氢气在烃类混合溶剂中高压溶解度的测定

为了研究氢气在煤液化油中的溶解规律和煤液化反应过程中的氢耗,选择煤液化油中几种代表性物质的混合组分十六烷-四氢萘、四氢萘-喹啉、十六烷-喹啉作为溶剂,利用平衡液相取样法气体溶解度测定装置,测定了氢气在上述溶剂中不同温度和压力下的溶解度数据(453.15 K～623.15 K,1 MPa～10 MPa),同时给出了氢气在这些混合溶剂体系中的溶解度规律.利用数学模型lnxH2=-a/T+6T+clnT+dlnPH2+e(式中参数可由氢气在相应溶剂中的溶解度数据关联得到)和P/N/A方法计算相关溶解度数据,发现该数学模型的计算预测值与实验值的平均绝对误差(η)在5.52%左右,而通过P/N/A方法的计算,预测值与实验值的平均绝对误差较大,这表明该数学模型在计算氢气在有机混合溶剂中的溶解度方面具有很好的应用价值.     

中压下氮氢氨在正庚烷中的溶解度测定

实验用液相流动法分别测定了在不同温度,压力下氨合成体系中氮、氢、氨三组分气体在正庚烷中的溶解度.根据正庚烷超临界流体中氨合成的工艺条件,确定了溶解度测定的温度,压力范围.温度313.15～353.15K,压力分别为:氮气1～6 MPa,氢气3～9MPa,氨气1～1.5MPa.结果表明在相同的温度和压力下,正庚烷中的溶解度大小顺序依次为:氨＞氮＞氢.测定的溶解度数据可以用来确定超临界氨合成反应的出口工艺条件,实验得到的结论对超临界氨合成新工艺的探索具有一定的参考价值.     

低温热解焦油馏分加氢精制的研究

在滴流床反应装置上,采用3822催化剂对天祝煤MRF热解工艺低温焦油210℃～360℃馏分进行了加氢精制研究,着重考察了反应温度、氢气压力和空速对产品油性质及组成的影响,发现在氢气压力15．2MPa,空速0．5h－1,H2／油体积比为1500,反应温度390℃的条件下通过一段加氢精制可制取合格的柴油产品,进一步强化反应条件,对焦油馏分深度加氢精制可制取高十六烷值的柴油产品。     

阿魏酸和川芎嗪在超临界CO2中溶解度的测定

采用动态法分别测定了阿魏酸和川芎嗪在超临界CO2中的溶解度.实验结果表明在压力10～35MPa和温度308.15～338.15K范围内,阿魏酸在超临界CO2中的溶解度(摩尔分数)为6.936×10(7～26.527×10(7;在压力10～30MPa和温度318.15～338.15K范围内,川芎嗪在超临界CO2中的溶解度(摩尔分数)为0.010～0.131.阿魏酸在超临界CO2中的溶解度随着压力的增加而增大;温度对阿魏酸溶解度的影响较为复杂,出现了交迭压力行为.而川芎嗪在超临界CO2中的溶解度在实验范围内没有出现交迭压力行为.采用Chrastil方程分别对阿魏酸和川芎嗪在超临界CO2中的溶解度数据进行了关联,其AARD值分别为12.92%和4.23%.     

氢气在煤焦油中平衡溶解度的研究

在温度323.2 K～623.2 K,压力2 MPa～10 MPa的反应条件下,根据气液平衡原理,利用高压反应釜测定了氢气在煤焦油中的平衡溶解度.讨论了温度和压力对氢气在煤焦油中平衡溶解度的影响.在不同的温度和压力条件下,氢气在各煤焦油中平衡溶解度的变化趋势不同.这些物性数据填补了国内数据库有关煤焦油方面的空白,为煤焦油在浆态反应器中催化加氢的工业化设计提供了基础物性数据.     

