小知识

表面活性剂与聚合物共存时，存在相互作用，体系黏度、表面张力等性能将发生变化。表面活性剂与聚合物的相互作用过程具有协同效应或非协同效应，相互作用与表面活性剂电荷、疏水性、胶束形状以及聚合物的结构、线性电荷密度和介质离子强度等因素有关。     

聚电解质与表面活性剂之间相互作用的研究进展

聚电解质和表面活性剂共存时,他们之间的相互作用过程具有协同效应或非协同效应,它们之间的相互作用受表面活性剂结构、聚电解质的性质以及外界环境等因素的影响。本文着重综述了聚电解质-表面活性剂相互作用的影响因素和模型,以期为二者的复配体系的理论研究与实际应用提供参考。     

表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用的研究进展

综述了表面活性剂与蛋白质的相互作用以及该领域最新的研究方法和研究成果。从荧光技术在研究表面活性剂－蛋白质相互作用中的应用为出发点，介绍了表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用所形成的复合物的结构及相互作用过程中蛋白质结构的变化；在阐述表面活性剂－蛋白质相同电荷混合体系及相反电荷混合体系的不同相行为特征的同时，介绍了NMR弛豫技术和冷冻蚀刻电镜在研究表面活性剂与蛋白质相互作用中的应用；表面活性剂－蛋白质混合溶液的界面吸附行为的研究以非离子表面活性剂与蛋白质的相互作用为主线，介绍了表面活性剂－蛋白质混合溶液界面吸附的2种机理，以及LB膜技术和流变学研究方法在研究表面活性剂－蛋白质相互作用中的应用。     

表面活性剂对聚乙烯醇水溶液黏度影响的研究

研究了阴离子十二烷基硫酸钠、阳离子十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和非离子壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚等3种不同类型的表面活性剂对聚乙烯醇溶液黏度性质的影响。结果表明,离子型表面活性剂与聚乙烯醇发生疏水链相互作用使高聚物带有电荷,体系黏度增加;非离子表面活性剂与聚乙烯醇无相互作用,体系黏度不变;盐的加入,只对聚乙烯醇/离子型表面活性剂混合体系影响大,而对聚乙烯醇/非离子型表面活性剂混合体系无影响。     

表面活性剂与聚合物相互作用的研究进展

研究表面活性剂与聚合物相互作用具有重要的理论和实际意义,从实验技术角度,对包括表面张力、电导率、流变法、平衡渗析、现代量热技术、核磁光谱、光散射技术、荧光探针、电子自旋共振技术等方面的表面活性剂与聚合物相互作用的研究方法进行了全面的总结,同时简要评述了各种实验技术手段的特点,介绍了核磁共振法、现代量热技术中的等温滴定量热法具备的独特优势,重点阐述了两性离子表面活性剂/聚合物体系的实验方法。     

聚合物／表面活性剂溶液相互作用的研究进展

对用不同方法研究聚合物／表面活性剂溶液相互作用的进展进行了论述。经常采用的一些经典研究方法有表面张力、渗析、电导、增溶、黏度等;近些年,一些现代仪器分析方法也被用于该项研究,如荧光光谱、核磁共振、X－射线衍射、中子衍射等。研究体系主要集中在非离子型聚合物／阴离子型表面活性剂溶液。研究发现,对大多数上述混合溶液,其γ-lgC曲线出现两个转折点,聚合物与表面添生剂间存在明显的相互作用,其作用方式主要是聚合物亲水片段与表面活性剂离子头基间的偶极作用。     

非离子表面活性剂缔合结构的物理化学性能研究进展

从浊点，表面张力表面吸附、胶束形成热力上行为、与离子表面活性剂的复配，与聚合物的相互作用，微乳液的热力学性质，在非水体系中的物化性能等方面总结了近年来国内外应用现代实验技术对非离子表面活性剂缔合结构物理化学性能的研究现状况，得到了许多有益的规律和结论，并对各个研究领域进行了展望。这地丰富表面活性剂的基础理论和进一步开发利用非离子表面活性剂具有重要意义。     

