Design of white tandem organic light-emitting diodes for full-color microdisplay with high current efficiency and high color gamut

Microdisplays based on organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have a small form factor, and this can be a great advantage when applied to augmented reality and virtual reality devices. In addition, a high-resolution microdisplay of 3000 ppi or more can be achieved when applying a white OLED structure and a color filter. However, low luminance is the weakness of an OLED-based microdisplay as compared with other microdisplay technologies. By applying a tandem structure consisting of two separate emission layers, the efficiency of the OLED device is increased, and higher luminance can be achieved. The efficiency and white spectrum of the OLED device are affected by the position of the emitting layer in the tandem structure and calculated via optical simulation. Each white OLED device with optimized efficiency is fabricated according to the position of the emitting layer, and red, green, and blue spectrum and efficiency are confirmed after passing through color filters. The optimized white OLED device with color filters reaches 97.8% of the National Television Standards Committee standard.     

Investigation of top-emitting OLEDs using molybdenum oxide as anode buffer layer

A high-effective bottom anode is essential for high-performance top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). In this paper, Ag-based top-emitting OLEDs are investigated. Ag has the highest reflectivity for visible light among all metals, yet its hole-injection properties are not ideal for anodes of top-emitting OLED. The performance of the devices is significantly improved using the molybdenum oxide as anode buffer layer at the surface of Ag. By introducing the molybdenum oxide, the hole injection from Ag anodes into top-emitting OLED is largely enhanced with rather high reflectivity retained.     

Blue top-emitting organic light-emitting devices using a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline outcoupling layer

We fabricate a blue top-emitting organic light-emitting device (TEOLED) based on 4,4′-bis(2,2′-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl. Different from the conventional TEOLEDs that use ITO as a thickness adjustment layer to make the cavity length matchable with the resonant wavelength of the blue light, we construct the blue emission TEOLED through suppressing multiple-beam interference and utilizing wide-angle interference to enhance the blue emission. With a 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline light outcoupling layer to reduce the reflectivity of the Sm/Ag cathode, the blue emission can be obtained and its chromaticity is comparative to that from a bottom-emitting OLED. In addition, the blue emission shows stable spectra when the viewing angle alters from 0° to 75°.     

Efficient and Rigorous Modeling of Light Emission in Planar Multilayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

In this paper, we propose a technique to enable efficient and rigorous modeling of light emission in planar organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) composed of an arbitrary number of layers with different permittivity (including metals of a complex permittivity). The effects of the change of exciton radiative decay rate are explicitly included in the simulation. The numerical implementation of the technique is comprehensively discussed through an illustrative example. By using the proposed method, a bottom emitting OLED with a thick glass substrate is rigorously analyzed. The calculated results show a good agreement with the experimental results. The proposed method is efficient and well suited for optimizing OLEDs with complicated device structures. As a demonstration, we optimize the two-unit tandem top-emitting OLEDs with three types of charge generating layer. The results and design guidelines are given and discussed in detail     

Toward Novel Flexible Display - Top-Emitting OLEDs on Al-Laminated PET Substrates

We developed a flexible organic LED (OLED) using a top-emitting OLED (TOLED) architecture. The concept of our flexible OLED design is based on integration of a TOLED structure on an aluminum-laminated polyethylene terephthalate (Al-PET) substrate. Microcavity TOLEDs were formed for color tuning and efficiency enhancement. For a flexible TOLED with a 110-nm-thick poly (p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting layer, it exhibited a luminous efficiency of 4.6 cd/A at 10 V. The performance of a TOLED made on a plastic substrate is analyzed and compared with that of the identical device on a rigid glass substrate. It is demonstrated that the flexible TOLED on Al-PET foil can be bent to a substantial degree without breaking.     

Advanced organic light-emitting devices for enhancing display performances

Various advanced organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) for enhancing performances of OLED displays, particularly active-matrix OLED displays, are reviewed in this paper. These include top-emitting OLEDs, inverted OLEDs, high-contrast OLEDs, microcavity OLEDs, and their combinations. How these device structures enhance display performances, such as color saturation, brightness or emission efficiency, contrast, and aperture ratio of pixels, etc., are discussed. The critical technical issues and the status of development associated with each device technology are reviewed.     

利用新型的空穴注入层材料提高有机发光器件性能

研究使用新材料2-TNATA作空穴注入层制备OLED,发现空穴注入层厚度的最佳参数为35 nm,器件的发光光谱随空穴注入层厚度并不发生显著变化,微腔作用对发光光谱的影响基本可以忽略.并将2-TNATA作为空穴注入层的器件同CuPc制作的器件进行了对比,发现使用2-TNATA能获得更佳的器件性能.     

