Numerical simulation of molecularly thin lubricant film flow due to the air bearing slider in hard disk drives

In this paper we numerically study the evolution of depletion tracks on molecularly thin lubricant films due to a flying head slider in a hard disk drive. Here the lubricant thickness evolution model is based on continuum thin film lubrication theory with inter-molecular forces. Our numerical simulation involves air bearing pressure, air bearing shear stress, Laplace pressure, the dispersive component of surface free energy and disjoining pressure, a polynomial modeled polar component of surface free energy and disjoining pressure and shear stress caused by the surface free energy gradient. Using these models we perform the lubricant thickness evolution on the disk under a two-rail taper flat slider. The results illustrate the forming process of two depletion tracks of the thin lubricant film on the disk. We also quantify the relative contributions of the various components of the physical models. We find that the polar components of surface free energy and disjoining pressure and the shear stress due to the surface free energy gradient, as well as other physical models, play important rolls in thin lubricant film thickness change.     

能量熵与峰值窗口结合去除眼电伪迹研究

为改进传统独立分量分析自动去除眼电伪迹算法中存在识别眼电分量速度慢、需采集同步参考眼电信号、丢失脑电信号问题,提出一种不需要参考眼电信号的眼电伪迹自动识别去除方法。利用FastICA分解出独立分量,计算各独立分量频谱能量熵,以频谱能量熵值作为判据识别出眼电分量;然后使用峰值窗口分离出眼电分量中存在的脑电信号,与其他独立分量进行拼接;利用FastICA逆变换重构出去眼电伪迹的脑电信号。实验结果表明：该方法能准确快速自动地去除眼电伪迹,并较好地保留其他的脑电信号成分;频谱能量熵识别眼电伪迹平均用时为0.01?s,准确率为98％,适用于实时EOG去除。     

基于SOM聚类的软构件分类方法

软构件刻面分类法是一种被各大软构件库系统广泛采用的分类方法,但是传统的刻面分类法需要人工建立和维护庞大的术语空间,增大了软构件建库和入库的工作量.利用基于SOM神经网络的聚类技术可实现无需建立术语空间的软构件自动分类,同时针对软构件的特点和SOM聚类的需要预先确定拓扑结构和聚类结果与输入样本的次序有关等缺点,对SOM聚类的训练过程进行改进以满足软构件聚类的要求.     

热力学计算软件及其应用

介绍开发热力学计算软件的设计原理、特点及其应用。对用户输入的反应组元进行分子式解析，实现反应式的自动配平，通过调用中扩充的无机化合物热力学数据库对反应进行热力学计算，得到如反应Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能、反应热力反应平衡常数等基本热力学参数，并将计算结果生成数据文件作为绘图软件的输入。该软件适用于实际体系的热力学计算，用户只需输入反应组元的活度，即可得到反应Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能变化及气体分压或分压比（若的气体参     

基于多模型的能源组件维修性建模与仿真研究

某激光装置能源组件是其关键组件,该组件具有随机劣化失效特点,其部件失效类型多,维修类型和维修策略也比较复杂,现有的基于单一模型和解析方法的系统维修性建模与分析方法难以解决其维修性设计与分析问题。本文采用多模型集成的维修性建模与仿真方法,解决能源组件维修性建模与分析问题。其中,采用故障树模型描述能源组件系统级可靠性,采用SPNAT模型描述各部件的失效过程和维修决策,并基于"Join/Replicate"操作进行模型集成,通过报酬结构定义组件的维修性指标。仿真结果表明,基于多模型集成的维修性建模与仿真方法,是解决能源组件这样的复杂产品维修方案设计与分析的有效途径。     

易挥发弱电解质体系化学及相平衡计算的遗传算法

基于Gibbs自由能最小化原理,提出用遗传算法计算易挥发弱电解质体系化学及相平衡问题。首先建立了易挥发弱电解质体系Gibbs自由能的计算模型,将含化学反应平衡和相平衡计算问题转化为有约束的最优化问题．并应用遗传算法求解;其次在算法实施时提出两点改进,即通过对优化变量采取动态边界的可行域编码方法来处理问题约束和引入反应平衡常数来提高低含量组分的计算精度;最后对两个算例进行了计算。计算表明,本文计算结果与文献值相吻合,并且简单易实施,是这类问题计算的有效方法。     

