榴莲果皮黄色素的提取及其稳定性的研究

文章以榴莲果皮为原料提取榴莲皮黄色素,在单因素循环的基础上,进行L9(33)正交试验,最后测试了色素的稳定性。结果表明,色素提取的最佳工艺为:提取剂为乙酸乙酯、液料比1∶30、浸提温度50℃,提取时间4h。稳定性研究表明:(I)温度、氧化还原剂、金属离子及各类常用的食品添加剂的对该色素稳定性影响较小,其中柠檬酸有增色的作用,金属离子中Fe3+,Cu2+对色素影响较大,且有一定的减色作用;(II)日光对色素的影响较大,所以在储存过程中应避免阳光直射;(III)pH对色素有一定的影响,在pH接近12时,色素明显变色。     

电子鼻测定榴莲果肉臭味气体的模型建立及应用

利用PEN3便携式电子鼻检测榴莲果肉的臭味响应值,并运用密封、打孔的方法使信号曲线能较快的达到平稳状态。通过PCA分析确定榴莲果肉臭味的第一主成分和第二主成分的总贡献率达到99.49%,而且0孔、8孔、16孔三种不同孔数处理的榴莲果肉臭味有明显差异,所以,电子鼻识别榴莲果肉臭味可行;通过Loadings分析认为硫化物是榴莲果肉臭味气体的主要成分;根据检测到的数据,利用PLS法建立了榴莲果肉臭味气体相对含量的模型,运用统计软件建立了PLS线性拟合曲线,得到0孔、8孔、16孔的相对含量拟合的线性相关系数为0.997,说明榴莲果肉臭味气体相对含量与电子鼻输出信号之间有较好的线性关系;测得0孔、8孔、16孔的相对含量的平均相对误差均小于10%。因此,本文所建模型可准确地测定榴莲果肉臭味气体的相对含量,从而提供一种评定榴莲臭味的实用方法。      

电子鼻测定榴莲果肉臭味气体的模型建立及应用

利用PEN3便携式电子鼻检测榴莲果肉的臭味响应值,并运用密封、打孔的方法使信号曲线能较快的达到平稳状态。通过PCA分析确定榴莲果肉臭味的第一主成分和第二主成分的总贡献率达到99.49%,而且0孔、8孔、16孔三种不同孔数处理的榴莲果肉臭味有明显差异,所以,电子鼻识别榴莲果肉臭味可行;通过Loadings分析认为硫化物是榴莲果肉臭味气体的主要成分;根据检测到的数据,利用PLS法建立了榴莲果肉臭味气体相对含量的模型,运用统计软件建立了PLS线性拟合曲线,得到0孔、8孔、16孔的相对含量拟合的线性相关系数为0.997,说明榴莲果肉臭味气体相对含量与电子鼻输出信号之间有较好的线性关系;测得0孔、8孔、16孔的相对含量的平均相对误差均小于10%。因此,本文所建模型可准确地测定榴莲果肉臭味气体的相对含量,从而提供一种评定榴莲臭味的实用方法。     

菠萝蜜热风-变温压差膨化干燥工艺研究

在热风干燥特性研究基础上,探讨热风预留水分含量、膨化温度、抽真空温度、抽真空时间、膨化次数5个因素对热风—变温压差膨化干燥菠萝蜜产品的色泽、脆度、硬度、复水性的影响。结果表明:菠萝蜜热风-变温压差膨化干燥的最优工艺条件为:热风预干燥温度60℃,热风预留水分含量27.53%,膨化温度90℃,抽真空温度60℃,抽真空时间2.5h,膨化次数5次,停滞时间5min,真空度-0.098 MPa。在该膨化条件下,菠萝蜜产品的ΔE值为3.30±0.58,L值为54.19±0.13,b值为28.95±0.16,硬度值为4 830.82±734.43,脆度值为17.45±4.34,复水比为2.42±0.13。     

Effects of carrageenan and jackfruit puree on the texture of goat's milk Dadih using response surface methodology

