Wideband Pulse Responses of Metallic Rectangular Multistage Cascaded Enclosures Illuminated by an EMP

A generalized mathematical procedure is developed for investigating shielding performance and inner wideband pulse responses of metallic rectangular multistage cascaded enclosures with multiple rectangular apertures, which is illuminated by an electromagnetic pulse (EMP). The mathematical methodology is based on the integral equation technique combined with the method of moments, by which all unknown aperture fields are solved according to a set of linear algebraic equations of infinite order. Numerical computations are performed to show frequency- and geometry-dependent shielding effectiveness and inner pulse waveforms of single- and double-stage cascaded enclosures, respectively, with computational accuracy and convergence rate also checked. It is found that using appropriate metallic multistage cascaded enclosures, high shielding performance can be achieved, which can provide an effective protection for certain electronic and communication systems from the interference of an EMP.      

有孔腔体屏蔽效应分析的混合模型

对于带矩形孔缝的矩形腔,利用传输线模型求得孔缝上的近似电场,并以此为等效磁流,利用腔体中的并矢格林函数,估算腔体中的耦合场强与屏蔽效应,并推广到孔缝偏离中心的情形.数值结果与其他方法以及实测值吻合的很好,验证了方法的有效性.分析了孔缝偏离中心、孔缝尺寸变化、平面波斜入射时的屏蔽效应,数值结果表明:孔缝偏离中心使腔体中心...     

Shielding effectiveness of rectangular cavity made of a new shielding material and resonance suppression

New shielding material has become an alternative to traditional metal to shield boxes from electromagnetic interferences. This article introduces the theory of transmission line method to study the shield boxes made of a new sort of material, and then expands the fundamental formulas to deal with the cases of multiple holes and polarization with arbitrary angle. By means of genetic algorithms with the aid of a three dimensional simulation tool, the damping of electromagnetic resonances in enclosures is researched. The computation indicates that under resonant frequency, electromagnetic resonance results in low, even negative shielding coefficient; whereas, for the same areas, shielding effectiveness of a single hole is worse than that of multiple holes. Shielding coefficient varies when polarization angle increases, and the coupled field through the rectangular aperture with the long side parallel to the thin wire is much weaker than that with the long side vertical to the thin wire. By using the metallic-loss dielectric layer of optimized calculation on the internal surface of the cavity, the best result of resonance suppression has been realized with the same thickness of coating. Finally, according to the calculation result, suggestions for shielding are proposed.     

An EMI estimate for shielding-enclosure evaluation

A relatively simple, closed-form expression has been developed to estimate the EMI from shielding enclosures due to coupling from interior sources through slots and apertures at the enclosure cavity modes. A power-balance method, Bethe's (1944) small-hole theory, and empirically developed formulas for the relation between radiation, and slot length and number of slots, were employed to estimate an upper bound on the radiated EMI from shielding enclosures. Comparisons between measurements and estimated field strengths suitably agree within engineering accuracy     

屏蔽完整性保证措施(上)

屏蔽材料对电场波,磁场波和电磁波提供的屏蔽效能是从理论上获得的.但是,实际情况下,由于屏蔽机箱,机柜,房间或运载器并不是完全封闭的,都有这种或那种必要的穿孔或孔洞,造成完整性损失,故常常达不到这种屏蔽效能.本文讨论屏蔽完整性损失,屏蔽完整性保证措施及如何恢复屏蔽完整性的实际应用.     

Diffusive electromagnetic penetration into metallic-enclosures

The physics of shielding by a metallic enclosure is discussed. Simple engineering formulas in the frequency and time domains are deduced from a rigorous formulation to calculate the cavity fields for certain canonical enclosure shapes. These simple formulas are generalized so as to be applicable to enclosures of arbitrary shape. The great difference in shielding effectiveness between enclosures and planar slabs is pointed out.     

A hybrid FD-MoM technique for predicting shielding effectiveness of metallic enclosures with apertures

In this paper, a hybrid technique combining the finite-difference (FD) method and the method of moments (MoM) in the frequency domain is proposed to predict the shielding effectiveness of rectangular conducting enclosures with apertures under external illumination. The interior and exterior regions of the enclosure are analyzed separately by employing the field equivalence principle. Internal electromagnetic fields are discretized using the (FD) method, while external fields are formulated by the MoM. Enforcement of continuity of the tangential magnetic field over the aperture surface gives the desired equation to solve for electromagnetic fields everywhere. Numerical results for the shielding effectiveness of a rectangular cavity with apertures calculated by the new hybrid technique are presented and validated by comparing with experimental data.     

