氮磷钾化肥配合施用对无核白葡萄品质与产量的影响

通过大田施肥试验研究了尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾不同施用水平对无核白葡萄产量与品质的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾合理配施可有利于维持葡萄树体营养生长和生殖生长的平衡,适宜配比可增加葡萄坐果数与单杲重,提高产量;并增加葡萄果实中Vc、可溶性固形物和有机酸含量,改善果实品质。整体而言,葡萄生长季的栽培过程中氮磷钾（N：P2O5：K2O）的追施此例为1：0．5～0．8：1时,表现出最佳的经济效益和最高的产量。     

干旱区戈壁地克瑞森无核“3414"肥料效应及推荐施肥量研究

葡萄是新疆主要的特色果树,合理施肥是提高产量和商品率的重要技术措施.应用“3414”田间肥料试验设计,于2009-2010年连续两年,对戈壁地克瑞森无核葡萄进行田间肥效试验.结果表明:施氮增加了葡萄果实的纵横径、单果质量和产量;施磷对果实纵横径无显著影响,但增加了可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度;施钾对产量无明显影响,但明显提高了可溶性固形物含量.在该试验条件下,施氮对增产效果最好,磷肥、钾肥有利于果实品质的提高;结合当地葡萄生产实际,确定最佳氮磷钾施肥推荐用量分别为:N138.47 kg/hm2,P2O5 72.97 kg/hm2,K2O 78.83 kg/hm2,由此得出最佳产量为10516.2 kg/hm2.     

不同施肥配比对干旱戈壁地克瑞森无核果实性状及产量的影响

通过"3414"施肥配比处理,研究了干旱区戈壁地不同施肥配比对干旱区戈壁地克瑞森无核葡萄果实性状及产量的影响.结果表明:N肥有利于葡萄产量的增加,但延迟果实成熟;而P、K肥有利于果实品质的提高,并能促进果实提早成熟.在本试验条件下,根据回归方程以及N、P2O5、K2O肥和葡萄价格计算,滴灌葡萄化肥的最佳施用量,N肥为13.8kg/667m2,P2O5肥为8.0kg/667m2,K2O肥为8.4kg/667m2.最高产量施肥量,N肥为14.6kg/667m2,P2O5肥为8.3kg/667m2,K2O肥为9.4kg/667m2.滴灌葡萄N、P2O5、K2O肥的最佳追肥配合比例为N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.58:0.61.     

防雹网在葡萄上的防雹效果调查

本文对雹灾后葡萄主要叶片病害、枝条受雹情况以及雹灾后第2年、第3年架网与未架网对葡萄植株生长和第2年葡萄果实品质、产量影响进行调查.结果表明:架有防雹网的葡萄园葡萄受害程度较小,灾后葡萄病害的发生程度轻、发病率低,植株生长状况显著优于未架网葡萄园,第2年葡萄果实品质和产量均比未架网园葡萄高.     

酿酒葡萄威代尔不同器官氮磷钾养分积累特性研究

为提高酿酒葡萄产量、品质和合理施肥提供理论依据,了解威代尔生长季需肥特性,研究了酿酒葡萄威代尔整个生育期内N、P和K的动态变化及养分需求量.结果表明:植株含水量变化是先升高后降低,冠根比在果实着色期最大为3.32;葡萄叶片中N含量变化最大,浆果膨大期至着色期,叶片中N含量相对稳定;果实中N、P和K含量不同时期变化较大;枝条中K含量降低幅度较大.威代尔葡萄每形成1000 kg果实,养分需要量分别为:N 13.82 kg、P2O54.584 kg、K2O 9.144 kg,N、P、K吸收比例为3∶1∶2.     

防雹网在葡萄上的防雹效果调查

本文对雹灾后葡萄主要叶片病害、枝条受雹情况以及雹灾后第2年、第3年架网与未架网对葡萄植株生长和第2年葡萄果实品质、产量影响进行调查。结果表明：架有防雹网的葡萄园葡萄受害程度较小,灾后葡萄病害的发生程度轻、发病率低,植株生长状况显著优于未架网葡萄园,第2年葡萄果实品质和产量均比未架网园葡萄高。     

夏剪对葡萄次年的萌芽和果实发育的影响

新西兰的温室葡萄种植者,在葡萄生长季节通常采用限制枝条生长的方法来促进果实的发育.现已证实,在生长季节过度地限制葡萄赖以生长的叶面积,会阻碍当年葡萄果实的发育和延迟当年的采摘期;利用温室内盆栽试验,发现这种处理对葡萄的下一个生长季仍有影响.在下一个生长季节中,所有的葡萄树都保留了相同的叶面积,那些在上一个生长季节夏剪过重的植株,其发芽率降低,果粒变小,果实成熟需要较长的时间.在两种极端处理中,果实成熟期(16°白利糖)相差两周.这种生长条件下的"意大利"葡萄品种,每克果实至少需要4cm~2的叶面积才能避免下年的产量和果实品质受到显著的不利影响.     

