光伏发电主动参与电网频率调节的机理分析

针对大规模光伏发电并网致使电力系统转动惯量减小、一次调频能力不足的问题,其主动参与电网频率调节是解决这一问题的重要手段.在分析传统电力系统的频率响应特性的基础上,建立了含光伏发电的电力系统频率动态响应模型.以电网频率变化率初始值、频率最低跌落点、超调量和稳定时间作为评估频率调节动态过程的特征量,定性分析了新型的光伏调频...     

一种新型光伏发电主动参与电网频率调节控制策略

大规模光伏发电并网挤占了具有转动惯量的同步发电机组空间,导致电力系统面临惯量减小与调频能力不足的问题,迫切需求光伏发电主动参与电网频率调节。文章以双级式光伏发电为研究对象,从光伏发电的惯量控制和与同步发电机组协调控制两个方面出发,通过改进Boost变换器和网侧逆变器的控制策略,实现光伏发电主动参与电网频率调节。其中,在惯量控制方面,提出基于高压直流电容动态的虚拟惯量控制,并分析控制参数对虚拟惯量控制的影响。最后,基于时域仿真算例验证了控制策略的有效性。     

光伏发电参与电力系统调频的研究综述

受化石能源的枯竭及环境毁坏的影响,光伏发电并网容量快速增长,而大规模光伏发电并网严重减弱了电力系统的调频能力,加大了电力系统的运行风险。首先阐述了光伏发电大规模并网后,电力系统的动态变化趋势;然后从光伏电站单一调频、综合自动发电控制(AGC)调频2方面进行了调研总结,并对光储联合调频和光伏虚拟同步发电机提高光伏发电调频能力等进行了综述分析。结论表明,储能技术及光伏虚拟同步发电机技术是提高光伏发电调频能力的有效方法,随着储能成本的降低及光伏虚拟同步发电机技术的日益成熟,针对光伏发电参与电力系统调频进行研究将具有更高的实际应用价值。     

抑制燃气机组AGC与一次调频反向调节的研究

一次调频响应速度快,而自动发电控制(AGC)指令一般设置限制速率,响应速度慢,若二者配合不当,可能导致机组AGC与一次调频反向调节现象的发生。以F级燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热机组为研究对象,分析了AGC与一次调频反向调节现象的发生原因,并提出了相应的控制策略。实际验证该控制策略能够起到较好效果。     

火电机组一次调频及AGC全网试验分析

结合西北电网机组一次调频及AGC全网试验情况,对火电机组一次调频及AGC试验中存在的技术问题进行了较为系统、全面的阐述和分析,对一次调频及AGC涉网技术管理工作提出相应的建议。通过试验发现不同电厂机组一次调频性能差异很大,部分机组一次调频性能不能满足电网运行要求,需进行优化和完善。试验结果表明并网机组投入一次调频和AGC功能可显著提高电网频率稳定陛,改善电网频率动态品质。     

光伏发电参与配电网电压调节的控制策略研究

分析了光伏发电并入点电压特性和含光伏发电的放射状配电网内电压分布特性,从光伏电源并入点和配电网电压分布两方面提出光伏发电参与电压控制的支撑作用.将电压问题分为由光伏电源输出的缓慢波动和外部负荷等情况大扰动两类问题,分别提出光伏电源参与电压调节策略,控制策略利用全局静态信息和局部动态信息,在每个周波的采样计算时间内对光伏发电无功输出和配网无功分布进行实时管理,并给出具体控制框图.通过仿真,论证了所提出的电压管理策略在改善含大量光伏发电的配电网电压质量和稳定性方面的作用.     

水电机组一次调频与AGC协联控制改造及试验分析

维持电网频率在规定的范围内,是水轮机调节的基本任务。本文首先介绍了调速器开度控制模式及功率闭环控制模式的控制策略,阐述了两种控制模式之间的区别,并探讨了水电机组一次调频与AGC的协联机制,分析了现有模式与改进后水电机组一次调频与AGC控制策略的要求,以某机组试验为例,验证了改进后水电机组一次调频与AGC的协联控制性能,检验了机组运行的稳定性。     

Providing power reserve for secondary grid frequency regulation of offshore wind farms through yaw control

The ability to significantly contribute to the frequency regulation and provide valuable ancillary services to the transmission system operator (TSO) is one of the present wind farm (WF) challenges, due to the limitations of wind speed forecasting and insufficient power reserve in certain operating conditions notably. In this work, the feasibility of WFs to participate in frequency restoration reserve (FRR) through yaw control is assessed. To this end, a distributed yaw optimization method is developed to evaluate the power gain achieved by yaw redirection based on wind turbine cooperation and compared with a greedy approach. The method relies on a static wake model whose parameters are estimated in a systematic way from simulation data generated with FAST.Farm. Through a case study based on a scaled version of the Belgian Mermaid offshore WF, it is demonstrated that the requirements of the TSO are fulfilled both in terms of response time and level of power reserve for most wind directions. The assessment is limited to wind speeds below the rated speed of the considered wind turbines.     

