预涂稀土涂层制备硼-稀土共渗层的组织和性能

对Q235钢表面进行普通渗硼、硼-稀土粉体共渗和预涂稀土涂层硼-稀土共渗,用光学显微镜观察了不同工艺下渗层的显微组织,并测试了不同渗层的显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明:采用预涂稀土涂层硼-稀土共渗可使Q235钢表面获得比普通渗硼和硼-稀土粉体共渗工艺更为致密、均匀的Fe_2B单相渗硼层,并且渗层硬度有明显提高,渗层的硬度分布和耐磨性明显改善。     

CeO2含量、渗硼温度和时间对H13钢渗硼层组织和性能的影响

对H13钢表面进行渗硼处理,研究了稀土CeO2含量(0,2％,4％,6％,质量分数)、渗硼温度(850,900,950,1000℃)及渗硼时间(2,3,4,5 h)对渗硼层组织和性能的影响.结果表明:随着渗硼温度的升高和时间的延长,渗硼层厚度先逐渐增大再趋于平缓;当CeO2含量在0～2％时,硼原子的扩散激活能变化不大,从2％增大到4％时显著降低,且渗硼层厚度增加较快,从4％增大到6％时,扩散激活能基本不变,渗硼层厚度增加较慢;在渗硼温度为950℃,渗硼时间为4 h,CeO2含量为4％条件下,渗硼层的孔洞最少,组织最致密,硬度最大,耐磨性最好.     

汽缸套合金铸铁的渗硼及渗层生长动力学研究

为研究铸铁表面渗硼层组织和生长动力学,对合金铸铁在850℃、880℃、910℃、940℃、970℃、1 000℃分别进行3 h、5 h、7 h、9 h的固体渗硼处理。用光学显微镜对渗层的横断面形貌进行拍摄和观察,用X射线衍射分析仪分析出渗硼层物相,用显微维氏硬度测量渗层的硬度梯度,分析了渗硼生长动力学。结果表明,渗硼能够明显提高材料表面的硬度。相同渗硼时间,渗硼层厚度随着渗硼温度的提高而增加;相同渗硼温度,时间延长渗硼层厚度增加。且提高渗硼温度比延长时间对渗硼层厚度影响更加明显。     

硬质合金稀土固体渗硼工艺研究

硬质合金具有较好的强度和韧性,在工业领域中应用广泛。通过固体渗硼工艺在硬质合金表面形成一层硬化层,能提高其硬度和耐磨性。对YG类硬质合金进行了稀土固体渗硼试验,采用XRD和金相显微镜观察渗硼层物相和厚度,研究了硬质合金Co含量、渗硼温度、渗硼时间和渗剂配方对渗硼层厚度的影响。结果表明,各种工艺参数均对渗硼层厚度有不同程度的影响,稀土元素具有催渗作用。     

退火与淬火工艺对45钢硼铬稀土共渗层组织性能的影响

介绍45钢渗硼工艺的实验方法,对渗硼层的显微组织进行了观察,分析了渗硼层的主要缺陷,从各种热处理工艺过程方面,探讨了影响渗硼层质量的主要因素。研究结果表明,渗层硼化物组织都呈梳齿状锲入基体,硼齿区最外层比次外层更疏松;过渡区有不同程度的增碳和晶粒粗大现象。     

耐火砖模固体渗硼

正交试验优化出的渗硼工艺参数为950℃×5 h,稀土加入量0.5%(按质量分数计).渗硼层中存在B、C、Al、Cr、Si、Cr、Mo、Fe等元素,且这些元素的含量发生了改变.渗层显微硬度在最外层硬度不高,次层出现峰值,再往里硬度缓慢降低.经优化渗硼再经淬火、回火处理的渗硼层,其耐磨性最高.经优化渗硼再经淬火、回火处理的耐火砖模具,其使用寿命几乎是原来模具的3倍.     

稀土元素对45钢固体渗硼催渗作用的研究

通过在自制渗硼剂中加入不同比例的稀土成分,进行对比试验,研究了稀土元素对45钢固体渗硼的催渗作用及其对其渗层的显微硬度的影响。研究表明．在渗剂中加入适量的稀土元素,对渗硼有一定的催渗作用,使渗硼层的显微硬度得到明显提高,但渗层的峰尖深度随稀土加入量的增加变化不明显。     

H13热作模具钢稀土硼碳氮多元共渗

对H13热作模具钢稀土硼碳氮共渗工艺进行了研究，并对其共渗层的组织、硬度及耐磨性和抗氧化性进行了测试与分析，结果表明与碳氮硼共渗工艺相比，稀土硼碳氮共渗层的硬度、耐磨性和抗氧化性明显提高。稀土元素的渗入不仅提高了渗层的硬度、耐磨性和抗氧化性，并且使过渡层的硬度变化减缓，增强了基体与共渗层的结合，为共渗层提供强有力的支撑作用。     

Cr 结构钢渗硼动力学的研究

为获得理想的钢铁材料渗硼工艺参数,对影响渗硼层性能的主要因素进行了对比试验。用固体渗硼技术对40Cr、40CrNi和45Cr钢分别在850℃,880℃,910℃和940℃保温条件下进行3,5,7,9个小时的渗硼处理,首先用光学显微镜观察3种钢在不同加热温度和保温时间下各种钢渗硼层的形貌和显微组织,发现渗层以齿状楔入机体。随后通过测量3种钢在不同温度下不同渗硼层深度的硬度,发现硬度峰值在1444HV0．1到1490HV0．1之间。最后通过对40Cr、40CrNi和45 Cr钢进行渗硼动力学计算与分析,得出渗硼层厚度与渗硼时间呈抛物线关系、生长速率常数随着渗硼温度升高而增加的规律;并且随着含碳量和合金元素的增加,渗硼所需的扩散激活能随之增大。     

钢的铬硼共渗工艺

本文对不同含碳量的钢:A3、45、T1O和Cr06钢进行了依次渗硼、渗铬和铬硼共渗的工艺试验研究;同时研究了合碳量、加热温度、保温时间对共渗层深度的影响。试验表明,可以获得显微硬度高达HV_(0.1)2875的硼铬共渗层,具有良好的耐磨性和耐蚀性。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.