Effects of Heat of Reaction on Homogeneous Compressible Turbulence

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of homogeneous compressible turbulent reacting flows are conducted to investigate the effects of heat of reaction on the solenoidal and the dilatational turbulent motions. Consistent with the previous theoretical results, it is shown that the heat of reaction does not have a significant effect on the low order moments of the solenoidal velocity. However, the variances of dilatation, pressure, temperature, and density, increase significantly due to heat release. Also, the magnitudes of the skewness and the kurtosis of dilatation increase significantly as a result of heat of reaction. The high negative values of the dilatation correspond to localized structures with low probability of existence. The heat of reaction also enhances the amplitude and the frequency of the oscillations of the pressure-dilatation correlation. Examination of the energy transfer among rotational and compressive components of the kinetic energy and the internal energy indicates that the energy of the reaction is transferred to the compressive component of the kinetic energy by the pressure-dilatation correlation. The advection term then transfer the energy from the compressive component of the kinetic energy to its rotational component. While the interactions between compressive component of the kinetic energy and the internal energy are significant, those between the rotational and the compressive components of the kinetic energy are relatively weak.     

Energy and spectral dynamics in forced compressible turbulence

Numerical simulations are used to study compressible turbulence with microscale Reynolds numbers up to 40 and rms Mach numbersM up to 0.9. The flows are randomly forced, with energy supplied to either the rotational or compressive components of kinetic energy, which is then transferred to internal energy through the pressure-dilatation interaction and viscous dissipation terms. Coupling between the two components of kinetic energy by the advection term is relatively weak, and most energy introduced to either component by the external force is transferred, without passing through the other component, to internal nergy. A statistically quasiequilibrium of kinetic energy is realized while internal energy increases steadily. The spectral form of the rotational component of velocity, which hardly depends onM, is very close to that for incompressible flow. On the other hand, the compressive component depends strongly onM, especially at large wave numbers.     

Integration of heterogeneous repositories based on ontologies for EC applications development

Recently, due to the significance of Web applications in the business field, it has become important how quickly an application can be developed from a business idea. This paper proposes a method that rebuilds heterogeneous repositories required for business applications development into a multi-grain-size repository based on ontologies. The proposed repository consists of component libraries and their use patterns from a level on a high abstraction such as enterprise activities to the concreteness level of software. Our repository supports the whole process of business application development including modeling enterprises and business activities and deploying models as software with components. Finally, we devise a development methodology of on-line business such as Web shopping with the framework and software component based on free and commercial application servers.     

多小波图象变换的统计分析

多小波是一种新的小波,多小波的应用更是近几年才日见兴起,因此,有关多小波图象变换的一些基本统计数据,如均值、方差、量化后零系数的比例等等,尚未见诸学术刊物,而这些数据又是从事多小波图象编码研究的基本依据。从学术刊物和互联网上收集了5种不同性质的多小波,对这些多小波图象变换特性进行了详尽的统计分析。通过统计分析发现：（1）图象经过CL多小波变换后,能量不但汇聚在最低分辨率的子图象上,而且还进一步汇聚在最低分辨率子图象的第一个分量上,因此,CL多小波最适合图象编码;（2）图象经过CARDBAL多小波变换后,能量不但汇聚在最低分辨率的子图象上,而且还平均分摊在最低分辨率子图象的4个分量上,因此,通过相关性编码可以大幅度提高CARDBAL多小波图象编码的压缩比;（3）图象经过GHM多小波变换后,最低分辨率子图象的能量既不是集中在一个分量上,也不是平均分配在4个分量上,因此,尽管GHM是最早发现的多小波,且是目前最为常用的多小波,但它其实并不是图象编码的首选。     

Learning from the future of component repositories

An important aspect of the quality assurance of large component repositories is to ensure the logical coherence of component metadata, and to this end one needs to identify incoherences as early as possible. Some relevant classes of problems can be formulated in term of properties of the future repositories into which the current repository may evolve. However, checking such properties on all possible future repositories requires a way to construct a finite representation of the infinite set of all potential futures. A class of properties for which this can be done is presented in this work.We illustrate the practical usefulness of the approach with two quality assurance applications: (i) establishing the amount of “forced upgrades” induced by introducing new versions of existing components in a repository, and (ii) identifying outdated components that are currently not installable and need to be upgraded in order to become installable again. For both applications we provide experience reports obtained on the Debian free software distribution.     

