RELIABILITY BASED OPTIMAL INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE FOR PIPELINE UNDER CORROSION

Nondestructive inspection tools used for pipeline inspection are uncertain in detecting corrosion pits and in sizing detected defects. Probability-based optimal inspection schedule analysis must taken these uncertainties into account. In this paper, the probability of time to failure is formulated as integral equations with domain of integration expressed as unions and intersections of domains of failure, defect detection, defect nondetection and maintenance criterion. The rate of defect detection as a function of defect size and the maintenance criterion are used as filters to eliminate the defects that are not fit for service in an expected remaining service life after inspection. Simulation procedure is given to estimate the probability distribution of time to failure by using the integral equations. To facilitate the probabilistic analysis, a standard uniformly distributed variate is introduce and used in defining the domain of detected defect and the domain of nondetected defect. The advantages of using the proposed simulation procedure are discussed. Optimal inspection schedules are selected based on the minimum value of the maximum probability of time to failure before inspections and before the time at the end of service life. Effect of inspection quality and maintenance criterion on probability of time to failure and on selecting optimal inspection schedule is presented through an illustrative application study.     

预应力混凝土管桩质量事故处理

通过某工程预应力混凝土管桩工程质量事故处理的实例,分析事故的原因是基坑开挖不当和打桩施工桩顶未送至设计标高所致,事故处理经过了检查、加固、再检查、再加固的过程。对于基桩低应变测试判定为Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类桩的事故桩,分别采用灌芯法、沉井法和锚杆静压桩法进行了加固处理,实践证明通过以上方法加固处理后效果良好。     

低应变反射波法检测缺陷桩的难点技术研究

通过多年的桩基检测实践,对低应变反射波法检测桩基的几个难点技术进行了深入研究。以一维弹性杆波动理论为基础,建立了基桩缺陷与反射波波形的关系,并对具有同样的同相反射或反相反射的缺陷以工程实测波形为例,从波形特征上阐明了缩径与离析、夹泥与空洞、局部断裂与断桩的区别,论述了桩顶浮浆层对波形曲线的影响、大直径桩的横向惯性效应以及不同桩型、不同桩底持力层的桩底反射波特征。从而能较好地避免缺陷的误判,对反射波法检测桩基完整性具有较大的借鉴意义。     

Level of Construction Control and Safety of Driven Piles

This paper proposes a procedure to investigate the effect of construction control on the safety of driven piles, and provides a theoretical basis to verify and support existing empirical factors of safety (FS) and resistance factors used to account for the effect of construction control. The procedure is formalized in the Bayesian framework. In particular, how the FS and resistance factor can be determined in a rational manner based on on-site dynamic pile tests is explored. Five design methods for driven piles are investigated to illustrate the proposed procedure and parametric studies are performed to evaluate the effect of number of tests or analyses on the updated FS. The results indicate that the required FS can be reduced and resistance factor can be increased considerably through careful construction control, which depends on design methods, on-site test methods, and the level of control implemented. The required FSs and resistance factors after construction control obtained from this study are consistent with the existing empirical values. After sufficient control tests, the required FSs and resistance factors for different design methods are not sensitive to the accuracy of the individual design methods.     

Inspection and maintenance planning of pipeline under external corrosion considering generation of new defects

Safe operation of aging pipeline systems under external corrosion can be achieved through inspection and maintenance programs. Tools used for the pipeline inspection are uncertain in detecting a corrosion defect and in sizing a detected defect. The process of generation of new corrosion pits is an uncertain process. These uncertainties must be taken into account in the reliability analysis and in the pipeline inspection and maintenance planning. In this paper the effect of corrosion defect size on the remaining pipeline strength is modeled by a Markov process. Analytical solution of the probability transition matrix is obtained by solving the Kolmogorov forward differential equation. The matrix of probability transition function, the probability of defect detection and the probability distribution of sizing a detected defect is incorporated in estimating the probability of failure. The generation of new corrosion defects is modeled by a Poisson process. The optimal inspection and maintenance schedules are selected based on the reliability constraint. The sensitivity of optimal inspection schedule to the quality of inspection tools and to maintenance criteria is illustrated through examples.     

