及扫描电镜研究了典型的202、304奥氏体不锈钢与409、430铁素体不锈钢在不同敏化温度下晶间腐蚀的敏感性。结果表明,奥氏体与铁素体不锈钢敏感温度区间不同,奥氏体不锈钢诱发晶间腐蚀的敏感温度约为650℃,铁素体不锈钢诱发晶间腐蚀的敏感温度约为950℃。研究结果为正确地评判不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性及优化生产工艺提供了科学依据。     

不锈钢钢种发展的一些动向

从奥氏体不锈钢的演变,以氮代碳的含氮不锈钢,Mn-N系不锈钢,超级铁素体不锈钢,超级奥氏体不锈钢,超级马氏体不锈钢及抗菌不锈钢等方面的发展,概述了不锈钢钢种发展的一些动向。     

445铁素体不锈钢内胆水箱的加工性能和耐蚀性

将445铁素体不锈钢的主要化学成分、力学性能、成型性能和焊接性能等基本性能与304奥氏体不锈钢进行对比,结果表明,445不锈钢具有较好的机加工性能。采用盐雾试验及10%的NaCl溶液加速腐蚀试验等方法,对比445水箱、304水箱及两者混合搭配的内胆水箱的太阳能热水器的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,445不锈钢耐腐蚀性稍逊于304不锈钢,在80～120℃时,445与304不锈钢均发生蒸汽腐蚀、水线腐蚀,且445不锈钢出现较为严重的点蚀现象。     

Filler metal selection for welding a high nitrogen stainless steel

Cromanite is a high-strength austenitic stainless steel that contains approximately 19% chromium, 10% manganese, and 0.5% nitrogen. It can be welded successfully, but due to the high nitrogen content of the base metal, precautions have to be taken to ensure sound welds with the desired combination of properties. Although no matching filler metals are currently available, Cromanite can be welded using a range of commercially available stainless steel welding consumables. E307 stainless steel, the filler metal currently recommended for joining Cromanite, produces welds with mechanical properties that are generally inferior to those of the base metal. In wear applications, these lower strength welds would probably be acceptable, but in applications where full use is made of the high strength of Cromanite, welds with matching strength levels would be required. In this investigation, two welding consumables, ER2209 (a duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steel) and 15CrMn (an austenitic-manganese hardfacing wire), were evaluated as substitutes for E307. When used to join Cromanite, 15CrMn produced welds displaying severe nitrogen-induced porosity, and this consumable is therefore not recommended. ER2209, however, outperformed E307, producing sound porosity-free welds with excellent mechanical properties, including high ductility and strength levels exceeding the minimum limits specified for Cromanite.     

电化学充氢对Cr15铁素体不锈钢和304奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响

研究了充氢时间、充氢电流密度、晶体结构对不锈钢氢脆敏感性的影响。结果表明:对于铁素体不锈钢,随着充氢时间的延长、电流密度的增大,塑性显著降低,氢脆敏感性大幅度增加;通过SEM观察实验钢断口形貌,断裂类型由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。而相同条件下,奥氏体不锈钢氢脆敏感性较低,抗氢脆性能较好。充氢后实验钢表面存在大量H,且氢含量随试样深度逐渐降低,晶界可能作为氢陷阱影响实验钢的氢脆敏感性。     

火力发电锅炉用高铬铁素体钢焊接材料

为了降低危害环境气体的排放量，一种观点认为这可以通过提高蒸汽状态来解决，并由此开发出了火力发电锅炉用高Cr铁素体耐热钢。为使这种高Cr铁素体耐热钢得到应用，选取合适的焊接材料是非常必要的。对火力发电锅炉用高Cr铁素体耐热钢焊接材料及其近来趋势做了概述。     

High-temperature oxidation and thermal cycling of aluminum-electroplated stainless steels

An alumina coating, produced from the oxidation of an aluminum-electroplated deposit, improved the oxidation resistance in air of a ferritic, AISI-type 446 stainless steel, Fe-24Cr-1.2Al containing 0.15% of mischmetal, and an austenitic AISI 321 stainless steel containing 0.53% Ti, at least up to 1100°C. In thermal-cycling tests from 1000°C to room temperature, the alumina coating was adherent on the ferritic and austenitic steels, for at least 1000 and about 700 cycles, respectively. The addition of rare earths to the ferritic steels and titanium to the austenitic, provided good adhesion between the coating and substrate. The porous nature of the coating was found to be very beneficial by causing the coating to be more resistant to thermal and growth stresses. Oxidation mechanisms are discussed in the light of results obtained from the thermogravimetric tests and metallographic observations by SEM-ED analysis.     

整体系抗菌不锈钢材料及其制造技术

整体系抗菌不锈钢按组织分为铁素体钢、马氏体钢和奥氏体钢。铁素体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌成分有Cu、Ag；马氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌成分为Cu；奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌成分有Cu、Ag、V、AgO、Ag2S、Cu—Ag—Zn中间合金、银铜配合、Ce。分析了存在的问题，并提出了建议。