无机盐-恒沸有机水溶液体系相平衡计算

针对无机盐-恒沸有机水溶液体系相平衡问题,提出用Gibbs自由能最小法计算。通过Pitzer理论与NRTL方程相结合来描述体系中各组分的活度系数,建立体系Gibbs自由能的计算模型,从而将相平衡计算转化为有约束的最小化问题,并应用遗传算法求解,进而得到体系平衡时的各相组成。以2个体系的相平衡计算为例,结果表明此方法可行有效,可为无机盐作盐析剂分离恒沸有机水溶液体系这一化工过程建立一定的理论基础和计算依据。     

Phase-transfer energetics of small-molecule alcohols across the water-hexane interface: molecular dynamics simulations using charge equilibration models

We study the water-hexane interface using molecular dynamics (MD) and polarizable charge equilibration (CHEQ) force fields. Bulk densities for TIP4P-FQ water and hexane, 1.0086±0.0002 and 0.6378±0.0001 g/cm(3), demonstrate excellent agreement with experiment. Interfacial width and interfacial tension are consistent with previously reported values. The in-plane component of the dielectric permittivity (?(||)) for water is shown to decrease from 81.7±0.04 to unity, transitioning longitudinally from bulk water to bulk hexane. ?(||) for hexane reaches a maximum in the interface, but this term represents only a small contribution to the total dielectric constant (as expected for a non-polar species). Structurally, net orientations of the molecules arise in the interfacial region such that hexane lies slightly parallel to the interface and water reorients to maximize hydrogen bonding. Interfacial potentials due to contributions of the water and hexane are calculated to be -567.9±0.13 and 198.7±0.01 mV, respectively, giving rise to a total potential in agreement with the range of values reported from previous simulations of similar systems. Potentials of mean force (PMF) calculated for methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol for the transfer from water to hexane indicate an interfacial free energy minimum, corresponding to the amphiphilic nature of the molecules. The magnitudes of transfer free energies were further characterized from the solvation free energies of alcohols in water and hexane using thermodynamic integration. This analysis shows that solvation free energies for alcohols in hexane are 0.2-0.3 kcal/mol too unfavorable, whereas solvation of alcohols in water is approximately 1 kcal/mol too favorable. For the pure hexane-water interfacial simulations, we observe a monotonic decrease of the water dipole moment to near-vacuum values. This suggests that the electrostatic component of the desolvation free energy is not as severe for polarizable models than for fixed-charge force fields. The implications of such behavior pertain to the modeling of polar and charged solutes in lipidic environments.     

Modelling of Non‐Periodic Aggregates Having a Pile Structure

This paper presents a procedure for modelling aggregates such as piles that consist of arbitrary components. The method generates an aggregate of components that need to be accumulated, and an aggregate shape represents the surface of the target aggregate. The number of components and their positions and orientations are controlled by five parameters. The components, the aggregate shape and the parameters are the inputs for the method which involves placement and refinement steps. In the placement step, the orientation and initial position of a component are determined by a non‐periodic placement such that each component overlaps its neighbours. In the refinement step, to construct a pile structure, the position of each component is adjusted by reducing the overlap.     

Independent component analysis using Potts models

We explore the extending application of Potts encoding to the task of independent component analysis, which primarily deals with the problem of minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the joint distribution and the product of all marginal distributions of output components. The competitive mechanism of Potts neurons is used to encode the overlapping projections from observations to output components. Based on these projections, the marginal distributions and the entropy of output components are made tractable for computation and the adaptation of the de-mixing matrix toward independent output components is obtained. The Potts model for ICA is well formulated by an objective function subject to a set of constraints, which leads to a novel energy function. A hybrid of the mean field annealing and the gradient descent method is applied to the energy function. Our approach to independent component analysis presents a new criterion for ICA. The performance of the Potts model for ICA given by our numerical simulations is encouraging.     

