颗粒增强脆性基体复合材料的细观强度模型

用细观力学的方法研究颗粒增强脆性基体复合材料的强度和损伤失效,认为复合材料由随机二相胞元和基体构成,分析基体、颗粒中的局部应力场,根据损伤理论分别得到基体和颗粒的损伤等效应力.在界面脱开成为裂纹源并向基体内扩展的情况下,计算出弧形界面裂纹的能量释放率.最后分别提出基体、颗粒和界面的失效强度准则.结果表明, 复合材料的强度与二相胞元的方位角、颗粒体积含量、界面脱粘角、颗粒直径有关.     

高速列车转向架构架损伤、等效应力及寿命分布特性研究

为分析高速列车转向架构架损伤、等效应力及寿命分布特性,对构架疲劳关键测点进行动应力线路实测并对测点实测时域数据波形进行解析;基于实测应力时间历程及雨流计数法编制二维应力谱,利用Goodman等寿命方程将二维应力谱等效转换为一维应力谱;阐述线性累积损伤及非线性累积损伤模型的建立方法并对实测数据的线性累积损伤及非线性累积损伤进行了计算及对比分析;分别基于线性累积损伤理论及非线性累积损伤理论推导出各理论下的等效应力,基于实测数据对两种等效应力进行了计算及对比分析;通过结合非线性累积损伤及线性累积损伤理论计算的等效应力及不同可靠度下的材料S-N曲线计算并对比分析构架结构的疲劳寿命。研究结果表明,与非线性疲劳分析理论相比,线性疲劳分析理论对高速列车转向架构架的疲劳特性评估偏于保守。     

基于损伤容限的动车组车轴实测载荷谱等效应力评价

对高速列车进行线路实测,获得既有线和京津城际铁路上的时域载荷,通过雨流计数法车轴的弯曲应力谱子样。通过对车轴存在缺陷时的等效应力研究表明,对于同样的运行条件和应力谱,车轴表面是否存在缺陷时的等效应力不同。在不同的列车速度下,负载时车轴表面的动应力都大于空载情况。而在同样的线路条件下,速度对等效应力的影响不大。等效应力幅在不同的线路差别稍大,既有线等效应力幅比京津城际铁路上的值要高。计算得到车轴表面不同缺陷对应的S-N曲线参数和相应的疲劳极限,结果表明,光滑车轴的等效应力比车轴材料的疲劳极限低很多。当车轴表面有缺陷时,其等效应力大于等于疲劳极限。因此,有必要考虑外部运行环境和车轴表面状况,从而对车轴进行损伤容限设计。     

低应力三轴度下孔洞行为的有限元研究

基于有限元计算研究了低应力三轴度下,三维孔洞体胞模型的应力应变分布规律和变化趋势,分析了孔洞和基体体积的变化规律,指出用孔洞体积分数表征材料损伤的理论在低应力三轴度下的应用存在局限性。引入断裂应变作为单元失效判据,通过比较单轴拉伸试验和模拟结果,验证了其在材料失效模拟中的可靠性。最后将断裂应变应用到有限元模拟中获得不同应力三轴度下基体失效时的临界等效塑性应变,以临界等效塑性应变为表征参量研究孔洞变形规律和材料的失效行为。     

两阶段疲劳损伤等效方法与概率疲劳失效判据

针对长寿命、高可靠零部件的概率疲劳寿命预测,应用三参数威布尔分布描述疲劳寿命概率分布,研究不同水平的应力循环数之间的损伤等效关系,提出两阶段应力循环等效方法,建立疲劳损伤等效/失效概率等效循环数模型。对于小于寿命分布位置参数的应力循环数,根据应力与寿命分布位置参数之间的关系转换不同应力水平下的损伤等效循环数;对于大于寿命分布位置参数的循环数,根据疲劳失效概率等效转换不同循环应力水平下的等效循环次数。应用这样的方法及模型进行变幅应力历程下的疲劳失效概率计算或概率疲劳寿命预测,能够很好地处理寿命随机变量的最小可能值远大于零的工程实际问题,同时也保证了在转换不同水平应力循环数过程中的失效概率等效。     

