Quantitative Examination of Photofabricated Profiles Part 1: Design of Experiments

To obtain a detailed observation of the process of photoetching, metal foil samples bearing photoresist stencils were etched for a series of times from first surface "bite" on to breakthrough. Profiles were then examined after metallographic sectioning. To facilitate extraction of the desired information, the etched patterns comprised a series of parallel lines of increasing width, so that all line widths could be seen in a single section. In mounting for sectioning, special means were used to hold the metal and the etched lines strictly vertical and to ensure good edge retention on subsequent metallographic polishing. Methods for quantitative evaluation of the profiles so revealed are also discussed.     

Determination of thicknesses and impurities of targets by measuring backscattered particles from 2 MeV 4He+-bombardment

The measurement of target thicknesses and impurity contents using backscattering, as well as the principle of this technique are briefly described. The targets are irradiated in a beam of 2 MeV ⁴He⁺ ions. The backscattered ions are detected using a Si(Au) solid-state detector. Gold and calcium fluoride on thin carbon backing and selfsupporting silicon foils were determined from peak width measurements. Oxygen and tungsten impurities in a silicon target being prepared by vacuum evaporation from a tungsten boat were determined using the same method. The thickness of a thin aluminium deposit on thick tantalum backing was obtained from the energy shift of the tantalum peak between two spectra recorded with respectively the aluminium and the tantalum facing the ion beam. Copper contamination on the surface on an iron layer electroplated on copper foil was determined by comparison of the copper peak area with the iron peak height in the backscattering spectrum.     

印章结构对微接触印刷制备导电网格的影响

为了在PET基底上制备精细的透明网格状导电图案, 本工作利用微接触印刷高精度的优势, 分别采用线条结构和网格结构的印章转印银纳米粒子导电油墨, 分析了其转印过程, 并讨论了印章结构对网格图案性能的影响。结果表明: 采用线条结构的印章可真实还原印章设计尺寸, 避免了线条的扩展, 有利于提高网格图案的透光率; 同时, 在交叉处墨层较厚可提高导电性。而采用网格结构印章可一次转移快速获得网格图案, 但由于印章网格上相邻线条之间液桥的形成会使图案线宽增加, 降低其透光率; 采用间距较大的印章可使液桥断裂, 得到边缘光滑的网格图案, 但间距增大导致单位面积导电路径减少, 降低其导电性。总之, 采用线条结构印章有利于获得性能较好的网格图案, 但两次转移过程相对复杂, 需用时间较长。     

考虑压缩空气边界的爆炸箔起爆器飞片运动模型

为了研究爆炸箔起爆器中的飞片运动规律,对爆炸桥箔蒸气驱动飞片的过程机理进行了研究。在假设爆炸箔电爆炸后形成的蒸气均匀膨胀以及飞片进行一维刚体运动的基础上,考虑桥箔蒸气内部的压力梯度,引入了压缩空气边界条件,进行飞片运动速度的计算,得到特定发火电路中以桥箔长度、桥箔厚度、飞片厚度以及发火电压为自变量的飞片运动速度模型。根据实测飞片速度的PDV(光子多普勒测速仪)测试结果,引入能量利用率对飞片运动速度曲线进行修正,并且拟合得到了能量利用率关于上述4种自变量的经验公式。结果表明：电爆炸推动飞片运动过程中,能量利用率与桥箔厚度和飞片厚度正相关,而与桥箔长度和发火电压负相关;初期,桥箔蒸气内部具有明显的压力梯度,最大压力可达10 GPa数量级;压缩空气段长度随着时间由0逐渐增大;在桥箔长度与加速膛厚度之比为0.4¹.2、桥箔厚度与加速膛厚度之比为0.002⁰.010、飞片厚度与加速膛厚度之比为0.025⁰.160的范围内,减小桥箔长度、桥箔厚度以及飞片厚度对提高加速膛出口飞片速度、降低爆炸箔起爆器的发火能量具有积极的作用。     

单叶双曲面在铝箔横切中的应用

在分析铝箔横切效果不佳原因的基础上,把单叶双曲面的几何特性应用于移动铝箔的横切机构之中,并确定了转刀刀刃的型线,从而得出一种移动铝箔横切的合理方法.     