不同水分处理对温室栽培红地球葡萄果实发育及品质的影响

为了研究节水处理和大水漫灌对日光温室延后栽培的红地球葡萄产量和品质的影响,设计了CK(1.02m3/株)、JS1(0.68m3/株)、JS2(0.51m3/株)3种灌水处理,生长期间测定红地球葡萄的果实纵横径大小,采收前测定粒重、可溶性固形物含量和硬度.结果表明,与CK相比,JS1、JS2在果实膨大率、果粒重、可溶性固形物含量、果实硬度上没有显著性差异.     

不同负载量贵人香葡萄最佳采收期的研究

通过对不同时间采收的贵人香葡萄进行产量和果实品质的测定分析,研究不同负载条件下贵人香葡萄的最佳采收期。试验结果表明,不同负载贵人香葡萄的最佳采收期不同。综合考虑产量和果实品质因素,确定贵人香葡萄梢果比1.5:1、1:1和1:1.5负载的最佳采收期为9月29日,梢果比1:2、1:2.5和1:3负载处理的最佳采收期为10月4日至10月9日。     

根域限制对葡萄营养生长与结果状况的影响

为了探讨根域限制对葡萄营养生长与结果状况的影响,以2年生峰后(V.vinifera×V.lanbrusca)葡萄为试材,分别以根域限制(0.06m3)和未限制作为处理与对照,于2004-2005连续2年调查了葡萄的新梢长度、叶片面积、光合速率、果实产量与品质。结果表明:根域限制后,峰后葡萄的新梢和叶片生长明显受抑,叶片净光合速率下降,但果实含糖量和果皮花青素含量显著提高,可滴定酸降低。     

Nitrogen and potassium requirements of tomato plants for the optimization of fruit quality and antioxidative capacity during storage

While nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers are commonly used in tomato fields for increasing plant growth and productivity, concepts regarding the interactive effects of these elements on tomato fruit quality during storage are ambiguous. The interactive effects of potassium (0, 250 and 500 mg kg soil^??1) and nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 mg kg soil^??1) fertilizers were tested on tomato fruit size at harvest, and their quality was evaluated after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Fruit mass, firmness, taste-related parameters, inorganic nutrients, bioactive compounds, and antioxidative capacity of the fruits were investigated after the storage period. Application of 250–500 mg K in combination with 150 mg N per kg soil improved fruit mass at harvest and reduced loss of mass during storage. By increasing the soil’s K supply, the fruits exhibited significant increases in their amount of potassium, TSS and TA contents, antioxidative capacity, concentrations of lycopene, phenolics and ascorbic acid. Nonetheless, increasing the soil’s K concentration reduced Ca concentration and firmness of the fruits. By increasing the N concentration in the soil, a trend of decline was observed in the fruits’ TSS, soluble phenolics, lycopene and ascorbic acid contents. However, higher amounts of N and TA contents were detected in fruits treated with 300 mg N kg soil^??1. N treatments did not affect the antioxidative capacity of the fruits. Accordingly, application of 250 mg K?+?150 mg N kg soil^??1 was suggested as the optimum treatment that could yield tomato fruits with high quality and that would also have improved storage capability.     

提高采后果实品质和耐贮性的采前药剂种类及其作用机理

在果树田间栽培期间对果实进行采前药剂处理能有效提高采后果实品质和耐贮性.综述了植物矿质营养元素(钙、硼、钾)、抗病性诱导剂(壳聚糖、水杨酸)、植物生长调节剂(胺鲜脂、赤霉素)等药剂对果实品质和耐贮性的作用机理及其安全性问题,旨在为提高果实采后品质和耐贮性提供科学依据和生产指导.     