机械密封中Ω形和U形波纹管的疲劳寿命分析

针对机械密封中的波纹管疲劳失效引起机械设备故障的问题，以Ω形和U形波纹管为研究分析对象，采用SolidWorks建立三维模型，用Ansys软件进行有限元静力学计算仿真，结合Miner疲劳损伤原理，对两种波纹管在不同预应力下的等效应力和疲劳寿命进行分析比对。结果表明：随着预应力的增加，两种波纹管的等效应力增加，疲劳寿命降低；波纹管的波峰和波谷位置都为应力集中位置；在相同预应力下，Ω形波纹管波峰处等效应力大于波谷处，U形波纹管波谷处的等效应力大于波峰处，U形波纹管易发生疲劳失效的结点数要比Ω形波纹管的多，更容易发生疲劳失效，Ω形波纹管的整体疲劳寿命大于U形波纹管。仿真分析结合Miner疲劳损伤原理所得结论可为预测波纹管的失效和波纹管优化设计提供理论依据。     

基于ANSYS WORKBENCH的非对偶蜗轮蜗杆的有限元分析

介绍了非对偶蜗轮蜗杆的建模方法,利用ANSYS WORKBENCH对非对偶蜗轮蜗杆的啮合进行静力学有限元分析,计算出轮齿在工作过程中的等效应力并对计算结果作了相应分析.为提高非对偶蜗轮蜗杆使用寿命及解决轮齿断裂等提供帮助.     

含多粗糙峰涂层等效应力的有限元分析

研究刚性平面与含粗糙峰涂层在二维与三维模型下的弹性接触问题,采用有限元法分析涂层弹性模量比、涂层厚度、粗糙峰间距、刚性平面压下深度对涂层粗糙峰表面、涂层/基体界面分布及基体等效应力分布的影响。计算结果表明压下深度对三维涂层粗糙峰表面最大应力的影响最大,涂层厚度、涂层/基体弹性模量比、粗糙峰间距的变化对应力值影响逐渐减小;增大涂层厚度、减小压下深度和粗糙峰间距、降低弹性模量比会使得三维接触模型最大等效应力值显著降低;增加涂层粗糙峰数和涂层厚度、同时降低涂层弹性模量有助于提高涂层/基体界面结合强度。相对于二维接触模型来说三维接触模型在粗糙峰表面的等效应力增大,造成这种变化的主要原因是由于涂层表面粗糙峰之间的等效应力叠加引起的。该研究为涂层粗糙峰及涂层/基体界面强度的应力分析提供依据。     

晶须与颗粒混合增强陶瓷基复合材料的相平均应力及微区应力分布特征分析

采用三维有限元法在MSC-MARC软件中模拟不同性质的晶须和颗粒混合增强陶瓷基复合材料时微区应力分布特征,并计算增强相及基体平均应力。结合Eshelby夹杂理论和Mori-Tanaka方法推导增强相及基体的平均应力的理论公式,将两种方法所得的结果进行比较。结果表明,理论模型与有限元法得到的各相平均应力非常吻合,不同形状的增强相分担的应力差异很大,晶须增强相能够分担大部分的平均应力,对降低基体应力、提高多相混合增强陶瓷基复合材料的强度起主要作用。数值模拟结果同时给出微区应力场分布特征,显示晶须位置变化和晶须弹性模量变化对微区应力分布均有一定影响,有利于对多相增强复合材料进行失效分析。颗粒增强相具有调节晶须分布位置,有效改善微区应力分布特征的作用。     

损伤钻杆断裂的有限元仿真分析

钻杆在作业过程中,需要通过卡瓦夹持,才能顺利作业,但卡瓦在钻杆表面会留下作业损伤。为了防止损伤导致的钻杆断裂,影响结构安全性,以某深井作业钻杆实际工况为例,创建含横向半椭圆形表面裂纹的钻杆有限元模型,数值研究拉扭复合载荷下,3种类型的形状因子沿裂纹前缘的变化规律;通过多项式拟合得到形状因子表达式中对应的系数,进而推导出等效应力强度因子的表达式。仿真计算结果表明,在（0.6～0.8）之间存在一临界形状比,裂纹最深点和边界相邻点处的等效应力强度因子值在此处相等。拟合得到的等效应力强度因子表达式,为进一步研究损伤钻杆表面裂纹扩展和寿命预测提供参考。     

