Constitutive modeling of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics

A batch of constitutive models for steel reinforcing bar, prestressing tendon, concrete and fiber-reinforced plastic are proposed for the nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures, prestressed concrete structures, reinforced concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics and prestressed concrete structures strengthened by fiber-reinforced plastics. These material models have been tested against series of experimental data and good agreements have been obtained, which justifies the validity and the usefulness of the proposed nonlinear constitutive models.     

预应力FRP加固工程结构技术研究进展

围绕国内外预应力FRP加固技术的研究现状以及最新进展,从预应力FRP加固混凝土结构、预应力FRP加固钢结构、预应力FRP加固中关键技术的研究等方面进行了综述。试验研究表明：预应力FRP加固混凝土能显著提高构件的开裂荷载、屈服荷载和极限荷载,改善受弯构件在长期荷载的力学性能,提高构件的疲劳寿命;预应力CFRP加固钢梁后,其屈服荷载和极限荷载相对于对比梁都有明显的提高,其提高的程度随着预应力CFRP的用量和预应力水平的提高而增大;预应力CFRP加固对钢梁的刚度提高作用也比较明显,对低强度的钢材,提高效果更明显;采用预应力FRP加固工程结构的关键问题在于预应力的施加体系、预应力控制值、预应力损失和端部的锚固。     

预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁受剪承载力试验研究

基于12榀预应力型钢超高强混凝土简支梁和2榀预应力型钢普通强度混凝土简支梁的受剪试验,揭示了影响试验梁受剪性能的主要因素,探讨了剪跨比、箍筋间距、腹板厚度、混凝土强度和预应力度对试验梁的破坏形态、荷载-挠度曲线、斜截面开裂荷载和受剪承载力的影响规律。试验结果表明:预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁具有更好的受剪承载力和剪切延性,以及更大的刚度;基于试验结果建立了预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁的受剪承载力建议计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明了该文提出的计算公式具有较高的精度。研究成果将为预应力型钢超高强混凝土梁的设计计算和工程应用提供理论依据。     

预应力FRP加固混凝土结构技术研究与应用

介绍了笔者进行的预应力芳纶纤维布和碳纤维筋加固混凝土结构的一些主要研究成果,内容包括:预应力芳纶纤维布永久锚具的开发;预应力芳纶纤维布的应力松弛损失研究;预应力芳纶纤维布加固混凝土梁的受弯、受剪性能研究;温度对芳纶纤维布配套粘结材料的力学性能影响研究;体外预应力碳纤维筋局部加固混凝土梁的力学性能研究;碳纤维筋预应力粗纤维混凝土梁的抗震性能研究;预应力纤维布加固混凝土结构的工程应用等。     

Moment curvature relationship of reinforced concrete sections under combined bending and normal force

The modelling of tension stiffening effects is important for the verification of serviceability limit states of reinforced or prestressed concrete structures or even for the computation of the stability limit state of particular classes of slender concrete structures (bridge piles, towers, masts, etc.). The case of pure bending has received extensive analytical and experimental consideration, but little attention has been paid, up to now, to the case of combined bending and normal force. A series of tests on rectangular reinforced concrete beams submitted to bending and constant compressive normal force is reported in this paper. The moment-curvature relationships are evaluated and compared with the prediction of two theoretical models. The first model is the CEB model proposed by Favre and Koprna. It is a simplified model which refers to the uncracked and fully cracked stiffnesses in pure bending only. The second model is a proposition made by the authors which takes into account the tension stiffening effects, the variation in position of the neutral axis as a function of the eccentricity of the normal force, and the non-linear behaviour of concrete in compression.     

Durability of CFRP cables exposed to simulated concrete environments

One of the main causes of structural deficiency in concrete bridges is the deterioration of the constituent materials. Some transportation agencies have started exploring the use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as a corrosion-resistant alternative to steel prestressing materials for longer lasting concrete bridge structures. To implement CFRP in prestressed concrete bridge structures with more confidence, an understanding of the challenges pertaining to durability under in-service environmental conditions is essential. This paper explores the effects of temperature with alkaline and alkaline/chloride solutions on material properties over time, in the context of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures for transportation applications. The durability testing yielded several key findings: (1) higher temperatures accelerate degradation, (2) moisture sorption was the primary process responsible for the observed degradation, with plasticization and microcracking as the controlling mechanisms leading to fiber–matrix interfacial debonding, and (3) a relaxation-based analytical model was implemented to predict residual properties after environmental exposure, showing promising agreement with experimental data.     