Invariant optical-pattern recognition based on a contour bank

We propose a new optical pattern-recognition method that is invariant to shift, rotation, and scale changes. By means of a zero-order circular-harmonic filter the input object can be transformed into a correlation peak whose outline retains a shape similar to the outline of the input object. After multilevel thresholding and binarization, a bank composed of many contours with different sizes is formed. The invariant recognition can be obtained by a small contour line being taking as a reference and its second-order circular-harmonic component being taken as a filter. In addition to the scale invariance the correlation peak is superior to the classical circular-harmonic filter and the phase-only circular-harmonic filter in terms of peak intensity, half-maximum width, and peak-to-sidelobe ratio.     

Feed-direction ultrasonic vibration−assisted milling surface texture formation

The formation mechanism of surface texture for feed-direction ultrasonic vibration?assisted milling (UVAM) was investigated in this study by establishing a kinematic model and a pressing model of UVAM. The kinematic model showed that the cutter tip, which was supposed to be totally sharp, produced closed scratches by crossed trajectories. The variation trends of the interval for closed textures were of sine function. A comparative experiment was carried out by UVAM and conventional milling. A dividing line close to the X coordinate divides the surface feature into two parts. The pressing model showed that the tool minor cutting edge left clear traces with certain width because of the tool minor cutting edge angle. Scratches by tool minor cutting edge were intermittent and regularly varied when feed-direction vibration was introduced. All the surface feature changes are in the radial direction and the trajectory intersections shall always be the scratch grooves or ridges. The ratio between ultrasonic vibration frequency and spindle speed, tool radius, and the located cutter rotation angle affected the changing rule of scratches by tool minor cutting edge. The analytical models and the experimental results proved to each other reasonable.     

Structure and fundamental optical absorption of CdSe films

The absorption spectra at the fundamental absorption edge of as-deposited and recrystallized CdSe films have been measured at low temperatures. The large number of crystal imperfections in as-deposited films leads to the appearance of band tails which give rise to a flat fundamental edge whose steepness is a function of the substrate temperature. After recrystallization of the films in selenium vapour the absorption edge becomes steeper and intrinsic exciton lines are observed. Below a characteristic temperature the line form of the A_{n = 1} exciton, which is of Lorentzian type, does not depend on temperature. This is related to the dominant mechanism of line broadening, which is due to the interaction with charged impurities. Above the characteristic temperature the A_n=1 exciton line can be fitted by a symmetrical Lorentzian with a linewidth that is determined by weak exciton-phonon coupling and intraband scattering.     

On the method of calibration of the energy dispersive EXAFS beamline at Indus-2 and fitting theoretical model to the EXAFS spectrum

A procedure for calibration of the recently developed energy dispersive EXAFS beamline at the Indus-2 synchrotron source at RRCAT, Indore, India has been described. The procedure involves recording of absorption spectra of two standard samples, whose absorption edge energies are well-established. Two methods have been considered for calibration. In the first method, the position of the first maximum of the derivative of absorption curve is taken as the position of the edge energy. In the second method, the position of the point at half edge step in the absorption curve is taken as the position of the edge energy. It has been shown that only the first method gives same values of dispersion even when the beam current is varied and should be used for calibrating the experimental spectra. Further, it is recommended that the performance of the beamline for a particular setting should be checked by recording and analysing EXAFS of a standard. Hence, the procedure for analysis and extracting information about the various parameters that can be determined by fitting the EXAFS data with a theoretical model has also been described, by taking the example of K-absorption spectra of copper metal foil recorded on this beamline.     

Direct demodulation of Hartmann-Shack patterns

Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensors produce a distorted grid of spots whose deviation from perfection is linear with the wave-front gradient. Usually, the centroid of each spot is calculated to provide that deviation, but it is also possible to perform the calculation by Fourier demodulation of the spot pattern [Opt. Commun. 215, 285, 2003]. We show that this demodulation can be performed directly on the grid, without reverting to Fourier transforms. Tracking the motion of each centroid individually is limited to well-defined spots with motions smaller than their pitch. In contrast, our method treats the image as a whole, is not limited to non-overlapping or sharp spots, and allows large spot motions. By replicating the array of spots slightly beyond the edge of the aperture, we reduce the chance for boundary phase dislocations in the reconstruction of the wave front. The method is especially suited to very large arrays.     