控释肥对烤烟光合特性和产质量与氮钾利用率的影响

为了寻求研制优质、高效、环保的烟草控释肥料所需的参考依据,采用田间试验研究了控释肥和烟草专用复合肥对烤烟光合特性、产量与质量及氮钾利用率的影响。结果表明:(1)当施氮量由90 kg/hm²提高到150 kg/hm²时,烤烟产量和产值均显著增加,上等烟比例和均价略有下降,各叶位烤后烟叶全钾含量提高或显著提高,烟碱含量显著提高,总糖与还原糖含量显著下降;(2)与烟草专用复合肥相比,控释肥可提高烤烟旺长期以后的叶片叶绿素含量,提高旺长期烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度,但对蒸腾速率无明显影响;(3)与烟草专用复合肥比较,控释肥能使烤烟产量提高3%~7%,产值提高9%~16%,各叶位烤后烟叶全钾含量提高或显著提高,烟碱含量变化不明显,总糖与还原糖含量降低。(4)控释肥有利于提高烤烟氮肥、钾肥利用率,在施氮90 kg/hm²和150 kg/hm²条件下氮肥利用率分别提高21.1和8.7个百分点,施钾180 kg/hm²和300 kg/hm²条件下钾肥利用率分别提高9.4和8.6个百分点。可见,控释肥可改善烤烟中后期光合特性,增加产量与产值,改善烤后烟叶品质,提高氮钾利用率。     

Foliar potassium fertilization improves fruit quality of field‐grown muskmelon on calcareous soils in south Texas

BACKGROUND: Among plant nutrients, potassium (K) has the strongest influence on crop quality parameters that determine consumer preference. However, soil and plant factors often limit adequate soil K uptake to satisfy quality requirements during fruit development stages. The objectives of this multiyear field study with muskmelon were to determine if this apparent K deficiency and the associated fruit quality limitations can be alleviated by supplementing soil‐derived K with foliar K nutrition, and whether differences exist among potential foliar K salts. RESULTS: Foliar K treatments increased tissue K concentrations, fruit sugars and bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid and β‐carotene) by 19%, 21% and 15%, respectively, even though soil K levels were high, indicating that soil K alone was inadequate to improve these quality traits. All the K salts evaluated increased tissue K and fruit quality traits; however, no clear trends in the relative magnitudes of these enhancements were apparent among K sources, except for KNO₃ which consistently resulted in non‐significant effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that late‐season foliar K feeding can improve fruit quality of muskmelons grown on calcareous soils. The data also reveal differences among K salts and suggest a reassessment of K management strategies aimed at improving quality. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Some observations on the effect of grassing-down,nitrogen fertilisation and irrigation on the growth,leaf nutrient content and fruit quality of young golden delicious apple trees

In a 3 year trial the growth and leaf nutrient content of newly planted Golden Delicious/MM 106 apple trees was compared under grassed-down and clean cultivated conditions. With no fertiliser applications grassing down, compared with cultivation, decreased shoot extension and trunk girth increment in all three seasons and total dry weight of both tops and roots of trees at the end of the 3 year period. Grassing-down generally decreased total N and increased concentrations of P, K and Ca in the leaves. Generally, in the third season, the mineral composition of the fruit paralleled that in the leaves. Application of fertiliser N to cultivated plots in the second and third seasons had no significant effect on tree growth; N fertilisation significantly increased tree growth and total leaf area per tree under grassed-down conditions, particularly in the third season. During the third season irrigation had only a small effect on the growth of trees from the grassed-down non-fertilised plots. However, there was a large positive interaction between N fertilisation and irrigation on tree growth, total dry weight of both shoots and roots of trees and on fruit size.     

Sustainable nitrogen fertilisation in sweet pepper: assessing growth and fruit quality and the potential nitrate pollution from different organic manures

BACKGROUND: The use of organic cultivation with manures does not avoid the risk of high nitrate concentrations if nutrient management is inefficient. So we studied the influence of three organic manures combined or not with additional chemical fertilisers on growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and on the soil and plant N concentrations. RESULTS: After 3 years of organic cultivation, poultry manure caused the highest soil pollution. The evolution of nitrate and organic matter in soil showed a pattern close to that of plant growth. The addition of mineral fertiliser increased vegetative growth and yield, and a cumulative season effect was observed. In treatments with no additional mineral fertiliser N translocation from leaves to fruits happened. A cumulative effect of seasons on fruit quality and a reduction near to 30% was observed in the first fruit quality category after 3 years. The fruit vitamin C content was reduced by increasing N fertilisation. CONCLUSION: The effects of organic fertiliser on soil and plant growth and yield depended on the type of manure used, its rate, and consecutive crop seasons. Horse manure gave the best combination of agricultural and environmental characteristics and could be used without additional fertigation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Some changes in the composition of the fruit of the glasshouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) during growth, maturation and senescence.