预应力CFRP加固钢筋混凝土受弯构件的抗力概率模型研究

预应力CFRP 加固混凝土结构技术因其在材料性能利用方面的优越性能已成为CFRP 加固的热点方向,其中预应力CFRP 加固结构的可靠性是这一方向研究的重要内容。该文分析了影响预应力CFRP 板加固钢筋混凝土受弯构件承载力的主要变量的概率特征,考虑CFRP 板尺寸效应和应力分布的影响,采用Weibull 分布推导了CFRP 板的极限强度概率分布函数,根据预应力CFRP 张拉工艺,分析了预应力损失随机变量,建立了在不同失效模式(破坏形态)下的受弯构件抗力概率模型,并开展了参数敏感性分析,获得各个失效模式下抗力概率模型的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:抗力概率模型是预应力CFRP 加固结构的失效概率计算与可靠度校准的重要内容之一,各参数的影响规律与各失效模式的破坏形式密切相关。     

偏心受拉作用下预应力CFRP筋-型钢混凝土构件抗裂试验

为解决我国型钢混凝土桁架转换层拉杆及低层角柱在正常使用阶段易出现大面积拉裂缝的问题,以轻质高强、防腐的碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)筋为预应力筋,提出可有效控制裂缝的预应力CFRP筋-型钢混凝土结构体系,并对其偏心受拉作用下的抗裂性能进行系统研究。以预应力水平、偏心距、纵筋直径及型钢翼缘厚度为主要参数制作11个构件,通过自行研发的拉-压转换桁架实现偏拉加载。结果表明:引入CFRP筋后CFRP筋-型钢混凝土构件抗裂度大幅提升,相较于普通偏拉构件,预应力大偏拉构件开裂荷载提高了64.8%~102.3%,预应力小偏拉构件提高了61.7%~117%,其抗裂性能与预应力水平、纵筋直径和型钢翼缘厚度正相关,与偏心距负相关。参照组合结构设计规范,提出构件开裂阶段中和轴的三种位置分布,并推导出开裂荷载公式,与试验值比较吻合度较高,可为其他复合材料筋在预应力偏拉体系的应用提供参考。      

Mechanical damage of ordinary or prestressed reinforced concrete beams under cyclic bending

The behaviour of metallic materials under repeated loading has been examined since the 19th century, but extended studies are more and more needed especially for reinforced concrete structures such as bridges, where high-cycle fatigue phenomena can be significant. In the present paper, a theoretical model based on fracture mechanics concepts is proposed in order to analyse the mechanical damage of ordinary or prestressed reinforced concrete beams with a rectangular or a T cross-section subjected to cyclic bending. Local phenomena, such as fracturing or crushing of concrete and yielding or slippage of the longitudinal steel reinforcement, are examined. Further, fatigue life is predicted by applying a crack growth law, and the energy dissipated during the plastic shake-down phenomenon is evaluated.     

Plasticity models for concrete material based on different criteria including Bresler–Pister

The purpose of this study is to investigate nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with the plasticity modeling. For this aim, a nonlinear finite element analysis program is coded in MATLAB. This program contains several yield criteria and stress–strain relationship for compression and tension behavior of concrete. In this paper, the well-known criteria, Drucker–Prager, von Mises, and Mohr Coulomb, and a new criterion-Bresler–Pister are taken into account. The elastic–perfectly plastic and Saenz stress–strain relationships in compression and tension stiffening in tension behavior of concrete are used with four different yield criteria mentioned above. The proposed models are in good agreement with the experimental and analytical results taken from the literature. It is concluded that the coded program, the proposed models, and Bresler–Pister criterion can be effectively used in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams.     

体外预应力纤维增强树脂基复合材料筋混凝土结构研究进展

本文从纤维增强树脂基复合材料(FRP)筋、关键技术和构件三个主要方面综述了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的研究成果。首先,介绍了预应力FRP筋拉伸性能和长期性能,给出了面向设计的FRP筋蠕变断裂应力值、松弛率及疲劳最大应力和应力幅限值。阐述了预应力FRP筋三种主要锚固技术的优缺点和减小锚固端应力集中的方法,重点介绍了近年来新开发的复合材料夹片锚具,其锚固效率系数高于90%;同时,基于转向FRP筋力学性能试验结果,建议转向半径不宜小于FRP筋半径的200倍,转向角度不宜大于5°。梳理了体外预应力FRP筋混凝土构件的试验研究结果(单调加载、长期持荷和循环加载),介绍了国内外规范中的设计方法,并基于既有文献中42根梁的试验结果评价了规范中计算方法的精度,验证了我国规范GB 50608—2020中体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构设计计算方法的准确性。本综述将对体外预应力FRP筋混凝土结构的推广应用起积极推动作用。      

高性能钢筋混凝土结构的耐久性研究

为了研究硫酸根离子对混凝土强度的影响以及氯离子浓度对钢筋锈蚀的影响,基于钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀破坏试验数据,运用人工神经网络方法建立了评估钢筋混凝土结构强度和氯离子含量的物理模型。同时,采用实验方法测试混凝土结构的强度和不同深度的氯离子含量。结果表明:该物理模型的预测值与实验值吻合较好。将为沿海地区的钢筋混凝土工程的耐久性设计规范的修订提供了有力的参考依据。     

