丁苯胶乳接枝醋酸乙烯酯共聚改性的研究

为了改善丁苯胶乳(SB)与水泥的相容性,采用醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)单体与SB进行乳液接枝共聚。研究了单体浓度、引发剂和乳化剂的用量、反应温度、反应时间等对接枝率的影响,确定了最佳的接枝反应条件为:[VAc]=5.0mol/L;[(NH4)2SO3]=9.4×10-3mol/L;乳化剂C12H25SO3Na含量为4%(按单体质量计),温度80℃,时间3h。以IR测定了未接枝的的SB和接枝物的结构,比较二者的IR谱图,在1815.44cm-1、1753.91cm-1处有强吸收峰,表明接枝物含有羰基,从而证明VAc接枝到SB上。以SEM观察了胶乳的成膜性,接枝聚合物的成膜性远优于未接枝的SB膜;其拉伸强度显著提高。     

硅烷交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘料基础树脂的性能

利用拉伸试验、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱、差示扫描量热、热延伸试验等方法,对几种硅烷交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘料用LDPE基础树脂的性能以及LDPE和LLDPE与硅烷的接枝交联性能进行了研究。结果表明,乙烯基硅烷对LLDPE的相对接枝率比对LDPE高,LLDPE和LDPE共混物的硅烷接枝能力高于纯LDPE,LLDPE和LDPE的共混物宜用作硅烷交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘料的基础树脂。     

杜仲胶接枝甲基丙烯酸丁酯的合成与表征

采用溶液聚合工艺,以过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂,成功制备了杜仲胶(EUG)和甲基丙烯酸丁酯的接枝共聚产物(EUG-g-BMA)。利用凝胶渗透色谱、核磁共振和红外光谱(IR)研究了接枝反应条件,如单体浓度、反应温度、引发剂浓度等对接枝共聚反应和接枝效率的影响。用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)研究了接枝率对产物熔融-结晶行为的影响。结果表明,当m(BPO)∶m(BMA)=0.05时,BMA浓度对接枝率和单体转化率影响明显,过高的反应温度导致交联产物的生成。IR谱图中1667 cm~(-1)处碳碳双键吸收峰的消失说明接枝反应发生在碳碳双键上。接枝改性导致杜仲胶分子链的结晶能力减弱。随着接枝率增加,产物的熔融温度和结晶温度向低温方向移动,结晶度降低;当接枝率达到17.6%时,DSC曲线上既不呈现熔融峰,也没有结晶峰,说明此时EUG-g-BMA已经完全失去结晶能力。     

乙烯咔唑接枝聚乙烯的空间电荷特性及力学性能

为了研究聚乙烯材料的空间电荷特性及力学性能,采用熔融法制备乙烯咔唑(VK)接枝聚乙烯(VK-g-LDPE),并通过电声脉冲法、差热扫描量热法和拉伸试验对VK-g-LDPE的空间电荷分布、结晶度和拉伸性能进行了测试。结果表明,随着接枝率的增加,对VK-g-LDPE内部空间电荷的抑制效果呈现先增强后减弱的趋势;当接枝率为12.45%时,对VK-gLDPE材料空间电荷的抑制作用最好,试样的电荷密度最大值仅为0.31 C/m~3,比聚乙烯降低了95.87%;随着接枝率的增加,VK-g-LDPE的结晶度呈下降趋势;随着接枝率的增加,VK-g-LDPE的拉伸强度呈现先增大后降低的趋势,且当接枝率为13.02%时达到最大值14.2 N/mm~2;随着接枝率的增加,VK-g-LDPE的断裂伸长率和弹性模量呈现下降的趋势。     

硅烷接枝交联聚乙烯的研究

用不同结构的乙烯基硅烷与聚乙烯进行熔融接枝及水解缩合交联反应，通过对 支物的结构表征，交联行为以及交联前后结晶性质，高温应力－应变曲线的测定，研究了不同结构的乙烯基硅烷对硅与聚乙烯的接枝反应和交联反应的影响。     

壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物的制备与表征EI北大核心

将醛基化改性的聚乳酸接枝到壳聚糖,并通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)分别对接枝产物的接枝率、结构和结晶性能进行表征。IR和1H-NMR结果表明聚乳酸成功接枝到壳聚糖主链,不同投料比和接枝率的关系与元素分析一致;PLLA-CHO/CS-NH2最佳摩尔比为1∶2.5,此时的接枝率为52.22%;XRD和TG结果表明接枝产物的结晶度和热分解温度降低,说明壳聚糖的高结晶性得到改善,其应用范围扩大。     

壳聚糖-聚乳酸接枝共聚物的制备与表征

将醛基化改性的聚乳酸接枝到壳聚糖,并通过元素分析、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(1H-NMR)、X射线衍射(XRD)和热重分析(TG)分别对接枝产物的接枝率、结构和结晶性能进行表征。IR和1H-NMR结果表明聚乳酸成功接枝到壳聚糖主链,不同投料比和接枝率的关系与元素分析一致;PLLA-CHO/CS-NH2最佳摩尔比为1∶2.5,此时的接枝率为52.22%;XRD和TG结果表明接枝产物的结晶度和热分解温度降低,说明壳聚糖的高结晶性得到改善,其应用范围扩大。     

不饱和硅烷熔融挤出接枝聚乙烯的研究

采用熔融挤出法对低密度聚乙烯进行硅烷接枝,然后在催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡存在进行水解交联,对接枝产物的熔体流动速率和交联样品的凝胶率的影响因素进行了系统的研究,接枝单体为乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷,主要引发剂为过氧化二异丙苯。     

硅烷交联聚乙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的研究

以聚乙烯接枝马来酸酐为载体树脂制备纳米蒙脱土母料，在双螺杆挤出机中制备了硅烷交联聚乙烯／有机蒙脱土复合材料，研究了有机蒙脱土含量对硅烷交联聚乙烯接枝料力学性能、热性能以及交联料交联度的影响，并使用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了复合材料的微观结构。结果表明：硅烷交联聚乙烯接枝料的力学性能得到了提高，拉伸强度最大提高了近30％，断裂延伸率基本不变；维卡软化温度及热稳定性有一定提高；交联料的交联度有所下降，但可以通过延长交联时间弥补。XRD和TEM表明硅烷接枝聚乙烯大分子能够实现对有机蒙脱土的插层。     

氢氧化钠催化淀粉/乳酸接枝共聚物的合成

以氢氧化钠(NaOH)为催化剂,采用原位一步法合成了淀粉/乳酸接枝共聚物。用红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和核磁共振(1H-NMR)测试方法对淀粉/乳酸接枝共聚物的结构进行了表征。IR和1H-NMR核磁图谱均表明,聚乳酸确实接枝到了淀粉上;SEM分析表明,经乳酸接枝改性后的淀粉的形貌发生了很大变化。同时通过改变NaOH溶液浓度,原料比例,聚合温度和聚合时间考察了反应条件对淀粉与乳酸接枝率的影响,结果表明,当NaOH溶液浓度为0.4 mol/L,淀粉∶乳酸(质量比)为1∶6,聚合温度为90℃,聚合时间为9 h时,淀粉的接枝率可达33.6%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from