Varying levels of carrageenan (0.1–0.7% w/v) and jackfruit puree (10–20% w/v) were incorporated into goat's milk Dadih (a traditional Malaysian dairy dessert), and texture attributes were obtained in the texture profile output. The desired texture was achieved by determining the optimum concentrations of carrageenan and jackfruit puree used, using response surface methodology. Hardness was significantly affected by both carrageenan and jackfruit puree concentration, while gumminess and elasticity were mainly affected by carrageenan. Graphical optimisation showed that Dadih with textural properties comparable with market could be obtained by incorporating 0.2% of carrageenan and 14.9% of jackfruit puree into the goat's milk Dadih.     

Dairy farmer,hoof trimmer,and veterinarian perceptions of barriers and roles in lameness management

Lameness is a leading animal welfare concern in the dairy industry. Multiple stakeholders are involved in lameness management on a dairy farm, including farmers, hoof trimmers, and veterinarians. This study sought to explore perceptions of lameness, perceptions of roles in lameness management, and barriers to improved lameness management in these groups. Fourteen homogeneous focus groups were held in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New York from April 2017 to March 2020; 5 with farmers (n = 31), 4 with hoof trimmers (n = 32), and 5 with veterinarians (n = 25). The 1-h facilitated discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and common themes identified through thematic analysis. Lameness was perceived by participants as a complex health problem and one in which the connections between pathogenesis, facilities, and management were not always well understood or easy to change. The complexity of the problem encompassed the lack of agreement on a definition of lameness, normalization to its signs, and the interconnectedness of lameness with other health and management issues. These issues appeared to contribute to resignation by participants that lameness was inevitable. Despite shared concerns about lameness among these groups, respondents reported a lack of communication, especially between hoof trimmers and veterinarians. Participants also voiced a desire to work together more productively, with hoof trimmers and veterinarians valuing the ability to deliver a consistent message to farmers. These findings suggest a need for increased efforts to facilitate collaboration between farmers, hoof trimmers, and veterinarians to improve lameness management on dairy farms.     

Empowering Smallholder Farmers in Markets: strengthening the advocacy capacities of national farmer organisations through collaborative research

The Empowering Smallholder Farmers in Markets programme (ESFIM) supported the advocacy capacities of national farmer organisations (NFOs) for improving smallholder market access. The programme gave NFOs in 11 countries the opportunity to contract local experts to strengthen the evidence-base of their advocacy proposals. By means of a participative process, each NFO analysed the key advocacy issues for which research support was most needed. This resulted in a diversity of themes and advocacy processes. These ranged from research and advocacy on the role of cooperatives in Uruguayan innovation policies to a simulation game on market dynamics in a commodity exchange in the Philippines, and from the review of various seed multiplication programmes in Malawi to the legal and administrative hurdles preventing smallholders from selling to government procurement programmes in Peru and Bolivia. We describe the dynamics surrounding research partnerships in each of the 11 countries and reflect on results of this research-for-advocacy. We also assess the impact of the ESFIM programme on the advocacy capacity of the NFOs. We used a self-evaluation technique, in which board members considered a list of statements covering five capacities that are deemed necessary for effective advocacy. We compared their scores with the observations of external stakeholders who were active in the agricultural sector and knowledgeable about the NFOs’ activities. We conclude that ESFIM has helped to increase coherence in advocacy priorities and has influenced decision making on key policy issues, with encouraging results. In most organisations, ESFIM contributed to the advocacy process, together with many other actors and factors defining advocacy. Based on these experiences, we suggest earmarking funds for NFO-led research support, in order to facilitate the participation of smallholders in the design and monitoring of development policies.     

Methodologic recommendations for the determination of 25-OH vitamin D3 in plasma using HPLC

A method for measuring 25-OH D3-vitamin (calcidiol) in plasma samples of cattle is described. The samples were purified using non-polar C 18-cartridges and 25-OH D3 was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a silicic acid straight phase liquid chromatography column (retention time 11.5 min). The detection limit for 25-OH D3 is about 0.5 ng injection quantity, the average recovery was 90%, the standard error amounted to 8%.     