Female cucumber flowers were tagged when fully open and the resultant fruit harvested for growth and chemical analysis at intervals of between 2 and 28 days. The growth curve relating fresh weight and time was sigmoidal approaching a maximum after about 14 days. Similar relationships were obtained for the total content per fruit of sugars, acids and the major nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The percentage dry matter and alcohol-insoluble solids fell rapidly during the first 10 days of growth and then more slowly with increasing fruit age. In contrast, the percentage alcohol-soluble solids changed little during the first 6 days and then decreased progressively. The major sugars, glucose and fructose, present in approximately equal amounts, increased rapidly for the first 6 days and then changed little until the onset of senescence. Traces of sucrose and myoinositol were present at all stages of development. The titratable acidity was extremely low and was closely correlated with the potassium content. On a dry weight basis, total and alcoholsoluble N and P increased slowly during the early stages of growth but more rapidly with increasing maturity. On the other hand, K concentrations tended to decrease.     

不同产地库尔勒香梨生育期果实品质变化规律及综合评价

目的 分析库尔勒香梨果实外观品质与营养品质的时空变化规律,比较果实品质的区域差异,对不同产地商品果的品质进行综合评价。方法 采集花后60d~140d内不同产区（新疆库尔勒、阿克苏、甘肃酒泉）的10个果园共计90份库尔勒香梨样品,用常规方法测定单果重、纵径、横径等外观品质指标,通过直接滴定法测定还原糖和总酸的含量,用高效液相色谱法分析果实中的柠檬酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、富马酸、丁二酸和山梨糖醇、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖,采用方差分析比较生育期产地的品质差异,通过主成分分析法综合评价果实的品质优劣。结果 库尔勒香梨果实在花后60~140d,随着果实的不断成熟,硬度呈快速下降的趋势,由7.19 N/cm2下降至2.91 N/cm2。还原糖的含量由1.1g/100g上升到7.3g/100g,总酸由3.63g/kg下降到0.71g/kg。成熟期4种糖中果糖、葡萄糖、山梨糖醇占比为99%,5种有机酸中苹果酸和酒石酸占比为96%。果糖∶葡萄糖∶山梨糖醇含量比值由花后60d时的1∶1.5∶7.5上升为花后140d的1∶0.9∶0.6,苹果酸∶酒石酸∶柠檬酸含量比值由花后60d时的1∶0.37∶0.03变化为花后140d的1∶0.27∶0.13,糖酸比由花后60d的24上升到花后140d的174。成熟期三个产地糖类含量无显著差异,横径、果形指数、柠檬酸新疆与甘肃产地存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。主成分分析结果表明,前四个主成分累计方差贡献率为89.14%,果形指数、果糖、横径、山梨糖醇、葡萄糖、苹果酸、总酸可作为库尔勒香梨品质评价的重要指标。结论 库尔勒香梨在花后60d~140d的生育期内,果实中山梨糖醇的比例随着成熟度的增加逐渐降低,果糖和葡萄糖比例显著增加,有机酸以苹果酸和酒石酸为主,呈显著下降趋势,花后140d糖酸比最大,风味最好。在采样果园中库尔勒4个果园的品质最好,酒泉3个果园次之,阿克苏3个果园品质较差。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilisation levels on melon fruit quality at the harvest time and during storage

BACKGROUND: The quality of melon fruit depends upon many factors that can be affected by growing conditions and post-harvest management. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilisation levels on the fruit quality at harvest time and during storage. Experiments were performed in an open field using melon plants (Cucumis melo L. Var. Reticulatus cv. Prodigio). The nitrogen (N) was applied through fertigation using four fertilisation levels: 0, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha⁻¹. After harvest the fruits were stored at 10 °C for 8 days. At harvest time the yield, flesh firmness, skin and pulp colours, content of carotenoids, total phenols, ascorbic acid (AsA) and ethylene production were measured on fruits differently fertilised. RESULTS: The total marketable fruit yield and fruit nitrogen content linearly increased with N levels. Antioxidant compounds decreased after storage but were not affected by N fertilisation levels. However, total carotenoids, total phenols, and AsA declined during storage. CONCLUSION: All the quality parameters did not appear to be affected by N level at either harvest time or after storage. Therefore it is advisable to reduce nitrogen input for cultivation without compromising quality and yields. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry