秸秆成型燃料锅炉的设计及试验研究

根据秸秆成型燃料高挥发性和燃烧稳定的特点,完成了输出热负荷200 kW的秸秆成型燃料锅炉的设计。其炉膛可分为热解区、炭燃烧区与挥发分燃烧区3部分,实现了秸秆成型燃料的分段燃烧。以直径不同的5种玉米秸秆成型燃料进行了试验研究,分别对其输出热负荷、燃气中CO含量及热利用效率进行了测试,发现利用直径为40～50 mm成型燃料时,锅炉的输出热负荷最大,热利用率较高,烟气中CO含量较低。     

高效反烧式生物质成型燃料锅炉的设计与研究

对生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性进行了分析.根据生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性创新设计出一种具有特殊结构,特殊燃烧方式的新型生物质成型燃料锅炉.该锅炉采用了双炉排反烧的结构,可使锅炉工作连续平稳,燃烧更稳定,热效率更高.同时,烟气中的气体及固体的不完全燃烧损失小,氮氧化物、二氧化硫及烟尘含量远低于国家锅炉的污染物排放标准要求.     

玉米秸秆成型燃料锅炉的设计与试验研究

根据玉米秸秆成型燃料特性，通过详细的热工计算及一定加工工艺研制出适合于玉米秸秆成型燃料燃烧的专用锅炉，这种锅炉采用双层炉排结构，具有消烟除尘作用。不但燃烧效率高，气体及固体不完全燃烧损失小，而且排烟中的烟尘质量浓度，氮氧化物及二氧化硫体积分数低，符合国家锅炉的污染物排放标准要求。     

小型燃煤锅炉改造成秸秆成型燃料锅炉的前景分析

从我国秸秆资源、环保政策、秸秆成型技术的经济性及锅炉改造后秸秆成型块燃烧测试结果等方面对小型燃煤锅炉改造成秸秆成型燃料锅炉的前景进行了分析。分析结果表明,将小型燃煤锅炉改造成秸秆成型燃料锅炉,既给秸秆利用找到了一条出路,同时也给目前城镇中2t以下燃煤锅炉找到了替代能源。因此,此项改造技术发展前景广阔。     

生物质成型燃料循环流化床燃烧试验研究

在0.15 MW循环流化床试验台上,进行了玉米秸秆和苹果树枝成型燃料燃烧特性以及排放特性的试验研究.试验结果表明,玉米秸秆成型燃料和苹果树枝成型燃料在循环流化床中能够稳定燃烧,燃烧效率达到96.8%;尾气中HCl的排放质量浓度较高,SO2的排放质量浓度随着生物质的硫含量增大而增大;使用选择性炉渣作为床料同时加入黏土作为添加剂的方法,能够有效抑制玉米秸秆成型燃料和苹果树枝成型燃料燃烧过程中床料的黏结,黏土对循环流化床的物料循环流化起到了稳定作用.     

生物质成型燃料链条炉主要设计参数的试验确定

根据生物质成型燃料燃烧特性、链条炉热力学特性及燃烧设备的设计实践经验,在特制的生物质成型燃料链条炉上,结合工业锅炉热工性能试验规程(GB 10180-2003)、工业锅炉节能监测方法(GB/T15317-1994)、锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)和锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2014),对4种工况进行试验,确定出生物质成型燃料链条炉主要设计参数,从而为生物质成型燃料链条炉的设计及技术改造提供科学依据。     

生物质成型燃料蒸汽锅炉的设计与研究

对生物质成型燃料的燃烧特性进行分析,针对生物质燃料挥发分含量高、热损失大、后劲不足的燃烧特性,在充分继承原燃煤链条炉优点的基础上,创新开发出一种具有特殊结构形式的链条炉。该锅炉采用前轴驱动链条炉排,高而短的前拱和低而长的后拱,在炉膛燃烧区设计二次风喷嘴,在炉膛下部、前拱区及后拱区都采用绝热炉膛,可使燃烧更加稳定、充分,不完全燃烧和热损失大大减少,热效率提高。该锅炉已在河南某地投入使用,通过实地考察该锅炉运行状况良好,主要技术经济指标都达到了设计要求,证明该设计可行,为生物质成型燃料锅炉的设计奠定了基础。     

玉米秸秆打捆燃烧特性研究

采用热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)联用技术对玉米秸秆散烧、打捆、成型3种燃烧方式进行热重分析,通过计算分析得出打捆燃料燃烧特性指数,并与散烧和成型燃烧相对比。试验结果表明:捆烧与散烧和成型燃烧过程都经历水分蒸发、挥发分析出、固定碳的燃烧和燃尽4个阶段;由于打捆燃料具有独特的尺寸结构,不利于传热传质的进行,其挥发分的析出峰值时间滞后;打捆燃料挥发分不易析出,析出过程较为平稳,维持较长时间;打捆燃料燃烧后期固定碳的燃烧存在更为显著的峰值点;通过自主设计捆烧试验台对热重试验结果进行实验验证,其结果具有相似性。最后将打捆燃料燃烧特性与生物质锅炉供风系统设计相结合,采用分段式供风,提出一种新型锅炉供风系统设计思路。     

玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧特性的试验研究

为了研究玉米秸秆颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,以一个小型反烧单元体炉为试验装置,分别进行了不同料层、不同水分、不同空气量下的燃烧试验,了解其燃烧特性,如点火时间、燃烧时间、燃烧过程及燃烧后的结渣现象。试验结果表明,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料易点燃,燃烧温度高,但燃烧时间短,结渣严重;料层高的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧时间相对长,但燃烧温度低,轻微结渣;干燥处理过的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料点火时冒黑烟现象明显减轻;加大燃烧过程的空气量时,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料不结渣。     

生物质成型燃料燃烧理论分析

根据试验结果，分析了总结了生物质成型燃料的点火性能、燃烧机理、燃烧特性等燃烧规律，从而为确定生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的热力特性参数打下基础，为研制生物质成型燃料专用燃烧设备提供科学依据。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.