小波变换在水泥土搅拌桩检测中的应用

本文针对某高速公路江苏段软土地基处理水泥土搅拌桩的反射波检测曲线,基于MATLAB平台编制程序选取最优小波基进行小波分析,进一步提高了反射波法在水泥土搅拌桩检测中的适用性。在对桩体进行小波分析的同时,选取部分典型桩体进行现场钻孔取芯,钻孔取芯情况与实测曲线分析结果较为吻合,从而证明了小波变换在确定水泥土搅拌桩桩底和桩身缺陷时具有较大的准确性,具有较好的应用前景。     

几种基桩质量检测方法可靠性的工程分析

机械阻抗法适用于检测桩身混凝土的完整性,推断桩身缺陷及其位置;当有可靠的同条件动静对比试验资料时,还可用于推算单桩承载力.但机械阻抗法检测混凝土桩的基桩质量时,对桩身缺陷程度和入岩情况只能做定性判定,而取芯法可以很大程度补充机械阻抗法的不足.     

桥梁桩基础缺陷复合检测及其加固新方法

某大桥长333．45m，河岸边基础采用32根钻孔灌注桩，这些工程桩施工完成后，根据桩基规范要求，先采用低应变动测法全部进行检测，再进行静载荷试验法、钻探取芯法检测所选3根桩，发现个别桩基存在承载力不足和桩身某些部位胶结差等质量问题。综合分析桩基动测、静载荷试验、钻探取出3种复合检测结果以及现场的施工记录资料，找出产生桩基工程质量事故原因和桩身缺陷具体部位，然后参照有关资料并结合工程经验，对缺陷桩基提出高压喷射注浆法加固桩体、胶结不良部位和高压喷射法清除桩底沉渣及时回灌混凝土等处理方法。对加固后的桩再进行低应变动测法、静载荷试验法等方法检测，并与第一次检测结果进行比较，结果显示加固后的桩基工程质量符合设计要求。     

既有建筑物桩基检测技术研究现状与发展

阐述了既有建筑物桩基质量完整性检测技术的形成和发展,介绍了各种典型桩基检测技术的基本原理,并分析了其优缺点,对未来桩基检测技术的发展趋势进行了展望,以期促进桩基检测技术的发展,供桩基检测研究者参考借鉴。     

各类型桩桩身完整性检测分析及质量控制

针对不同类型的桩，分别列举了常见的几种桩身质量缺陷，并阐述了如何对CFG桩、混凝土灌注桩、预应力管桩进行质量控制，对桩体施工检测有着重要的指导意义。     

用钻芯法核验反射波法检测桩端嵌岩情况的实例分析

由于采用反射波法检测混凝土桩的桩身完整性时,对桩身缺陷程度只做定性判定,而且只有在少数情况下,可判定桩身缺陷的具体类型。尤其对于嵌岩桩,受桩周土约束、桩身截面阻抗变化较大等因素的影响,单凭测试信号,很难区分嵌岩缺陷的性质。因此,对嵌岩桩桩端嵌岩缺陷类型进行判定,应结合地质、施工情况综合分析,可采取钻芯等其他方法进行核验。针对这种情况,结合实际检测工作中遇到的几例嵌岩桩桩端质量事故,进行了两种检测方法的对比分析。     

超声波透射法在检测大直径灌注桩中应用

文中主要介绍了超声波透射法检测大直径桩的原理、检测方法。笔者通过现场工程检测实例,给出了桩存在缺陷时声参量的特征。通过检测结果表明:声波透射法能够准确地判别长桩的缺陷,采用超声波透射法来检测桩身混凝土质量更为可靠。     

隧道明暗挖分界面处基坑支护桩施工力学效应

论文以重庆某轻轨车站区间隧道明暗挖工程为例,提出隧道明暗挖分界面处支护桩结构的物理概化模型,采用数值模拟并结合现场监测结果,对隧道明暗挖分界面处基坑支护桩施工力学效应进行研究。分析结果表明:支护桩桩间距、桩截面尺寸、桩截面形状对支护桩力学效应的影响中,桩截面尺寸对支护桩桩身变形及力学效应影响最为显著;隧道洞径、埋深及走向变化对支护桩力学效应的影响中,洞径对支护桩变形影响较大;先开挖隧道后开挖基坑能有效减少坡顶沉降及侧向位移,同时桩身弯矩剪力值也较小;支护桩施工后设置拱形连梁可以有效增强余桩的支护作用。     

应用低应变能量分析确定基桩缺陷程度

通过大量正演计算,对不同桩周土条件下缺陷程度与时域速度响应波形中入射波波幅与反射波波幅的比值进行相关性分析,拟合出桩侧土为黏土、砂土、粉土的地质条件下桩径变化程度与波幅比之间的关系式。通过理论分析,对基桩存在多缺陷条件下,导出缩颈与扩颈对下一个缺陷引起的反射波幅值的影响系数,进而提出逐步能量恢复递推缺陷程度的理论与方法,在时间域中实现基桩存在多缺陷时的低应变动测缺陷量化分析。模型桩试验分析结果表明,采用给出的缺陷量化分析方法可取得显著效果。     