A modal synthesis method employing physical coordinates,free component modes,and residual flexibilities

For the solution of the eigenproblem of large dynamical MK systems a new component synthesis method incorporating residual flexibilities and free component modes is developed. The assembly procedure for this method is particularly simply, in fact the components can be linked to other components or elements like a conventional finite element by the direct stiffness approach, because the reduced component models employ the physical coordinates of the interface nodes among others. Therefore, the method may easily be integrated into an existing finite element code. Converence is outstanding because the residual flexibilities are considered at the interface degrees of freedom linking the individual substructures. It is believed that the method possesses potential computer applicablity because of the listed advantages.     

智能装配规划中的拆卸方向计算

提出了基于装配约束的离散化单位球面的拆卸方向计算方法．首先利用离散化的单位球面计算局部拆卸方向集,通过离散点坐标的加权平均求取拆卸方向集的质心;然后通过可拆卸性判断获得可行的全局拆卸方向．应用表明,该方法可有效地降低复杂产品拆卸方向求解的计算复杂度．     

Spectral modelling of multicomponent landscapes in the Sahel

Abstract

Certain landscapes in the Sahel and elsewhere consist of a ‘checkerboard’ arrangement of vegetated and non-vegetated areas in which there may be several spectrally distinct vegetation and bare ground components. When individual components form large spatially coherent patches, and the vertical dimension of the vegetation is small, spectral interactions between components are negligible. The influence of any one component on the average reflectance of the landscape can then be described by its spectral properties and relative area using simple additive mixture models. These models can be extended to the vegetation indices. The spatial average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a function of the brightness (red plus near-infrared reflectances), the NDVI and the fractional cover of the components. In landscapes where soil and vegetation can be considered the only components, the NDVI-brightness model can be inverted to obtain the NDVI of the vegetation. Aerial photoradiometer data from Mali, West Africa were used to determine the red and near-infrared component reflectances of soil and vegetation. The derived soil component reflectances were well correlated with ground measurements. The relationship between the vegetation component NDVI and plant cover was better than between the NDVI of the entire landscape and plant cover. The usefulness of this modelling approach depends on the existence of clearly distinguishable landscape components. The method resolves the spectral properties of individual components, but the vegetation component, while free of the effect of bare ground components, is still affected by the underlying soil.     

Reconstruction Based Recognition of Scenes with Multiple Repeated Components

This paper proposes an invariance based recognition scheme for scenes with multiple repeated components. The scheme considers three component subsets which characterize the scene completely. Each such three component subset is reconstructed using single image based information. We have developed a mathematical framework for the projective reconstruction based on relative affine structure of each such three component building block. This is extended to the case when each of the components is a quadric. A set of projective invariants of three quadrics has also been obtained by us. Although the reconstruction scheme is general and applicable to all multiple repeated components, it requires the computation of infinite homography. The infinite homography and hence the reconstruction scheme are only image computable with the given information in the case of translational repetition. We therefore develop a recognition strategy for the specific case of translationally repeated quadrics. As a recognition strategy for scenes with multiple translationally repeated quadric components, we propose to compute and store invariant values for each such three component subsets. Experiments on real data have shown the applicability of this approach for recognition of aerial images of power plants. The discriminatory power of the invariants and the stability of the recognition results have also been experimentally demonstrated.     

Analysis of a conflict between aggregation and interfacenegotiation in Microsoft's Component Object Model

Many software projects today are based on the integration of independently designed software components that are acquired on the market, rather than developed within the projects themselves. A component standard, or integration architecture, is a set of design rules meant to ensure that such components can be integrated in defined ways without undue effort. The rules of a component standard define, among other things, component interoperability and composition mechanisms. Understanding the properties of such mechanisms and interactions between them is important for the successful development and integration of software components, as well as for the evolution of component standards. The paper presents a rigorous analysis of two such mechanisms: component aggregation and dynamic interface negotiation, which were first introduced in Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM). We show that interface negotiation does not function properly within COM aggregation boundaries. In particular, interface negotiation generally cannot be used to determine the identity and set of interfaces of aggregated components. This complicates integration within aggregates. We provide a mediator-based example, and show that the problem is in the sharing of interfaces inherent in COM aggregation