Incremental damage mechanics of particle or short-fiber reinforced composites including cracking damage

In particle or short-fiber reinforced composites, cracking of the reinforcements is a significant damage mode because the cracked reinforcements lose load carrying capacity. This paper deals with an incremental damage theory of particle or short-fiber reinforced composites. The composite undergoing damage process contains intact and broken reinforcements in a matrix. To describe the load carrying capacity of cracked reinforcement, the average stress of cracked ellipsoidal inhomogeneity in an infinite body as proposed in the previous paper is introduced. An incremental constitutive relation on particle or short-fiber reinforced composites including progressive cracking of the reinforcements is developed based on Eshelby’s (1957) equivalent inclusion method and Mon and Tanaka’s (1973) mean field concept. Influence of the cracking damage on the stress-strain response of composites is demonstrated.     

Ductile damage micromodeling by particles’ debonding in metal matrix composites

The elastic–plastic behaviour of particle-reinforced metal matrix composites undergoing ductile damage is modelled using a two-level micro-structural approach. The considered heterogeneous material is a polycrystal containing intra-crystalline elastic particles. Ductile damage is initiated by the matrix/particle interface debonding and the subsequent voids growth with plastic straining of the crystalline matrix. Homogenization techniques are used twice: first at mesoscale to derive the equivalent grain behaviour and then to obtain the macroscopic behaviour of the material. Plastic deformation of the crystalline matrix is due to crystallographic gliding on geometrically well-defined slip systems. The associative plastic flow rule and the hardening law are described on the slip system level. The evolution of micro-voids volume fraction is related to the plastic strain. The elastic–plastic stress–strain response of particle composite is investigated. Predictions of the proposed model are compared to experimental data to illustrate the capability of the suggested method to represent material behaviour. Furthermore, specific aspects such as the stress triaxiality and yield surfaces are discussed.     

An anti-interpenetration model and connections between interphase and interface models in particle-reinforced composites

Linear spring interface model and interphase model are often used to simulate the interface behaviour of particle-reinforced composite materials. However, the former may give rise to nonphysical interpenetration at the interface between a particle and the surrounding material. In this paper, first, a model is presented to prevent the interpenetration phenomenon at the interface. This model can be used together with a given linear or nonlinear interface model to calculate the stress field in particle-reinforced composites with imperfect interface bonding condition, or with debonding damage. Second, the connections between the thin interphase model and interface models are studied for spherical particle-reinforced composites. It is found that while a relatively thin and compliant interphase can be well approximated by the equivalent linear spring interface model, a relatively thin and stiff interphase can be well approximated by the equivalent interface stress model. For the latter, the relations between the equivalent interface moduli and the interphase stiffness and thickness are presented.     

Finite element and experimental studies of the cutting process of SiCp/Al composites with PCD tools

In this paper, a two-dimensional orthogonal cutting experiments and simulation analysis on the machining of SiCp/Al composites with a polycrystalline diamond tool have been carried out. By using two kinds of finite element models, the cutting force and von Mises equivalent stress at different cutting conditions were studied in detail. The results indicate that the cutting speed and depth have significant effects on the cutting force, and the predicted cutting force is in agreement with that of the experiment. The von Mises equivalent stress distributions of particle and matrix at three typical cases can explain the removal mechanism of SiC particle very well, which is also consistent with that of the experimental observation.     

Effect of the Thermal Expansion Characteristics of Reinforcements on the Electrical Wear Performance of Copper Matrix Composite

Copper matrix composites reinforced with MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and SiC nanoparticles were fabricated by powder metallurgy. The tribological properties of the composites were examined using a self-made pin-on-disk electrical wear tester. Thermal expansion properties of the prepared composites were evaluated by their coefficient of thermal expansion from 50 to 500°C. The effect of the thermal expansion characteristics of reinforcements on the electrical wear performance of the composites was also studied. The results showed that the wear rates of MgO/Cu and Al₂O₃/Cu composites were lower than those of SiC/Cu and SiO₂/Cu composites, which were also consistent with the difference between the coefficient of thermal expansion of the copper matrix and reinforcements. The relationship was analyzed by calculation of the thermal stress at the copper matrix–reinforcement interface in the electrical sliding process. Microstructural observation revealed that the wear mechanisms of the copper matrix composites were mainly adhesive wear and plastic deformation accompanied by a small amount of arc damage.     