孔缝对内置电路板壳体屏蔽效能的影响

电子设备屏蔽效能的好坏直接影响着电路系统的电磁兼容性能,而其金属壳体上的孔缝造成的电磁泄漏是一个不容忽视的问题。以内置电路板的开缝屏蔽壳体为研究对象,应用FEM(有限元法)分析了不同的孔缝尺寸、电路板尺寸、电路板位置对壳体屏蔽效能的影响。并进一步研究了电路板上金属微带线受电磁干扰信号影响而产生感应电流的变化规律:走线越长,离缝隙越近,感应电流数值越大,其峰值出现在腔体的谐振频率处。根据计算结果,提出了优化设计屏蔽腔及其腔内电子设备的建议。本文研究对于更为有效地利用金属壳体防御电磁干扰,提高系统电磁兼容性具有指导意义。     

Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Steel Sheets with Partly Welded Seams

The effect of single welding flaws on the electromagnetic (EM) effectiveness of welded steel enclosures has been assessed. The possibility of resonant reradiation by these flaws has been examined, using resonance calculations and direct EM measurements. Using these results, a method was developed for assessing shielding quality of hardened military structures, such as SAFEGUARD sites, and EM shielded enclosures. The effect of four formns of incomplete welds on the shielding effectiveness of welded steel enclosures was determined for single flaws. Electromagnetic shielding effectiveness tests (from 10 kHz to 10 GHz) were made on various test specimens of 11-gauge steel plate. These test specimens included butted plates with incomplete welds and plates with single holes and slots cut into them. Tests simulated the worst cases of cracks, lack of fusion, and porosity. Shielding effectiveness as a function of flaw size was determined for each defect, and a critical or transition flaw size was determined for each of three frequency bands and at the 100-dB shielding level for each type defect. The measured results were compared to a calculated resonance response by modeling the flaws as slot antennas.     

Shielding Characterization of Metallic Enclosures With Multiple Slots and a Thin-Wire Antenna Loaded: Multiple Oblique EMP Incidences With Arbitrary Polarizations

Shielding effectiveness (SE) of metallic rectangular enclosures with thin slots and a thin-wire antenna loaded by an impedance, illuminated by multiple electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) simultaneously, is investigated using a hybrid finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In order to enhance the simulation efficiency of the FDTD algorithm, accurate formulas for handling multiple thin slots, a thin-wire antenna, and a lumped network are integrated together. Numerical results show that for real metallic enclosures, their shielding performance is very sensitive to the variations in direction and polarization angle of the incident EMPs. However, at a given frequency, the resistance and inductance loaded at the terminal of a thin-wire antenna have little effect on the SE level. For two, three, as well as more EMP incidences, common-frequency interferences will result in strong inner field resonance in the enclosure.      

适用于5G电磁屏蔽的介质开孔型频率选择表面设计

5G通信技术的迅速发展和产业化进程给电子设备的电磁屏蔽设计带来了严峻挑战。5G通信中24 GHz以上的电磁波极易通过电子设备屏蔽外壳上的各种孔缝耦合进入电子设备内部,影响设备的正常工作。针对常规散热孔设计难于适应5G通信发展需求,提出了一种介质开孔型频率选择表面(FSS)结构。该结构在不影响设备通风散热的条件下,实现对28 GHz频段信号的电磁屏蔽。经过全波分析方法仿真,所设计的FSS结构在28 GHz频段电磁屏蔽效能(SE)达30 dB以上,带宽大于2 GHz。无论是TE还是TM极化电磁波,在0°~60°入射范围内具有良好的电磁屏蔽稳定性。     

An Efficient MoM Formulation for the Evaluation of the Shielding Effectiveness of Rectangular Enclosures With Thin and Thick Apertures

A detailed analysis of the effects of finite-thickness apertures on the shielding properties of a rectangular metallic box is carried out through an efficient full-wave code based on the method of moments in the spatial domain. An incident plane wave having arbitrary polarization and incidence angle is assumed as a field source. The evaluation of the cavity Green function is accelerated by an application of the Ewald sum technique with a novel Ewald splitting parameter valid for high frequencies, and a recently proposed integral-equation-based approximate model of the aperture thickness is also applied. Numerical results are validated by comparisons with those obtained by means of commercial codes based on different numerical approaches and show rigorously that the effects of a finite thickness can usually be neglected (at least, at sufficiently low frequencies), with the noticeable exception of long slots. The effects of common limiting assumptions adopted in the study of enclosures with zero-thickness apertures are also investigated.     

Use of Reverberation Chambers to Determine the Shielding Effectiveness of Physically Small, Electrically Large Enclosures and Cavities

With the proliferation of small electric devices in recent years, along with various other applications, there is a growing need to test and determine the shielding properties or shielding effectiveness (SE) of physically small (but electrically large) enclosures or cavities. In this paper, we discuss how a reverberation chamber technique can be used to measure the SE of such enclosures. The approach consists of placing the small enclosure inside a reverberation chamber and using frequency stirring to excite the reverberation chamber. A small surface probe (i.e., a monopole) is mounted on the inside wall of the small enclosure to measure the power level inside the small enclosure. We present measured data from various other reverberation chamber approaches obtained from various enclosure configurations. The data from these other reverberation chamber approaches are used to validate the proposed approach. We also compared measured data to theoretical calculations of the SE for two small enclosures with circular apertures. These various comparisons illustrate that the proposed technique is a valid approach for determining the SE of physically small (i.e., cubic enclosure dimensions of the order of 0.1 m and smaller), but electrically large enclosures (that support several modes at the lowest frequency of interest).      