用于个人护理品的多功能、卓越高效的阳离子纤维素聚合物

聚季铵盐—10是阳离子纤维素聚合物的通用名称,应用于香波体系,提供头发调理性能。聚季铵盐—10与大部分表面活性剂相容提供极好的香波透明度。在洗涤、冲洗的香波稀释过程中,阳离子纤维素聚合物和阴离子、两性表面活性剂系统形成络合物,从体系溶液中相分离出来。这种相分离(或凝聚)通常被称为“Lockhead效应”。凝聚物为胶状相,含有大量阳离子电荷,将聚合物附着在负电荷头发表面,形成透明膜。同时,凝聚帮助不溶活性成分,如硅油的附着。近期的研究显示,阳离子纤维素聚合物的黏度和电荷密度是决定香波特性,如调理性能的重要因素。凝聚物的类型因配方中使用的阳离子聚合物和表面活性剂体系而不同。选择适当的聚合物和表面活性剂体系,配方者可预计和控制阳离子聚合物和不溶性活性成分的附着效果。     

两亲聚合物设计合成及其增效体系研究(Ⅴ)——静电作用

综述了近些年来基于静电相互作用所构筑的两亲聚合物超分子复配体系,主要包括带相反电荷的不同两亲聚合物复配体系、离子型两亲聚合物与有机酸复配体系、两亲聚合物与离子型表面活性剂复配体系。从复配原材料的差异出发,对所构筑的超分子体系的合成机理优势进行了总体的介绍。最后综述了静电作用在实际油田生产过程中解决问题所起到的显著效果,如静电作用在驱油、调剖以及含油废水处理等方面的应用。     

聚合物PAM/PVP与表面活性剂SDS的相互作用

本文通过对聚合物PAM/PVP与表面活性剂SDS混合体系的相对粘度和表面张力研究,证明聚合物PAM/PVP与表面活性剂SDS之间存在着明显的相互作用。这两种聚合物很容易和表面活性剂相互作用,通过缔合,形成混合胶束状聚集体,导致溶液粘度剧增。随聚合物溶液中SDS的加入,溶液粘度发生起伏变化,出现最大值（最小值）。而二者的相互作用使体系溶液的表面张力在SDS的临界胶束浓度（CMC）前后呈现先减小后增大,最后趋于平衡的情况。且聚表相互作用使溶液界面的界面张力比纯表面活性剂溶液的界面张力有所升高。     

Comparative Study of Effect of Surfactant-Polymer Interactions on Properties of Alkyl Polyglucosides and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate

The properties of Alpha Olefin Sulphonate (AOS) and Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) were studied in the presence and absence of nonionic polymers such as polyethylene glycol, poly vinyl pyrrolidone and methyl cellulose and hydroxy propyl cellulose. Properties like surface tension, foaming, viscosity and emulsification were studied at a constant concentration of polymer (0.1%) and varying concentrations of surfactant. It was found that at low surfactant concentrations there is an association between surfactant and polymer at the liquid/air surface in the case of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic polymer, which is not seen in the case of nonionic surfactants and nonionic polymers. A nonionic polymer reduces the surface tension of AOS by forming a surfactant-polymer complex which in turn increases the foamability, emulsifying property and viscosity of solution. APG does not show any effect on its surface tension in the presence of nonionic polymers but its foamability and emulsifying properties are improved. Reduction in surface tension is not the only reason behind increased foamability in the presence of the polymer. Higher molecular weight polymers give a rich, creamy foam because of increased viscosity in the surfactant solution as compared to lower molecular weight polymers.     