The role of flaw geometry in thin film delamination from two-dimensional interface flaws along free edges

Delamination from planar interface edge flaws between a thin film and a semi-infinite substrate is examined to determine the roles of flaw width and depth relative to the film thickness. The flaws have curved and straight sections, and the crack front intersects the free edge at a right angle. Three-dimensional finite element models are used to extract local energy release rates and mode-mixity angles along the entire crack front. This paper focuses the crack dimensions required to reach steady state, wherein energy release rates are independent of flaw dimensions along the entire crack front. Results indicate that moderate elastic mismatch, although affecting mode mixity, plays a small role in determining the crack aspect ratios required to reach steady state. For wide cracks, the energy release rate for crack advance into the film interior approaches the plane-strain steady-state value when the half-width of the crack is approximately four times its depth (for cracks whose depths is several times the film thickness). For narrow cracks, the energy release rate near the free edge is significantly greater than the plane-strain steady-state result, and reaches a steady state when the depth approximately 10 times its width (for widths several time the film thickness). The results imply that delamination from wide cracks is reasonably accurately predicted via plane-strain analyses. Conversely, two-dimensional models are incapable of accurately predicting delamination from narrow cracks, which have a tendency to widen into flaws with more balanced aspect ratios (i.e. without growth in the depth direction).     

无源压力传感器Q值对信号传输性能的影响(英文)

为了解决无源压力传感器的无线信号传输性能问题,采用环氧树脂基底制作无源压力传感器模拟结构.传感器无线测试装置由共振电容空腔和感应天线组成,内部无需有源器件、电池等.通过改变压力敏感结构电感天线的金属层厚度和线宽等因素来研究无线信号传输性能.经过实验测试,电感的品质因素Q影响传感器的信号传输.可以通过对金属层加厚,对线宽加宽,达到减小电感的电阻,从而增大传感器电感的Q值,即有利于无线信号的传输.     

Synthesis of high-speed tool steel surfaces on mild steel

Wear-resistant, hard surfaces of high-speed tool steel were synthesized on mild steel specimens. Discs of mild steel were subjected to carburization to a depth of 2.5 mm. Thin strips of tungsten were spot welded and the specimen was subjected to electron beam surface melting. The beam power was varied from 60 kV, 10 mA to 60 kV, 20 mA. Oscillation frequency and the specimen translation velocity were kept at 1000 Hz and 2 cm s-1, respectively. The width of the modified layer was 10 mm while the depth varied from 0.7–2.3 mm. A concentration of up to 30 wt% tungsten could be achieved in the surface layer by varying the thickness of the foil spot welded prior to electron-beam melting. Tungsten concentration was uniform along the depth. The hardness achieved in the as-solidified layer was uniform along the depth and reached 800 Hv. The reprocessing of the alloyed layer with the beam promoted fine carbide precipitation which then resulted in refinement of martensite plates.     

AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程边裂形成原因分析

针对AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程中出现边部裂纹的问题,采用数值模拟方法研究了AZ31镁合金板材轧制过程中轧制温度对板材边裂的影响,利用实验室热轧试验方式研究了AZ31镁合金板坯宽厚比、轧制道次数以及工作辊直径等工艺参数对镁板边部裂纹的影响.研究表明,边裂的产生多数情况是由于几种因素共同作用的结果,其主要影响因素有轧制温度、道次加工率、轧辊直径以及板坯宽度和厚度等.在其他条件不变的情况下,减少板材宽厚比,可降低边部所受拉应力,有利于减少横向裂纹产生;当b(R·△h)~(1/2)时,随着板材宽度增加,轧制力逐渐升高,边部产生横向裂纹的几率增加;对于相同规格板坯,随着辊径增大,轧制过程中板坯的宽展量和所受摩擦力逐渐增加,有利于发挥板材塑性从而减小边部裂纹产生的趋势.     