Numerical modeling of parallel seismic method for detecting existing piles in layered soil

For piles connected to superstructures, whose pile tops are inaccessible, a lateral horizontal impact on the side of the piles through the generation of a flexural wave of the pile shaft is a more feasible approach. This paper presents a parallel seismic (PS) method based on the flexural wave of the pile shaft that combines down-hole tests for the length and an integrity evaluation of existing piles in layered soil. It is suggested that two PS tests be conducted by horizontal striking on the side surface of the pile along and perpendicular to the pile-to-borehole direction, respectively. The first arrivals of the transmitted P-wave and S-wave at the pile-soil interface obtained in these two PS tests and the results of down-hole tests are combined to analyze the pile length and to distinguish the embedded defects for the pile integrity evaluation. A simplified theoretical model for PS tests in layered soil is established, and a correction formula is proposed to correct the initial estimated pile length accordingly. A three-dimensional finite element model is then established to verify the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed PS method in layered soil and the correction formula.     

Comprehensive group pile settlement formula based on 3D finite element analyses

In the past, formulas for the settlement of group piles considered only a few input parameters and offered only a limited approximation of the actual settlement. Nowadays, however, thanks to the fast-growing performance of personal computers, it is possible to create large 3-dimensional finite element models with a better and more reliable settlement approximation. On the other hand, 3-dimensional finite element methods for piles are not very common in practice since the required procedure is comparatively cumbersome, expensive and needs a bit more expertise. In order to address this issue, a pile settlement formula was developed in the present study based on about 120 finite element model configurations. The group pile settlement formula incorporates the dimensions of a rectangular raft, namely, the diameter, length and spacing of the piles, vertical uniform pressure, soil moduli up to five layers, ultimate pile-soil resistance, pile-tip resistance and elastic modulus of the piles. In addition to this, the average deflection rate of the raft is estimated. The reliability of the finite element model is verified through laboratory-scale group pile tests. The proposed formula is also checked against five well-documented case studies. The formula may help engineers optimize group pile configurations more efficiently by applying the quality of the 3D finite element estimation to practice.     

Verbesserter Vertikallastabtrag durch konische Pfähle – Feldversuche und Vorschlag für ein Bemessungsverfahren

Bearing capacity of tapered piles – field tests and suggestion for a design procedure. Tapered piles are capable of bearing significantly higher vertical loads than conventional piles. The mechanism behind this is barely investigated. There is no design procedure available that takes the positive effect of a tapered shaft into account. In this paper, results of field tests are presented that clearly point out the effectiveness of a tapered pile shape. A suggestion for a possible design procedure based on recommendations of DGGT committee “piles” is derived from the field tests. The back‐calculation of the field tests succeeds by assuming an equivalent pile tip pressure appearing at the pile shaft.     

Macro-crack initiation life for orthotropic steel decks considering weld heterogeneity and random traffic loading

This paper presents a multi-scale approach to predict the macro-crack initiation life (MCIL) of welded joints. This fully adaptive multi-scale technique is designed to take into account micro-scale material heterogeneity due to the existence of defects and to consider the uncertainties regarding defect occurrence and characteristics and traffic loading. The procedure of the proposed approach was introduced along with an orthotropic steel deck. Firstly, a homogenisation method was used to link defects in the heat-affected zone with the macro-scale structure. This allows for estimating the effective Paris constant, required for a Paris Law-based fatigue damage analysis. Secondly, a traffic flow, based on weigh-in-motion measurements, was used to simulate the load effects on the examined joint. Afterwards, the extended finite element method was adopted to calculate the stress intensity factors with respect to the weld geometries. Finally, the damage before macro-crack initiation was obtained using the Paris Law. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation was integrated within this multi-scale crack growth procedure to consider the randomness in pore and inclusion occurrence and characteristics. Hence, the MCIL is expressed in the form of a probability distribution. Results show that the proposed approach enables to provide a rational maintenance and inspection intervention time.     

预制方桩缺陷的综合检测方法与判别

以某实际工程为背景 ,介绍在用PIT进行常规的低应变检测后 ,发现较高比例的桩在接头位置都存在缺陷 ,通过进一步用PDA打桩分析仪进行测试 ,并结合相关资料进行综合分析 ,对桩的缺陷性质做出了正确判别 ,由此杜绝了工程隐患。     

钻孔抽芯和孔内录像验证低应变检测方法

通过对某工程基桩所采用静荷载试验、钻孔抽芯和孔内录像等多种检测手段的综合分析,明确了基桩存在缺陷的类型、位置、大小程度,既验证了低应变检测结果,又为后续的工程处理提供了有用的参考资料。