The wettability of coal and its relevance to the control of dust during coal mining

Water sprays are used on longwall mining machines to help control respirable coal dust during underground mining operations. Surfactant reagents added to the sprays, if properly selected, can improve the coal dust wettability and capture efficiency of water droplets. Combining water-soluble polymers with a surfactant can improve dust suppression further by altering the adhesion-cohesion properties of water droplets. The mechanism of coal dust control using a surfactant-polymer reagent is discussed. The Bureau of Mines tested an anionic surfactant-polyethylene oxide polymer water spray additive in the laboratory and in an underground longwall coal-mining operation. The results were encouraging but anomalously high headgate dust concentrations were consistently observed when the surfactant-polymer reagent was injected during the longwall tests. A hypothesis, based on rheological considerations and an adaptation of the Good-Islam liquid bridge model, is suggested to explain the phenomenon. A brief example of the method for correcting the mine dust concentration data for the excess headgate dust is given.     

Interactions between anionically modified hydroxyethyl cellulose and cationic surfactants

Macroscopic properties of aqueous solutions of several modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) samples and their interactions with cationic surfactants are studied by solubility, light scattering, electric birefringence, rheology, and surface tension measurements. Modified HEC samples carry anionic groups (an-HEC D0) and anionic and hydrophobic groups in random distribution (HM-an-HEC D1–D4). The molar substitution of anionic (an) groups is about 0.07 in all samples while that of the hydrophobic (HM) groups ranges from 0 in an-HEC D0 to 0.012 in HM-an-HEC D4. In a 1 wt% solution this corresponds to 2.7 mM anionic and 0 to 0.46 mM hydrophobic groups. In the dilute concentration range the polymers behave like typical polyelectrolytes whereas in the semi-dilute range they resemble uncharged polymers. On addition of oppositely charged surfactants the phase behavior of all polyelectrolytes is similar. With increasing surfactant concentrations the transparent solutions become turbid and the phases separate. Finally, resolubilization takes place with excess surfactant concentrations. With the HM-an-HEC compounds viscoelastic solutions are formed with cationic surfactants. The intermolecular interaction between hydrophobic parts of the polymers and the surfactants and interactions of oppositely charged ionic groups of the two components lead to formation of a temporary network with gel-like properties. With an-HEC the interaction can only take place via charges. Viscosity enhancement with increasing surfactant concentration is therefore lower with an-HEC than with HM-an-HEC compounds.     

ADSORPTION OF ETHOXYLATED NONIONIC SURFACTANTS FROM SILOXANE-BASED SOLVENT AND AQUEOUS SYSTEMS: USE OF QCM AND MODEL POLYMERIC SURFACES

Adsorption behavior was quantified with pure ethoxylated nonionic surfactants onto different polymeric surfaces (hydrophilic cotton and hydrophobic polyester) and model hydrophilic gold surface. The polymer materials used for the study were characterized using SEM. The role of ethylene oxide group variation in surfactant-polymer interaction was established using pure surfactant with the same alkyl chain length but varying ethoxylate chain lengths. It was observed that surfactant with more ethylene oxide groups per molecule, being more hydrophilic, interacts favorably with cotton in the hydrophobic siloxane solvent environment. The adsorption of the pure surfactants on model gold surface from hydrophobic solvent and water was also established using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) system. Effect of ethylene oxide chain length and surfactant concentration on the extent of adsorption was quantified. At the gold-water interface, the plateau adsorption for C₁₂ E₃ (15.9 × 10^?6 mole/m²) is about four times higher than for C₁₂E₈. An opposite trend was observed for adsorption of the surfactants on gold in the hydrophobic D5 environment. Information about thickness, adsorption and desorption kinetics, and structure of adsorbed layer was obtained from the QCM-D frequency-dissipation data. The study is an important contribution towards fundamental understanding of applications involving the use of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants.     