Incremental damage theory and its application to glass-particle-reinforced nylon 66 composites

This paper deals with influence of particle volume fraction and debonding damage between particles and matrix on the stress-strain response in particle-reinforced ductile matrix composites. Tensile tests are carried out on seven kinds of glass-particle-reinforced nylon 66 composites, which are different in a particle volume fraction and treatment of interface between the particles and matrix. The stress-strain response of the composites depends on both the particle volume fraction and the interface treatment. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are characterized by only the particle volume fraction, while tensile strength depends on both the particle volume fraction and interface treatment. With increasing particle volume fraction, the tensile strength increases first and then becomes constant in the interface-treated composites, and decreases in the interface-untreated composites. Numerical analyses of the stress-strain response and damage behavior of the composites are carried out based on an incremental damage theory which describes the plasticity of the matrix and the debonding damage. The stress-strain relations of the interface treated composites are characterized only by influence of particle volume fraction while those of the interface-untreated composites are explained by considering the particle volume fraction and interfacial debonding.     

毡基和碳布叠层C/C复合材料的高温力学及抗氧化性能比较

借助三点弯曲、氧化试验和扫描电镜观察,对毡基C/C复合材料的抗氧化性能和高温1973K下的力学性能进行了研究,并和2DC/C复合材料的相应性能作了对比。结果表明:虽然毡基C/C复合材料和2DC/C复合材料的高温力学性能均优于室温力学性能,但毡基C/C复合材料主要以纤维断裂的形式发生弯曲破坏,而2DC/C复合材料主要以基体的层间开裂发生弯曲破坏,所以毡基C/C的弯曲强度、模量较高;另外,毡基C/C复合材料的整体结构可有效抵御热应力开裂,表现为高温条件下具有较强的抗氧化性能。     

Novel mathematical approaches for analyzing time dependent creep deformations in reinforced metals

The objective of this paper is to present some novel insights for solving a second stage creep problem in metal matrix composites. First, a new analytical approach is developed for obtaining some unknowns in second stage creep of short fiber composites under an applied axial load. The unknowns are the radial, circumferential, axial, shear and equivalent stresses, which are determined by approximation of creep constitutive equations and using proper assumed displacement rates. A nonlinear differential equation is solved employing suitable and correct approximate assumptions. Then, the difference of the stress components utilizing creep constitutive equations and assumed displacement rates is determined. Finally, the axial stress behavior in matrix is predicted by linear and nonlinear boundary value approaches, as well as displacement rates in matrix. For the purpose of the analysis, the steady state creep behavior of matrix material is described by an exponential law. As an important application, factor of safety n will be determined for fibers in order to have a good composite design. Based on the results, the aforementioned methods such as general boundary value approaches can be used to simply determine the approximate behavior of unknowns. These analytical results are then verified by the results of FEM simulation and other available research works. Interestingly, good compatibilities are found among the original mathematical approaches, numerical modeling and also previous available results.     

脆性基体复合材料裂尖邻域夹杂-基体界面脱粘发展的数值模拟

夹杂-基体界面脱粘是脆性基体复合材料在拉伸载荷下的主要损伤机制之一.同时,材料内部裂纹尖端附近区域因应力集中,往往具有相对较高的损伤可能性.文中提出一种以一类包含"非均匀相"的解析胞元为基础的数值方法,以考察脆性基体复合材料内部裂尖临域夹杂脱粘的发展以及此过程中应力强度因子的变化.该方法分别应用含夹杂与含裂尖的解析胞元,以精确描述夹杂-基体界面与裂纹尖端附近的高梯度场函数,并利用Weibull概率函数控制加载过程中夹杂脱粘的发生.应用此方法可方便地建立复合材料内部裂尖附近细观结构的有限元模型,预测各夹杂依次发生脱粘的过程,并获得夹杂脱粘概率与裂纹场应力强度因子随载荷的发展规律.根据模拟结果,详细讨论材料各方面性质对于裂尖附近区域力学行为的影响.