Comprehensive review of water management and wastewater treatment in food processing industries in the framework of water-food-environment nexus

Food processing is among the greatest water-consuming industries with a significant role in the implementation of sustainable development goals. Water-consuming industries such as food processing have become a threat to limited freshwater resources, and numerous attempts are being carried out in order to develop and apply novel approaches for water management in these industries. Studies have shown the positive impact of the new methods of process integration (e.g., water pinch, mathematical optimization, etc.) in maximizing water reuse and recycle. Applying these methods in food processing industries not only significantly supported water consumption minimization but also contributed to environmental protection by reducing wastewater generation. The methods can also increase the productivity of these industries and direct them to sustainable production. This interconnection led to a new subcategory in nexus studies known as water-food-environment nexus. The nexus assures sustainable food production with minimum freshwater consumption and minimizes the environmental destructions caused by untreated wastewater discharge. The aim of this study was to provide a thorough review of water-food-environment nexus application in food processing industries and explore the nexus from different aspects. The current study explored the process of food industries in different sectors regarding water consumption and wastewater generation, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The most recent wastewater treatment methods carried out in different food processing sectors were also reviewed. This review provided a comprehensive literature for choosing the optimum scenario of water and wastewater management in food processing industries.     

2018—2019年我国小麦加工科研概况与建议

为全面了解我国小麦加工研究现状,从小麦及小麦粉品质、小麦粉制品加工及小麦深加工等方面综述了近2年小麦加工研究概况。总结了我国在小麦品质、加工工艺、质量控制、优质馒头和面条加工等研究所取得成效,并提出未来小麦加工研究进一步发展具体建议,以期为小麦生产、加工、科研以及政策制定等提供参考。     

Agriculture group symposium the agricultural research council recommendations for the protein and major mineral requirements of ruminants, 1980

The following are summaries of papers presented at a meeting of the Agriculture Group held on 17 March 1981 at the Society of Chemical Industry, 14 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PS. The papers so published are entirely the responsibility of the authors and in no way reflect the views of the Editorial Board of the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.     

Implementation of management recommendations in unweaned dairy calves in western Germany and associated challenges

To improve the welfare of livestock, it is important to assess management practices on farms and to identify areas where current scientific recommendations are rarely implemented. Differences in the implementation of recommendations might be explained by the individual farm as well as the characteristics of survey respondents and their attitude toward animal welfare. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess dairy calf management practices, compare them with current scientific recommendations, and to explore factors that influence implementation of the recommended management practices. A 1.5-h interview was performed with stockpersons on 42 dairy farms (mean herd size ± SD = 149.9 ± 16.6 cows) distributed across western Germany in 2018 to 2019. We observed that the management of unweaned calves varied greatly from farm to farm in aspects such as milk-feeding protocols; timing of grouping and disbudding; and access to water, roughage, and concentrate. Major deviations from management recommendations were (1) cleaning calving pen only by removal of bedding without a following disinfection before restocking on 23.8% farms, cleaning of teat buckets without detergents and disinfection (23.8 and 11.9% of farms, respectively), and failure to disinfect navels (29.3% of farms); (2) separating calf and dam after only 5 to 8 h postpartum for calving at night in 97.6% farms and unchecked colostrum quality by 23.8% of survey respondents; (3) feeding waste milk by 72.4% of the farms surveyed; and (4) removing supernumerary teats and disbudding without local anesthesia (90 and 80% farms surveyed, respectively). The number of implemented recommendations on the farms surveyed correlated with who was responsible for calf rearing, and whether prioritizing animal welfare was considered important by the respondents. This study indicated that limitations of individual housing systems, time management, the stockperson's knowledge, and the stockperson's ability to relate to animals posed challenges in implementation of the recommendations. Further research on challenges in calf management and how to overcome them would be helpful to improve calves' welfare in current husbandry systems.     