氢气和一氧化碳在混二甲苯中的溶解度

在１立升的高压机械搅拌釜中,采用气体间歇吸收技术,在８０－１６０℃,０．５－５ＭＰａ的范围内,测定了氢气和一化碳在混二甲苯中的溶解度。氢气和一氧化碳的溶解度随着温度和压力的增加而增大,且在相同的温度和压力下,一氧化碳的淀粉 度大于氢气的溶解度。与它们在间二甲苯中的溶解度相比,在混二甲苯中的溶解度是较小的。此外,使用正规溶液理论的Ｐｒａｕｓｎｉｔｚ－Ｓｈａｉｒ方法对它们的溶解度进行了估算。可以看出,一氧化碳在二甲苯中的溶解度的估算值与实验结果较相符,氢气由地临界温度较低,没有合适的估算式,故用实验回归的公式结合Ｐｒａｕｓｎｉｔｚ－Ｓｈａｉｒ方法中的其它公式进行估算,估算值与实验值大体相符。     

H_2和CO_2在甲苯中的二元系相平衡特性研究

建立了1套连续式热力学平衡测量装置,在压力1．5～10 MPa,温度303～343 K范围内,测量了H_2和CO_2在甲苯中的二元系平衡溶解度数据。结果表明,2种气体在甲苯中的溶解度均随压力增大而增加。H_2在甲苯中的溶解度随温度升高而增大。CO_2在甲苯中的溶解度则随温度升高而减小。考虑1个二元相互作用参数,将实验数据用Peng-Robinson状态方程式进行关联,可以获得满意的计算精度。     

甲烷在汽油中高压溶解度的测定与研究

建立了一套采用循环法测定气体在液体中高压溶解度的测定装置，该装置可以测定气体在纯溶剂和混合溶剂中的溶懈度。在较详细地描述了实验装置及其操作之后，对装置的可靠性进行了验证，并在15～30℃和压力2．0～12．0MPa的条件下，测定了甲烷在汽油、汽油-甲醇、汽油-乙醇混合体系中的溶解度，并用PR方程计算了甲烷的气相逸度。实验结果充分证明了该装置的可靠性，同时也揭示出甲烷在汽油、汽油-甲醇、汽油-乙醇混合体系中的溶解度规律。     

CO2／[Bmim]Br-AICl3／苯体系相平衡研究

在温度40-80℃、压力1．50～1200MPa条件下,测定了CO2在氯铝酸离子液体（[Bmim]Br-AICl3）中的溶解度;在60℃以及3．00-10．00MPa条件下,测定了CO3／[Bmim]Br-AICl3／苯三元体系中气液相平衡数据,获得了三组分物系的相图。实验结果表明：在低压条件下,CO2在离子液体中的溶解度（XCO2）随压力增加而升高：当温度在40～80℃、压力9．00-10．00MPa范围内,XCO2分别达到最大值。在CO2／[Bmim]Br-AICl3苯三元体系中,根据各组分的最初摩尔比的不同,平衡体系中分别会出现气．液两相及气．液一液三相。压力对富苯相中各组分影响较富离子液体更大：在60℃,1O．00MPa条件下,体系中有颓相生成,气-液两相区转变为气-液-液三相区。     

连续化条件下超临界甲醇法制备生物柴油

在连续操作的管式反应器中,以大豆油为原料在压力11～19MPa,温度240～400℃的超临界甲醇条件下进行连续化制备生物柴油的研究。考察了在连续反应条件下醇油摩尔比、压力、温度、停留时间及共溶剂对大豆油转化率的影响。实验结果表明:较高的醇油摩尔比有利于油脂转化率的提高,但当醇油摩尔比超过40:1后提高醇油摩尔比对提高油脂转化率的影响不大;在11～15MPa范围内,压力升高对油脂转化率影响很大,但高于15MPa后压力对转化率的影响减弱;反应温度对油脂转化率有着重要影响,在300℃以上随着温度的升高,油脂转化率有较大幅度的上升,但温度太高油脂会发生分解反应;醇油摩尔比40:1,温度350℃,压力15MPa,停留时间1000s是该实验获得的最佳反应条件,在该条件下油脂转化率可达89%。实验还研究了添加共溶剂四氢呋喃对油脂转化率的影响。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。