表层嵌贴预应力CFRP-strip加固钢筋混凝土梁的受力性能研究

体外粘贴预应力FRP技术和表层嵌贴FRP加固技术均是FRP应用于混凝土结构加固的重要技术,但存在各自的局限和不足。表层嵌贴预应力FRP技术有望结合上述两种技术的优点,进一步提高FRP加固混凝土结构的优势和效能。该文在研制成功FRP板条夹具的基础上,加固并进行了5根钢筋混凝土受弯构件的试验研究,深入考察了各试件尤其是表层嵌贴加固试件的力学行为与破坏形态,对比了体外与表层嵌贴加固试件的承载与变形性能差异,分析了预应力的存在对表层嵌贴加固构件力学性能与破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明:表层嵌贴预应力FRP板条加固显著提高了受弯构件的承载性能,其改善效果与体外粘贴预应力FRP板加固非常接近;嵌贴方式可使粘结树脂代替机械锚具锚固预应力FRP板条,但该文试验中表层嵌贴加固试件的破坏形态为粘贴端部的树脂-混凝土界面剥离和保护层混凝土撕裂,因此有需要就提高界面粘结能力和抑制保护层混凝土撕裂的构造措施开展进一步研究。     

Pickett effect and creep in flexure of steel‐fiber reinforced concrete

Abstract

Creep and shrinkage are of great concern in the design of steel fiber reinforced concrete structures. This is especially true for a prestressed flex‐ural member with thin section. The test results of creep of steel‐fiber rein‐foced concrete in flexure are presented. The concrete beams made with various fiber volume contents were tested in flexure under drying or standard moist conditions. The Pickett effect in steel‐fiber reinforced concrete was investigated. This research shows that fibers can effectively restrain the bending creep of concrete. The Pickett effect can be reduced with the addition of fibers to plain concrete beam subjected to fiexural loading.     

Comparative study of plasticity models for concrete material by using different criteria including Hsieh–Ting–Chen criterion

The purpose of this study is to investigate nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with the plasticity modeling. For this aim a nonlinear finite element analysis program is coded in MATLAB. This program contains several yield criteria and stress–strain relationship for compression and tension behavior of concrete. In this paper, the well-known criteria, Drucker-Prager, von Mises, and a new criterion, Hsieh–Ting–Chen, are taken into account. The elastic–perfectly plastic and Park–Paulay stress–strain relationships in compression behavior and tension stiffening in tension behavior of concrete are used with four different yield criteria mentioned above. It is concluded that the proposed models are in good agreement with the experimental and analytical results taken from the literature. It is also concluded that the coded program, the proposed models, and Hsieh–Ting–Chen criterion can be effectively used in the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams.     

Evaluation of service life design models on concrete structures exposed to marine environment

Durability of reinforced concrete is primarily influenced by the penetration of aggressive substances into concrete, which are degrading concrete and reinforcement. For structures in marine environment chlorides are the most critical environmental load, which are causing serious corrosion damages. Data collected during the survey of the Krk Bridge, a large reinforced concrete arch bridge structure located on the Adriatic coast, is used as documented reference in this research. The structure has been exposed to the marine environment for over 25 years. Based on collected materials data and the exposure conditions, the service life of this structure is estimated using three currently available prediction models, two deterministic models, the North American Life-365 model and the Croatian CHLODIF model, and the DuraCrete probabilistic method. All these models are based on the chloride diffusion process, but with different detailing of the model parameters. The conclusion is an evaluation of the service life predictive ability of each of these three service life models.     

钢筋混凝土框架结构破坏性能的离散单元法模拟

离散单元法是模拟结构破坏的一种有效的分析方法。通过引入节点单元和考虑混凝土的非线性对矩形离散单元模型进行了改进,并给出了改进后离散单元模型的破坏准则和基本方程以及弹簧系数等计算参数的确定;改进后的模型采用了双链表技术,提高了模型的计算效率。对在爆炸荷载作用下的钢筋混凝土框架结构的倒塌破坏过程进行了模拟,结果表明:采用改进后的离散单元法可以有效地模拟钢筋混凝土框架结构的倒塌破坏过程。     

Conceptual design of reinforced concrete structures using topology optimization with elastoplastic material modeling

Design of reinforced concrete structures is governed by the nonlinear behavior of concrete and by its different strengths in tension and compression. The purpose of this article is to present a computational procedure for optimal conceptual design of reinforced concrete structures on the basis of topology optimization with elastoplastic material modeling. Concrete and steel are both considered as elastoplastic materials, including the appropriate yield criteria and post‐yielding response. The same approach can be applied also for topology optimization of other material compositions where nonlinear response must be considered. Optimized distribution of materials is achieved by introducing interpolation rules for both elastic and plastic material properties. Several numerical examples illustrate the capability and potential of the proposed procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型

基于地震作用下钢筋混凝土结构的损伤机理, 以钢材和混凝土材料损伤模型为基础, 推导出损伤状态下钢筋混凝土构件刚度和材料自由能退化表达式, 提出一种以刚度退化和自由能退化线性组合的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型. 对钢筋混凝土柱的拟静力试验进行模拟分析, 结果表明该模型可以较好的描述钢筋混凝土柱的损伤演化过程, 且能够定量确定其在单向荷载作用下与之正交方向的损伤程度;对钢筋混凝土桥墩的振动台试验数据和钢筋混凝土刚构桥的数值算例进行了模拟分析, 结果表明基于材料损伤的钢筋混凝土构件损伤模型可以描述钢筋混凝土桥墩抗震能力的退化过程以及预测结构的失效模式, 可用于地震作用下桥梁结构的损伤分析.