热处理对白色有机电致发光器件发光性能的影响

为获得优质的有机电致发光器件．它的发射光谱是一个关键的因素。传统的方法是采用红、绿、蓝色多层叠合产生白光,但难以控制各基色的峰值强度。制备了利用混合型聚合物作为白色发光层的单层结构有机电致发光器件((OLED),其制备过程比多层结构器件简单得多。一种热处理方法(180℃,1h)用来控制此类白光OLED中各主要电致发光光谱峰值强度间的比例。经过热处理后,这种白光器件的电致发光光谱很接近于Nichia公司的无机白色发光二极管产品的电致发光光谱。由此可推测器件的色坐标接近于白色等能点,而且其阈值电压比热处理前降低了1V。     

Realization of blue,green and red emission from top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes with exterior tunable optical films

We developed an approach to realize blue, green and red emission from top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) through depositing exterior tunable optical films on top of the OLEDs. Three primary colors for full color display including blue, green and red emission are achieved by controlling the wavelength-dependent transmittance of the multilayer optical films overlaid on the emissive layer. The advantage of such a device configuration is that the emissive color of the OLEDs can be tuned via the exterior optical films which do not affect the electrical characteristics of the device. This may provide a way to realize full color display by using white top-emitting OLEDs.     

BCP的厚度对OLED性能的影响

设计了一种有机电致发光器件（OLED）结构：ITO／NPB（50nm）／BCP（x）／Alq3（50mm）／LiF（0．5mm）／Al（120nm）。在实验中改变BCP的厚度,调整电子和空穴的注入平衡,控制发光层（EML）。研究发现：当BCP的厚度为0nm时,器件为典型的双层OLED结构,光谱为绿色的Alq3特征光谱;当厚度为8nm或8nm以上时,发光区完全基于NPB层,器件为蓝色发光;当厚度在1nm到8nm时,NPB层和Alq3层对发光都有贡献,EL谱线包括蓝光发射和绿光发射。BCP层起到了调节载流子复合区域和改变器件发光颜色的作用,因此控制BCP的厚度可以改善器件的性能。     

Organic wrinkles embedded in high-index medium as planar internal scattering structures for organic light-emitting diodes

Organic wrinkle structures are investigated as an internal scattering layer for the fabrication of highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The solution-processed wrinkle structures are planarized with a high-index layer, resulting in a reduced surface roughness and optical haze simultaneously. The OLED device including the wrinkle structures achieved external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.2%, corresponding to a 1.24 time enhancement with respect to that of a control device having no internal scattering layer. By attaching a micro lens array (MLA) or a half ball lens (HBL) on the external surface of the substrate, the proposed device exhibits an EQE of 30.5% (1.56 time enhancement) and 41.8% (2.14 time enhancement), respectively. Randomness of the distributed wrinkle structures is shown to provide additional benefits of reduced angular spectral distortion and Lambertian-like emission properties. Trans-scale optical simulation combining wave-optics and the geometrical effect are used for the quantitative analysis of the emission characteristics of the device.     

基于AM-OLED基板的拓展多晶硅薄膜功能层的研究

在有源寻址有机发光二极管(active matrix organic light emitting diode,AM-OLED)显示基板中,将电学功能层--薄膜晶体管(thin film transistor,TFT)有源层材料p型掺杂金属诱导晶化(metal induced crystallized,MIC)多品硅(p+-MIC poly-Si)薄膜的版图适当延伸,来充当OLED的阳极,由于它具有低方块电阻、高功函数的电学特性和半反半透、低吸收率的光学特性.与OLED的金属铝阴极形成了微腔器件,成功地形成了显示基板上的多晶硅薄膜的光学功能层.对这一功能层的厚度进行了优化,比较了不同厚度下TFT器件的电学特性和OLED的光学特性.当其厚度为40nm时为最佳厚度,此时,TFT器件场迁移率、阈值电压、亚阈值幅摆、电流开关比和栅压诱导漏极漏电等性能为最佳,且红光微腔式OLED(microcavity-OLED,MOLED)的出光强度增大,光谱窄化,电流效率与功率效率均有所提高.这不仅使器件的性能有所提高,而且大大地简化了AM-OLED基板的制备流程.     

Carrier radiation distribution in organic light-emitting diodes

This paper is based on the analysis of white organic electroluminescent device electroluminescent spectrum to explain the regular pattern of carrier radiation distribution.It has proved electron that is injected from cathode is satisfied with the regularity of radiation distribution on the organic emitting layer.This radiation distribution is related to several factors,such as electron injection capabilities,applied electrical field intensity,carrier mobility,etc.The older instruction design is ITO/2-TNATA/NPB/ADN:DCJTB:TBPe/Alq3/cathode.Get to change electron injector capabilities through using different cathode and also find electroluminescent spectrum to produce significant changes.Simultaneously,electron radiation quantity has some limitation,and electroluminescent spectrum reflects that spectral intensity does not change anymore when the ratio of cathode dopant to a saturated state on the organic emitting layer.It also shows the same spectrum variational phenomenon while changing the applied electrical field intensity.To put forward of the carrier radiation distribution is good for organic light emitting diode (OLED) luminescence properties analysis and research.     