基于Radon变换的速变谱提取算法

多普勒频移随时间快速变化这一信息在水听器探测空中高速目标时具有重要意义,提出了速变谱的概念,并提出应用Radon变换在信号的LOFAR图中捕捉速变谱信息;针对速变谱曲线可能是任意曲线而Radon变换只能对直线等已知参数方程的曲线进行提取的问题,提出分块Radon变换的方法。仿真与海试数据分析均表明,该方法可以在较低信噪比情况下检测到速变谱信息。     

High efficiency, high quality x-ray optic based on ellipsoidally bent highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystal for ultrafast x-ray diffraction experiments

By the use of a thin highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystal (HOPG) bent to a high-performance ellipsoidal shape it was possible to focus monochromatic x-rays of 4.5 keV photon energy with an efficiency of 0.0033, which is 30 times larger than for previously used bent crystals. Isotropic Ti K alpha radiation of a 150 microm source was focused onto a 450 microm spot. The size of the focal spot can be explained by broadening due to the mosaic crystal rocking curve. The rocking curve width (FWHM) of the thin graphite foil was determined to 0.11 degrees. The estimated temporal broadening of an ultrashort K alpha pulse by the crystal is not larger than 300 fs. These properties make the x-ray optic very attractive for ultrafast time-resolved x-ray measurements.     

Time-multiplexed three-dimensional displays based on directional backlights with fast-switching liquid-crystal displays

An autostereoscopic display using a directional backlight with a fast-switching liquid-crystal (LC) display was designed and fabricated to obtain a better perception of 3D images by enhanced resolution and brightness. A grooved light guide in combination with an asymmetric focusing foil was utilized to redirect the emitting cones of light to the left and right eyes, respectively. By designing the groove structures of the focusing foil with rotation from -1.5 degrees to 1.5 degrees in the gradient and having the pitch ratio of the grooved light guide to the focusing foil of less than 3, the boundary angle then shifts from normal viewing and the moiré phenomenon can be suppressed. Cross talk of less than 6% and a LC response time of faster than 7.1 ms further improve the stereoscopic image perception. Additionally, 2D-3D compatibility is provided.     

Analysis of Two-Dimensional Effect in the Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity of Thin Films with an AC Calorimetric Method1

An ac calorimetric method for measuring the thermal diffusivity of thin-film materials has been widely applied. In the application of this method, the systematic errors caused by the heat loss effect, the edge reflection effect, etc., have been analyzed and corresponding correction methods have been developed. But when measuring films with low thermal diffusivity or with thickness comparable to the thermal diffusion length, a two-dimensional effect which will also result in a systematic error of the measurement is present. In this paper, the mechanism of two-dimensional heat conduction within a thin sample which is supplied a periodic heat flux by a chopped light beam is analyzed. A numerical analysis method is developed to study the effect of the two-dimensional heat conduction on the measured thermal diffusivity values. The relations between the measured thermal diffusivity and independent parameters such as frequency, thickness of sample, width of light spot, etc., are demonstrated to indicate the two-dimensional effect. The experimental precondition for minimizing the systematic error caused by the two-dimensional effect is determined. In addition, the analysis method presented in this paper should be useful for more difficult problems such as error estimation of the thermal diffusivity measurement of coatings or composite films.     

基于凸轮与不完全齿轮的间歇分砖机构

为了更好地满足瓷砖机械化包装需求,设计了全自动瓷砖包装线间歇分离机构,构建了该装置的Solid-Works模型,通过凸轮与不完全齿轮的配合运动,可以平稳、高效地完成上砖过程。经过计算分析使各机构相互协调,在一个固定原动力驱动下运作,通过改变不完全齿轮的齿数可以满足不同厚度瓷砖的分离要求。     

PCB导线上下线宽检测算法研究

针对PCB导线的上下线宽的测量,提出了快速而且精确的边缘提取算法。由于采集的显微图像中有很强噪声,一般常用除噪方法很容易破坏图像的边缘信息。采用P-M模型进行除噪,这种方法最大的优点是能够在除噪的同时保护甚至增强图像的边缘;利用Canny算子对降噪图像提取边缘点;最后进行Hough直线拟合。实验证明该方法不仅有很强的抗噪声能力,能够保持边缘信息和测量的精度,并且满足工程测量的实际要求。