Hydrophobically modified acrylamide‐based polybetaines. II. Interaction with surfactants in aqueous solution

The interaction of hydrophobically modified (HM) polybetaines with selected small molecule surfactants in aqueous solution was investigated using rheological and surface tension analyses. The polymers included acrylamide‐based, HM polybetaines containing N‐butylphenylacrylamide (BPAM) and specified amounts of sulfobetaine, 3‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanedimethylammonio)‐1‐propanesulfonate (AMPDAPS), or carboxybetaine, 4‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropyldimethylammonio)butanoate (AMPDAB); corresponding control (co)polymers lacking BPAM and/or betaine comonomer(s) were also examined for comparative purposes. Low charge density terpolymers exhibited greater viscosity enhancement with the addition of surfactant compared to the high charge density terpolymers. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) produced the largest increase in solution viscosity, while N‐dodecyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio‐1‐propanesulfonate (SB3–12), and Triton X‐100 enhanced polymer solution viscosity to a lesser degree. In most cases, the high charge density carboxybetaine terpolymer exhibited diminished solution viscosity upon surfactant addition. The polymers lacking hydrophobic modification showed no detectable viscosity enhancement in the presence of surfactants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 658–671, 2004     

Polymer-Surfactant Interactions in Flotation of Quartz

Abstract

Separation of minerals currently often involves the use of polymers along with surfactants. Polymer-surfactant interactions in flotation are studied here for quartz, which along with clay is present in coal, oil shale etc., using nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants. Polymers are found under most conditions to affect flotation. It can activate or depress flotation markedly depending on the nature of the charge of the reagents. Possible mechanisms by which flotation is affected by the polymers are discussed. Reasons for the observed maximum in flotation vs. amine concentration are also considered here briefly.     

Polymer/surfactant interactions

Polyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants form precipitation complexes which, in many cases, can be completely resolubilized by excess surfactant. In general, maximum precipitation appears to correspond to a single layer of surfactant adsorbed on the polymer, and the resolubilized form to a double layer of surfactant. Prior to formation of the latter, the complexes are highly surface active. An analysis of the solubility diagrams of a cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose derivative, and a homologous series of sodium alkyl sulfates, has provided a value of the adsorption energy, Φ, of these surfactants into the first layer. The value of Φ, viz., 1.1 kT per CH₂ group, is somewhat higher than the corresponding value for micelle formation. Studies with a number of surfactants show that polymer/surfactant interaction is most favorable (a) the longer the hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant, (b) the straighter the chain, and (c) when the head group is terminal to the chain. Departures from these conditions reduce the extent of interaction and render difficult resolubilization of the complex. From results on a range of polymers, it is concluded that resolubilization of the precipitated complex is also difficult if the charge density of the polymer is too high.     

Synthesis of amphiphilic isoindigo co‐polymers for organic field effect transistors: A comparative study

In this work, the amphiphilic isoindigo (am‐iInd) based conjugated polymers namely poly(am‐iInd‐DT) and poly(am‐iInd‐TT) and their regular counterpart poly(reg‐iInd‐DT) and poly(reg‐iInd‐TT) were synthesized to compare their opto‐electronic and charge transport properties. They were used to fabricate organic field effect transistors. Charge transport properties in conjugated polymers depend upon intermolecular interaction which is strongly affected by the nature of side chains. The amphiphilic nature of the conjugated polymers has little impact on the charge transport properties. The charge carrier mobility of amphiphilic conjugated polymers was comparable with the regular polymers except poly(reg‐iInd‐DT) which can be correlated by X‐ray diffraction and thin film morphology. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45461.     

The influence of shear forces on clay modification with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes

The interaction between the oppositely charged polymers poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and poly(maleic acid‐co‐styrene) in the presence of clay can be used for strong surface modification. Different methods were applied for characterizing each step of the reaction and the properties of the modified material. By characterizing the formation of the pure polyelectrolyte complex in solution as well as the three component system (two polyelectrolytes in presence of clay) with polyelectrolyte titration and comparing these results with the total carbon content, it was shown that a significant quantity of a soluble, positively charged polyelectrolyte complex is formed in the system. The strong cationic surface charge is obtained by precipitation of this complex on clay. It was found that the conditions of reaction (type of stirrer, time) strongly influence the particle properties like particle size and adsorption behavior/surface charge. The higher surface charge and the greater diameter of particles was obtained with an anchor stirrer, whereas the formation of larger particles and the precipitation of the complex is prevented by the stronger shear forces of the leaf stirrer.