我国8省份地方特色植物原料使用现况及标准管理建议分析

目的 为了解我国部分省份对于地方特色植物原料的使用现况,总结我国食品安全地方标准中原料标准制定存在的问题,为今后科学合理制定植物原料的食品安全地方标准完善提出建议.方法 采用问卷调查法,对我国云南、广东、湖南、山东、山西、浙江、四川、安徽8个省份进行问卷调研,针对各省在普通食品中使用植物原料的困惑设计问题.使用Micr...     

Effectiveness and challenges of participatory governance: the case of agricultural and rural management councils in the Western Democratic Republic of the Congo

Local management councils and multi-stakeholder forums are institutional arrangements used for policy dialogue, priority-setting and program monitoring but are rarely evaluated. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of 55 local-level Agricultural and Rural Management Councils (CARGs) in 23 randomly-selected territories in the western Democratic Republic of the Congo. These CARGs are similar to the farmers’ forums in Uganda and research-extension linkages committees in Ghana and Nigeria in terms of their multi-level structures that aggregate inputs from villages up to the provincial and national levels, and are similar to Uganda’s barazas at the sub-county level on participatory monitoring of programs and public service delivery. CARGs also play a major role in sharing innovations and providing advice to farmers by brokering knowledge and linking various experts and stakeholders, such as forming innovation platforms in various countries. However, CARGs are wider in the breadth of activities and are more generic in the thematic scope and coverage than other platforms. This paper identifies several problems and challenges in CARG implementation and the overall weaknesses in CARG formation. Our review suggests that only half of the surveyed CARGs achieved results consistent with at least one of their main goals, while the rest have not achieved any tangible outputs consistent with their objectives. Although the majority of stakeholders interviewed were aware of CARGs, only 33 % attended CARG meetings and perceived CARGs to be useful; and only 11 % reported having benefitted or knowing someone who had benefitted from CARGs. However, CARGs differ in performance and exhibit different financial capacity, coordination capacity, coordination commitment of its leaders, and representation of government officials, which are all significantly correlated to how well CARGs fulfill their objectives, link to other actors, and are perceived by stakeholders.     

西部地区发展特色种养业的原则

西部地区包括云南、广西、贵州、四川、西藏、青海、宁夏、新疆、甘肃、陕西、内蒙、重庆１２个省、直辖市、自治区以及湖北省利川、湖南省怀化２个地区。区内社会经济发展差异极大,其中新疆、云南、陕西等省区较为发达,而西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏等省区则较为落后。西部又是少数民族聚集地区,是多种宗教信仰与文化的交汇地,各民族之间的生产与生活方式存在着很大差异。西部地域广阔,土地资源、生物资源丰富,其日照长、辐射强、积温高、昼夜温差大等自然条件有利于作物于物质的积累。但是,由于人口稀少,交通不便,经济技术基础薄弱,…     

菲律宾印刷业现状及未来展望

菲律宾追求自由化和全球一体化的主要目的之一是为了使本土企业获得竞争力，这与菲政府关于发展出口的中期计划的总体指导思想是一致的，菲律宾的印刷和出版行业就是这样一个能够充分利用自由化所带来的巨大商机的行业。     

我国花生产业发展状况、存在问题及政策建议

详细论述了我国花生生产、消费和贸易状况,花生榨油行业和食品加工行业发展历史与现状,分析研究了当前我国花生产业存在的主要问题,提出了促进我国花生产业健康发展的政策建议。近几年我国花生产量超过1 700万t,花生产量和单产位居世界第一,花生消费整体保持稳定增长态势。我国花生出口贸易在世界花生贸易中占有重要地位,国际贸易以出口为主,进口为辅。尽管我国花生产业近年来有了一定的发展,但还存在着专用花生及高产优质品种较少,未形成优势性的产业带,花生加工基础相对薄弱,以及花生生产、收获、储存、运输、加工过程中农药超量使用和黄曲霉毒素污染等问题。为此,建议加大政策扶持力度,加强花生育种研究,扩大规模化生产和产业化经营,加强花生加工技术创新,实施花生油精品名牌发展战略以及标准化建设,以促进我国花生产业健康发展。