光学微腔调节顶发射单色绿光OLED微显示器件色纯度研究

有机电致发光器件的发光颜色与色纯度在很大程度上受限于有机材料本身特性,而通过光学微腔效应可以从器件结构的改变来进行色纯度的调节。本文介绍了一种通过调节有机结构中空穴传输层和电子阻挡层厚度,从而改变器件微腔腔长,获得高纯度顶发射单色发光器件的方法。利用这种方法制作的有机顶发射绿色磷光器件结构为Si Substrate/Ag/ITO/ NPB: F16CuPc(10 nm, 3%)/NPB(x nm)/ TCTA(y nm)/ mCP: Ir(ppy)₃(40 nm, 6%)/ Bphen: Liq(30 nm, 40%)/Mg: Ag(12 nm, 10%)/Alq₃(35 nm),改变NPB和TCTA的厚度,获得了高色纯度发光器件,正向出射绿光的色坐标达到(0.2092,0.7167),接近标准绿光(0.21, 0.71)。     

AC-driven,color- and brightness-tunable organic light-emitting diodes constructed from an electron only device

In this paper, a color- and brightness-tunable organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is reported. This OLED was realized by inserting a charge generation layer into an electron only device to form an n-i-p-i-n structure. It is shown that, by changing the polarity of applied voltage, only the p-i-n junction operated under positive bias can emit light and, by applying an AC voltage, emission from both junctions was realized. It is also shown that, by using a combination of blue- and red-emiting layers in two p-i-n junctions, both the color and brightness of the resulting white OLED can be tuned independently by changing the positive and negative amplitudes of the AC voltage.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Luminescent Properties of White Organic Light Emitting Device

The white organic light emitting device (OLED) with single-structure using a polymer blend as the light emitting layer is fabricated. Heat treatment is used to control the ratio between the intensities of main electroluminescent spectral peaks. The electroluminescent spectrum of our device is quite similar to that of white inorganic LED produced by Nichia Corporation after being annealed, and its turn-on voltage can be decreased by 1V.     

采用反射式液晶显示器和有机电致发光器件前后双置组合而成的高环境对比度显示器

一种高环境对比度(A-CR)和大开口率的显示器已经从理论上证明,并通过把一个正常显黑反射型显示器(NB-RLCD)和一个有机电致发光器件(OLED)堆垛的实验加以证明。这种前后双置(以下称为tandem型)的器件组合可以分别在明亮或昏暗的环境下切换NB-RLCD模式或OLED模式。RLCD的正常显黑特性也可以提升OLED模式工作时的A-CR性能。为了在RLCD模式下获得更好的图像品质,一个复杂并且具有传输功能的结构被用于消除镜面反射和提高可视角至CR﹥2:1超过55°的锥面可视角度。另外,这样的结构也可以提高OLED49.4%的表面量子效率。在我们的实验里,忽略环境亮度因素并使A-CR保持在100:1以上。     

具有新型电荷产生层的叠层有机发光器件

研究了采用薄层WO3作为叠层有机发光器件电荷产生层时的性能并对其厚度进行了优化,器件的电荷产生层由Li掺杂的电子注入层和高透明的WO3组成.研究表明,薄层WO3具有很高的透明度,并能有效地产生和注入空穴.叠层器件性能与单发光单元器件相比较,其亮度及效率均有大幅提高,叠层器件的最大电流效率达到了4.2 cd/A,在相同的电流密度下,叠层器件的效率约为传统器件的2倍;同时,电荷产生层的性能与WO3薄膜厚度密切相关,WO3薄膜厚度为3 nm时,器件的效率在整个电流范围内都保持稳定.采用薄层WO3作为电荷产生层为制备高效叠层有机发光器件提供了一条有效的途径.     

Inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by whole device transfer

We present a method for improving the efficiency of charge carrier injection at both cathode and anode of inverted top-emitting organic light-emitting diode (TOLED). In this method, a bottom-emitting OLED (BOLED) is first fabricated on a flexible substrate, which is then transferred as a whole to a glass substrate for the fabrication of the inverted TOLED (ITOLED). The electrode engineering that is responsible for the improvement, which is not possible in the traditional fabrication of ITOLED, is made realizable by the whole device transfer.     

覆盖层对顶发射白光微型OLED性能的影响研究

采用两种覆盖层CPL（Capping layer）材料Alq3和ZnSe制备了顶发射白光有机电致发光器件TE-OLEDs（Top emitting white organic light-emitting diodes）,器件结构为ITO/NPB: LiQ (5%) (10 nm) /TCTA(20nm)/FIrpic+3.5%Ir(ppy)3+0.5%Ir(MDQ)2(acac)(25nm)/TPBI(10nm)/LiF(5nm)/Mg: Ag(10%) (12 nm)/CPL。实验结果表明,Alq3和ZnSe作为CPL可以增强TE-OLED器件的出光和调制光谱特性,并且ZnSe作为覆盖层制备的TE-OLED器件色坐标（CIEX,CIEY）随亮度变化更平稳,表现出良好的色稳定性。进一步,通过改变ZnSe厚度来优化器件,当ZnSe为45 nm时,器件获得了最佳的亮度和电流效率,分别为1461 cd/cm2和7.38 cd/A,色坐标为（0.30,0.33）。