Autonomous frequency regulation by controllable loads to increase acceptable wind power generation

Output power fluctuation of high penetration of wind power causes demand and supply imbalance in electric power systems and results in frequency deviation if the fluctuation is not fully compensated by other regulable power plants. In Japan, some electric utilities have started to accept only the wind farms which disconnect and give up generating power during light‐load periods with less adjustable reserve. Otherwise, wind farms are required to employ battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to charge the generated power during the light‐load periods. Instead of these uneconomical solutions, this paper proposes autonomous frequency regulation by controllable loads such as electric water heaters (EWHs). In the paper, the acceptable increase of wind power generation by the proposed load control has been evaluated quantitatively in the power system of the Hokkaido Island in Japan. The result indicates that the acceptable increase of wind power generation goes from 250 to 675 MW by applying the proposed autonomous frequency regulation on all EWHs, and the total cost to implement the autonomous frequency regulation on the EWHs is around 1/26 compared with a solution using BESSs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capacity limitation of nuclear units in grid based on analysis of frequency regulation

The increasing capacity of nuclear units in power grid poses threat to system stability and security.Load disturbance may cause overspeed of the units and trigger the overspeed protection controller (O...     

Model‐based receding horizon control of wind farms for secondary frequency regulation

In this study, we propose the use of model‐based receding horizon control to enable a wind farm to provide secondary frequency regulation for a power grid. The controller is built by first proposing a time‐varying one‐dimensional wake model, which is validated against large eddy simulations of a wind farm at startup. This wake model is then used as a plant model for a closed‐loop receding horizon controller that uses wind speed measurements at each turbine as feedback. The control method is tested in large eddy simulations with actuator disk wind turbine models representing an 84‐turbine wind farm that aims to track sample frequency regulation reference signals spanning 40 min time intervals. This type of control generally requires wind turbines to reduce their power set points or curtail wind power output (derate the power output) by the same amount as the maximum upward variation in power level required by the reference signal. However, our control approach provides good tracking performance in the test system considered with only a 4% derate for a regulation signal with an 8% maximum upward variation. This performance improvement has the potential to reduce the opportunity cost associated with lost revenue in the bulk power market that is typically associated with providing frequency regulation services. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大规模可再生能源接入区域电网侧储能频率稳定控制方法研究

储能技术可以解决可再生能源大规模并网的波动问题。文章以大规模可再生能源接入地区电网侧储能为研究对象,重点关注改善大规模可再生能源接入地区频率稳定的控制方法。首先通过灵敏度分析,求取影响频率特征指标的主导参数;对比不同技术路线的虚拟惯量控制策略,提出了计及储能频率控制策略的电力系统频率响应模型,用于分析不同频率控制策略对实际电网的惯量支撑能力;最后利用Matlab/Simulink建立某可再生能源高占比区域电网频率响应模型,验证不同虚拟惯量支撑手段对于改善频率特征指标的有效性。     

南方电网抽水蓄能电站自动发电控制功能研究与应用

抽水蓄能电站自动发电控制功能是电站的核心控制功能,抽水蓄能电站工况复杂,具备水泵、调相等特殊工况,其自动发电控制逻辑较常规电站复杂。本文以南方电网所辖的各抽水蓄能电站为例,详细介绍了南方电网抽水蓄能电站自动发电控制功能的主要控制算法,包括发电工况成组控制、抽水工况成组启动控制算法等,为抽水蓄能电站自动发电控制功能设计提供参考。     

变频调速控制技术在焦化厂皮带运输系统中的应用

为了提升输焦皮带机的效率,将皮带秤提供的信号经信号变送器和控制调节器转化为电信号,输出至PLC,实现皮带机变频器调速,达到皮带机根据负载调整连速的目的。结果表明:成功运用变频调速技术可以提高皮带机的工作效率,节约电能,降低生产成本,提高经济效益。     

Fractional‐order sliding mode control for hybrid drive wind power generation system with disturbances in the grid

The proposal of hybrid drive grid‐connected wind turbine based on speed regulating differential mechanism (SRDM) has been made in this paper to generate constant‐frequency power without fully‐ or partially‐rated frequency converters so as well improve electric power quality. However, disturbances in the power grid including sudden load fluctuation and sub‐synchronous resonance (SSR) can lead to the pulsating torque to act on the shaft section between SG and exciter at the main generator collector, such that the speed regulating accuracy of SRDM is seriously affected. As a result, this paper synthesizes a new‐type fractional‐order sliding mode controller (FOSMC) with a load torque observer (LTO) for the high‐accuracy speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in SRDM. Taking advantage of ridge regression algorithm, related parameters including rotational inertia and viscous friction coefficient of speed regulating system are calculated accurately. Finally, comparative experiments are carried out under four cases of mean of 5, 10, 13, and 21 m/s wind speeds to verify the satisfactory performances of designed FOSMC with LTO. Comparative experimental results show that FOSMC with LTO can effectively eliminate undesirable chattering effect. Additionally, under operating conditions of changing wind speeds, SSR, and sudden load fluctuation in power grid, the output speed of SRDM that corresponds directly to the frequency output of SG can be steadily and accurately regulated by using proposed control scheme. SRDM equipped with designed controller enables the power frequency to meet the National Standard of PR China perfectly.     

A new control methodology of wind turbine generators for frequency control of power system in isolated island

A wind turbine generator (WTG) system's output is not constant and fluctuates depending on wind conditions. Fluctuating power causes frequency deviations and adverse effects to an isolated power system when large output power from WTG systems is penetrated in the power system. This paper presents an output power control methodology of a WTG for frequency control using a load power estimator. The load power is estimated by a disturbance observer, and the output power command of the WTG is determined according to the estimated load. Besides, the WTG can also be controlled during wind turbulence since the output power command is determined by considering wind conditions. The reduction of the power system frequency deviation by using the WTG can be achieved by the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.