Validation of modal/MoM in shielding effectiveness studies of rectangular enclosures with apertures

This paper discusses the validation of Modal/method of moments (MoM) including cases when the apertures are made as big as the wall of the enclosure (equivalent to having one side of the cavity open). The validation is done using field computations involving bodies of arbitrary shape (FEKO), a commercially available code. The results show that Modal/MoM predicts the results close to the analytical results of Robinson et al. Electron. Lett., 32 (17), 1996; Robinson et al., IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 40 (3), 240-247, 1998 for single-aperture cases and for most double-aperture cases. Also, for the cases of considering oblique incident plane waves, through validation, it has been found that Modal/MoM can predict the shielding effectiveness close to measured results for smaller angles and not for larger angles of incidence due to the edge effects. In this work, the shielding effectiveness is calculated at only one point, the center of the cavity assuming it to be the worst case. This work discovers the limitation of Modal/MoM for certain applications.     

Accurate Characterization of Shielding Effectiveness of Metallic Enclosures With Thin Wires and Thin Slots

In many electrical and electronic systems, metallic enclosures are used to provide electromagnetic shielding. These enclosures normally contain thin wires, thin slots, and frequency-selective slots (FSS) that degrade the shielding effects. In this paper, integrated FDTD formulations are developed that can model both subcellular thin slots and thin wires simultaneously. The formulations are shown to be capable of accurately predicting shielding effectiveness and inner field distributions of a metallic enclosure in both the frequency- and time-domains when subject to a high-power electromagnetic pulse.      

小孔矩形腔体屏蔽特性的研究

本文提出了有孔腔体远、近场电磁屏蔽效能的计算方法，体研究了矩形腔体的屏蔽特性，讨论了各类孔对屏蔽能的影响程度。数值结果表明，理论计算与实验数据吻合较好。     

有孔阵矩形机壳屏蔽效能分析

为了评估矩形金属机壳抗外部电磁干扰的能力,基于传输线矩阵法（TLM）分析加装印刷电路板的有孔阵矩形机壳的屏蔽效能。主要讨论孔间距和孔面积之与不变时增加孔的数量所引起屏效（SE）的变化;孔阵面积和孔径不变时,通过改变孔间距考虑孔的数量变化对屏效的影响;改变孔的数量及介电常数时屏效的变化以及在圆孔阵、圆内接方形孔阵、圆外切方形孔阵3种情况下屏蔽效能的对比;通过仿真结果,验证出最佳方案。     

Shielding effectiveness of a rectangular enclosure with arectangular aperture

An analysis is presented of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of a rectangular enclosure with an aperture in one face. The enclosure is treated as a length of rectangular waveguide and the aperture as a length of coplanar strip transmission line. Theoretical values of SE agree with measurements for a range of enclosures, apertures and frequencies. The variation of SE with position in the enclosure is also correctly predicted     

Shielding Theory of Enclosures with Apertures

This paper develops the theory of EM radiation from metallic enclosures with apertures, excited by an internal source at frequencies below the fundamental resonance of the enclosure. The enclosure with an aperture is analyzed from two different points of view: as a cavity with a small aperture in a wall, and as a waveguide section short-circuited at one end and open at the other. Rectangular geometries are used throughout, since these are by far the most commonly encountered in practical enclosures and cabinets. Using the corresponding dyadic Green's functions, the fields generated inside the enclosure by some simple sources are determined. The fields radiated through small apertures in a cavity are determined using Bethe's theory of diffraction by small holes. The radiation from an open waveguide is calculated with the help of field-equivalence theorems, with assumptions applicable to the case of evanescent waves. The final step is to derive expressions for the " insertion loss" of the shield, defined as the ratio of the field strength at a point external to the shield, before and after the insertion of the enclosure. To do so, the effect of the shield upon the input impedance of the antenna is analyzed, and expressions obtained for the applicable cases. The resulting insertion-loss expressions are numerically evaluated for some representative cases, and graphically compared with a series of measurements performed to obtain experimental confirmation. Very good agreement is obtained in all cases, establishing the validity of the analysis.     

HIRF penetration through apertures: FDTD versus measurements

The penetration of high-intensity radiated fields (HIRF) into conducting enclosures via apertures is an EMI issue that is relevant to all aviation. The stories are numerous, of disrupted communications, disabled navigation equipment, etc., due to the effects of EM sources external to the aircraft. Here, the FDTD method is used to predict the shielding effectiveness of conducting enclosures with apertures, and the numerical results are compared with measurements. Several issues related to the FDTD analysis of highly resonant and high-quality factor (high-Q) structures, such as windowing and acceleration techniques, are examined and discussed